Who is Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, the contribution to the science of biology what he did, what did this outstanding naturalist famous for?

Nikolay Vavilov - Biography briefly

N.I. Vavilov (1887-1943) is an outstanding Russian biologist, the founder of genetics, the most famous crust, one of the founders of domestic agricultural science.

The future great Soviet biologist was born in a very prosperous family at the time. His father was a fairly wealthy merchant, which provided Nicholas Ivanovich to get excellent education.

Having received a commercial education, the future outstanding biologist did not work in the specialty, since it did not feel the desire for merchant activities. The young man was more interested in the vegetable and living world of Russia, whose study he intended to devote his life.

Nikolai Ivanovich enters the Moscow Agricultural Institute, where he receives excellent knowledge forming the "foundation" of its worldview. After graduating from this higher educational institution in 1911, he was left at the Department of Private Agriculture, where Vavilov actively studied the flora world, combining scientific and teaching activities.

Career of a young scientist develops rapidly. Already in 1917, Vavilov became a professor at the Saratov University. In 1921, he heads the Department of Applied Botany in St. Petersburg. It is with this scientific institution that the entire subsequent life of a biologist will be connected.

Later, the Department of Applied Botany is converted to the All-Union Institute of Botany and New Cultures, further to the All-Union Institute of Cropod, the more well-known Wide Circles of Gardening Lovers under Abbrevia Vir. Nikolai Ivanovich will lead this scientific society until the arrest itself in 1940.

For more than 20 years of practical activity, under the leadership of an outstanding scientist, several dozen scientific expeditions were carried out, the purpose of which was the study of the rich plant world of Russia and foreign countries, including India, Greece, Portugal, Spain, Japan, and so on.

A special value for science brought a scientific expedition to Ethiopia, implemented in 1927. In the course research activities Nikolai Ivanovich was specifically established that it was on these lands for the first time the first wheat varieties were grown.

last years of life

Talent is good for who he has. Around such people there is always a mass of worshipers, considering their duty to harm and deal with more gifted and capable people.
Noticing that Vavilov in science brings something new, such nonsense envied.

The outstanding abilities of ingenious people often brought only misfortunes to their owners. Alas, the story is Pottit with such examples. The hard fate of Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov confirms this statement.

Being already authoritative scientist Vavilov supported the scientific works of his younger colleague Trofim Denisovich Lysenko. After some time, this once simple agronomist, with the support of Soviet ideologists, will unfold causing the great scientist, accusing him to participate in the anti-Soviet organization and camp his work as Lzhenauku.

According to the false charge of Nicholas Ivanovich, they are arrested in 1940 and thanks to the soon on massacre the court of those difficult times, after a short time, Vavilov will talk to the shooting. Later, for outstanding merits in front of science, the sentence was softened, and the highest penalty was replaced by 20 years of reliable work.

In prison, the scientist will spend a little time. In 1942, the heart of the Great Biologist will stop from the factory working conditions and permanent hunger. The camp doctor, examining the body of the deceased, will make a conclusion of death as a result of the decline of cardiac activity.

In 1955, after the death of Joseph Stalin, Nikolai Ivanovich was completely rehabilitated. With him were removed all charges in state treason. The bright name of the outstanding biologist was restored, although posthumously. The masses of people were told what made for science of Vavilov, the contribution to the general piggy bank of human knowledge was official recognition.

What made new Vavilov to biology?

The contribution of Vavilov to biology is difficult to overestimate. By studying the study of the vegetation world, the scientist revealed the world several thousand new plants, previously unknown mankind. In a research institution, a collection has created a collection of more than 300,000 plant samples.

The law of homologous series, Open Vavilov, determines the features of hereditary variability in closely related species. According to this teaching, related plants have similar hereditary changes.

It is thanks to the works of Nikolai Ivanovich, the world learned about the existence of immunity in plants. Under the leadership of a scientist, several hundred new types of zoned plants were derived, capable of grown even in atypical territories for this and bring significant harvest.

Conclusion

The merits of the scientist are repeatedly marked by numerous medals and recognition. For the opening of immunity in plants, Vavilov received the Leninist Prize, for research work in Afghanistan - Przhevalsky medal. After rehabilitation, he was restored on the list of academicians of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1965, grateful descendants established a gold medal who worn the name of the great biologist. She was issued for outstanding merits in the field agriculture. In 1967, Vir, many years headed by scientist, began to wear his great name.

Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov - Outstanding Soviet scientist. His contribution to science, especially in biology, systematics and geography of cultivated plants, is generally recognized not only in the Soviet Union, but also abroad.

Biologist-Darwinist, the creator of the scientific foundations of selection and teaching on the origin of cultivated plants, is at the same time one of the largest geographers of naturalists. They are collected tens of thousands of samples and the plants cultivated by man cultivated by man have been established, the history of agricultural culture has been deeply studied.

It is difficult to call the other from the biologists, which would have owned such a huge actual scientific material as N. I. Vavilov owned. Gifted by an exceptional ability to theoretical generalizations, he created theories that were firmly included in the treasury of world science.

In their activities, the scientist always walked in a distinctive way and through his own prism considered not only mined, but also previously known facts. All scientific works N. I. Vavilov, including small works, differ in originality and determine a decisive turn in our scientific views and research methods.

Early studies of N. I. Vavilov, dedicated to the immunity of plants to mushroom diseases, allowed a very young scientist to create an original theory of physiological immunity of plants to infectious diseases. The physiological immunity of plants was used to substantiate the genetic grouping of all wheat species known at the time. He was interested in issues of immunity throughout his scientific activity and was repeatedly returned to them in his studies. But at an early stage of his work, these studies have been completed by the major monograph "Immunity plants for infectious diseases" (1919).

Another small work of N. I. Vavilov "On the origin of cultural rye" (1917) gave a completely new interpretation of the history of the introduction into the culture of a widely used bread creek. In this work, the scientist not only illuminated the stages of the evolution of the mass field rye into cultural, but also revealed the previously unknown path of origin of many other cultivated plants. He showed that from the clogging ancient agricultural crops lay-of-field plants Often new young cultures arise. In this work, N. I. Vavilov first drew attention to South-West Asia as the center of formation of rye, and marked the beginning of his subsequent research on the establishment of centers of the origin of cultivated plants.

Scientists and crop practices are highly appreciated by N. I. Vavilov "Field Cultures of the South-East", published in 1922. It contains an interesting analysis of the composition of the field crops of a arid zone, the characteristics of the features of the agriculture of the southeast, disclosed the prospects for its development. This work was a sample for numerous similar works of other authors on the individual zones of the Soviet Union and foreign countries.

In-depth study of the intraspecific cultural plant system, a detailed analysis of the racial composition of numerous Lynneevsky species was given the opportunity to N. I. Vavilov to establish that, despite the huge variety of forms, the hereditary variability of their signs is subordinated to a certain pattern. In the evolutionary development of the organic world there are no chaos, everything happens according to the strict laws of nature. N. I. Vavilov made an attempt to open these laws in its outstanding labor "The Law of Homologic Rows in hereditary variability" (1920). It was essentially further creative development The teachings of Ch. Darwin on the origin of species. Many scientists the importance of the law of homologous series in biology are regarded as well as periodic system Elements D. I. Mendeleev in chemistry.

The law of homologous series in hereditary variability primarily establishes the basics of systematics of a huge variety of plant forms, which the organic world is so rich, allows the breeder to get a clear idea of \u200b\u200beach place, even a small systematic unit in the plant world and judge the possible variety of source material for selection, indicates - He is the paths and directions of breeding work.

At one time, the law of homologous series was criticized. Some scientists indicated that this law limits the evolution of the living plant world by the strict framework. However, it should be said that N. I. Vavilov never denied the possibility of the evolution of the row of hereditary variability. His great merit is that he opened one of those laws that determine the evolutionary development of plants, and showed the effect of this law on an extensive and thoroughly studied material.

Important importance for world science was the doctrine of the centers of origin of cultivated plants and about geographical laws in the distribution of their hereditary signs. In the future, research work in this area began to be held in the light of the teachings of Vavilov.

Exploring the geographical distribution of varieties and races of cultural plants, as well as the foci of an ancient agricultural culture, N. I. Vavilov discovered and described a lot of plant forms and appeared in a new way to resolve the problem of the origin of cultivated plants. Instead of the former chaotic idea of historical stages The development of agricultural crops The scientist in its classical labor "Centers of the Origin of Cultural Plants" first painted a strict picture of the naturally medium intensity of the enormous wealth of the forms of cultural plants in a few primary foci. The variety of plant forms has an exceptional value in the selection of the source material for selection.

The existence of centers for formation of cultivated plants is convincingly confirmed by numerous Soviet expeditions organized by N. I. Vavilov. He visited and examined the cultural flora in the countries of South-Western, South and Southeast Asia, in the countries of Africa and Southern Europe, adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea, in almost all countries of Central and South America. They were carefully examined and various parts of the Soviet Union, ranging from the southern and ending the most northern ones.

These expeditions made it possible to assemble a huge number of plant and seed samples and create an exceptional plant for plant forms in the All-Union Institute of Crops, and currently used by Soviet breeding. Based on this material, large monographs on cultural flora of Afghanistan, Mexico, South and Central America, Abyssinia (Ethiopia), Central Asia, etc. are published.

Speaking about prominent theoretical studies of N. I. Vavilov, it is impossible to bypass silence and his work "Lynneevsky appearance as a system." It is small in volume, but deeply by thought, at first glance, purely botanical work is especially important for biology in general and for systematics of cultivated plants in particular. Only on the basis of the concept of Lynneevsky species, as a complex system, one can find the appropriate place for numerous forms that make up the view.

N. I. Vavilov developed scientific bases of selection: the problem of the starting material, the theory of plant introduction and the botanic-geographical bases of selection, methods of selection for drought resistance, immunity to mushroom diseases. It showed the value of remote interspecific and interhoego hybridization. His selection works did not lose their scientific and practical significance to the present.

Peru N. I. Vavilov also belongs to the wonderful work on the history of agriculture, the origins of which he saw not in the wide valleys of large rivers, but on the crossed relief of mountain areas, numerous works on the study of individual cultivated plants, among which the deep analysis of the genetic nature of winter and spring wheat, botanic-geographical considerations about the possibility of promoting the crop of winter wheat into new areas of the USSR, the scientific foundations of selection of wheat, work on remote hybridization and the phylogenesis of wheat, etc.

N. I. Vavilov was called the "plant hunter", and he really hunted themselves passionately, all his life, looking for places of accumulation of the greatest diversity and wealth of plant forms. But he did not hunt at random, but according to a certain plan, compiled in accordance with its theories of the centers of the origin of cultivated plants and the geographical patterns of their distribution. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was a tireless traveler. He missed four continents and was not only in Australia, which almost gave agriculture.

N. I. Vavilov in their works expressed many valuable considerations about the development of agriculture in northern regions Soviet Union, on the development of wet and dry subtropics and introductions to these areas of new plants, on the development of mountain farming, for which they are generalized by the global experience of agricultural development of high spirits, in the development of agriculture in a number of areas of the Soviet Union. He paid a lot of attention to the problem of lifting the yield of crops.

Public I. statesman The big sweep, Nikolai Ivanovich saw the prospect of the socialist reorganization of his homeland and gave all the energy and knowledge of this great cause.

N. I. Vavilov published more than 300 scientific research. His scientific works are well known and popular among the wide range of agricultural workers. However, not everyone knows what kind of gigantic work he did to come to his simple, clear scientific generalizations and slender theories. Not everyone knows how many extensive scales and deep on the plan of studies have been made by N. I. Vavilov to raise the veins of many secrets of nature and reveal new objective patterns of the development of the organic world.

A lot will be written in monographs and articles on his scientific discoveries. The life of Nikolai Ivanovich is a vivid example of selfless love for homeland and dedicated labor.

Academician Vakhnil N. A. Majsuryan

The history of life
It can be called an encyclopedist of the twentieth century. Genetics, botany, with its many branching, agronomy, theory of selection, geography of plants - this is not a complete range of his scientific quest. Vavilov belongs to several fundamental discoveries in biology and whole line Wonderful ideas that still continue to be developed by modern scientists. In addition, he was the first to apply a completely new, global approach to the study of the plant world as a whole in the scale of the entire planet. The path established by the scientist became the main in which modern biology develops. And today it seems incomprehensible that for many years not only discoveries, but also the very name of Vavilov in every way was silent.
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was born on November 25, 1887 in Moscow in the family of an entrepreneur. His father passed the way from the peasant Volokolamsky district to the large Russian industrialist. It must be said that all his children became famous specialists, each in their field of activity. But the most famous turned out to be two brothers, Nikolai and Sergey, who were the presidents of two academies.
Vavilovy, in a large house on Medium Presnya, there was a rare collection of books. Ivan Ilyich generously bought them, the younger children read the swop. Muzizsed a lot in the house, and the children studied music.
In 1906, Vavilov graduated from the Moscow Commercial School, having received sufficient knowledge on natural sciences for entering the university, while the English, German and French was completely worn. Then Nikolai entered the Agricultural Institute. Here Vavilov was formed not only as an agronomist, but also as a researcher. He himself wrote later that he had "little good memories of a commercial school", but that fate cast him to Petrovka, this is, "apparently, a happy chance."
The ability to work a lot, greedily purposefully, not spending time by the time, allocated it among the peers. He passed from one department to another, trying his hand in different laboratories, developing far from each other themes. He spent his first independent study at the Department of Zoology and Entomology - about naked slugs, snails, damaging winter crops and garden plants. The work was published by the Moscow Province and awarded the Polytechnic Museum award, and at the end of the Institute, Vavilov was credited as a diploma.
From the student years, Nikolai Vavilov conducted annual scientific expeditions. In those years, the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia came with a backpack.
The nearest teacher Vavilov was the famous biologist Dmitry Nikolayevich Spanks. On his initiative, Vavilov began to study plant breeding, and after the end of the Academy moved to St. Petersburg, where he began working at the bureau of applied botany.
In 1912, Vavilov married Catherine Nikolaev Sakharov. They studied together at the institute, together passed the practice in Poltava region. Katya was born and brought up in the family of the Siberian merchant. Dreamed, hardly from ornamental years, become an agronomist. Young settled in one of the two fathers houses. Wedding travel was not. The young spouse has already established his own, Vavilovsky regime. He was rarely seen in the cozy Flegele on medium fores. Only at night, almost until dawn, its window was glowing.
Many years later, the Leningrad reporter, the growth officer S. M. Spitzer, somehow asked Vavilov when he finds time for his personal life. "For a personal life, Nikolai Ivanovich asked. - Isn't a science for me not a personal life "
In 1913, Vavilov goes to England and spends several months in the laboratory of the famous biologist W. Betson. A wife went with him together abroad. Vavilov settled in the town of Merton, not far from London. Ekaterina Nikolaevna, better husband Vladoving spoken English, sometimes came to the rescue. But it was only at first, Nikolai quickly mastered.
Vavilov spent around the year in England. In Merton and on the Farm of the University of Cambridge, he saws samples of wheat, oats and barley, already investigated by him on immunity at the Institute in 1911-1912. In this way, he checked the results obtained in the Moscow region. In England, he completed work on the article on the immunity of plants and fungal diseases and published it in a magazine based on Baton. In Russian, this study, part of many years of work, was promulgated later.
Nikolai Ivanovich was engaged in England not only with his specialty - Immunology. As always and everywhere, he was also interested in many. Followed everything that happens in biology, especially in genetics that caused hot spores; did not care for agricultural science, new agricultural engineering. A lot of time spent in Linneyevskogo society, participated in scientific meetings, studied collections.
From London, Cheta Vavilov went to Paris. The last point of the passage travel was Germany, Yen, the laboratory of the famous biologist-evolutionist Ernst Geckel, who promoted the idea of \u200b\u200bDarwin. However, they soon had to interrupt a scientific business trip and return to their homeland, because the first one began in Europe world War. Nikolai Ivanovich The draft commissions from service in the army temporarily released. Back in school years, he hurt his eyes.
In 1916, Vavilov visited Northern Iran, Fergana and Pamir. On these travels, a young scientist gathered an interesting scientific material that allowed him to make two more large discoveries - to establish the laws of homologous rows and the centers for the spread of cultivated plants.
Soon Russia stole revolutionary events. Since 1917, Vavilov constantly lives in Saratov, where he teaches at the university. His father did not recognize the new power, deciding that he didn't need it, he didn't need it. Collected the suitcases that once went to the fair, and left for Bulgaria. And a few days after the departure of Ivan Ilyich, on November 7, 1918, I was born in the Flegele on the middle forehead of his grandson Oleg Nikolaevich Vavilov. Only in 1926, Nikolai Ivanovich persuaded his father to return, and immediately took him to himself in Leningrad. Ekaterina Nikolaevna moved with her son to her husband in Saratov in 1919, when Nicholas Ivanovich was given finally an apartment.
Soon the fundamental work of Vavilov "Immunities of plants for infectious diseases", in which, for the first time in world science, genetic roots of immunity were shown in world science. It was the largest discovery, after which Vavilov was among the leading biologists of the world.
Working in Saratov, Vavilov traveled the average and the lower voltage and there also collected valuable scientific materials. On his opening, Vavilov first told at the congress of breeders in 1920. Saratov Congress entered the history of science as one of its bright pages. At its end, the telegram was sent to the capital "A report was heard at the All-Russian Selection Congress. N. I. Vavilova Exclusive scientific and practical significance with the presentation of the new foundations of the theory of variability, founded mainly on the study of material on cultural plants. The theory of this is the largest event in world biological science, corresponding to the discoveries of Mendeleev in chemistry, opens the widest perspectives for practice. The congress adopted a resolution on the need to ensure the development of Vavilov's work on a wide scale of state power. "
A year after the Saratov Congress, Vavilov made out the statement of the law of homologous series at the International Congress on Agriculture, held in the United States. Over the ocean, the discovery of the Soviet professor made a strongest impression. Portraits of Vavilov printed on the first pages of newspapers. After the Congress, Vavilov managed to work in the laboratory of the largest genetics of Henry Morgan, famous for his theory of heredity.
The right thing to continue to work in any circumstances, Nikolai Ivanovich is still on the ship, along the way to America, began to express the law of homologous series in English. On the way back, he completed her and, having stopped in England, handed the Batson's manuscript. I approved the work, he recommended it to the press, and she was soon published by the TIME Cambridge University with a separate brochure.
Later, at the beginning of the thirties, Academician V. L. Komarov, wrote "Parallel variability, noticed and pointed to her and Joffroy Saint-Ilher, and Botany Gordon, and Ch. Darwin, but only N.I. Vavilov studied her fully and portrayed accurately and definitely. "
Related species and childbirth, says the law formulated by Vavilov, thanks to the similarity of their genotypes, largely repeat each other in their variability. In close-friendly plant species, different forms and varieties form the rows appropriate to each other.
Vavilov recognized a significant role of the external environment in the evolution of plants. But he gave paramount importance internal features the very vegetable organism; The paths of evolutionary development depend primarily on the natural capabilities of the organism itself. There are no chaos in the evolutionary development of organisms as it may seem. Despite the stunning manifold of the forms of living, variability is laid into certain patterns. Vavilov took a bold and quite successful attempt to open these patterns, lifting another of the veil, hiding the secrets of nature.
The thought of unity of diversity is a major in a wonderful Vavilovo work. Next, Vavilov developed the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to systematically study species within the species, which is extremely important for genetics and for agronomy.
The opening of the law of homologous series has enriched biology. At the same time, this work serves rabbies and breeders for practical purposes, for better knowledge and use of plants. The followers of Vavilov in our country and abroad have accumulated in the past decades a huge factual material confirming the universality of the law of the law. Later, Vavilov unveiled the work on the centers of origin of cultivated plants. Both discoveries ached with something like a botanical compass. It became more obvious that, how and where to look for the planet in the plant world, which has recently seemed vasty.
The application of the new law allowed Vavilov to raise the question that all cultural plants of the Earth occurred from several genetic centers. In early 1921, Vavilov, together with a group of employees, is invited to Petrograd, where in the royal village he organizes the All-Union Institute of Crops.
The wife chose to stay in Saratov, finding a job in the agronomic part. The grounds for such a solution had. She knew, or guess that Nikolai Ivanovich was passionate about another woman. But, judging by her actions, she was not from those wives who strive to preserve the marriage bonds to preserve the marriage bonds, entered by the female pride and a sense of self-esteem. And Vavilov was not from those husbands who are ready in the name of the preservation of the same ultrasound to suppress, it is trampled to capture his feeling. The decision, painful, difficult, was accepted.
Elena Ivanovna Barulin, a student, and then graduate student Nikolai Ivanovich, who divided his feelings, was not solved for a long time to move to Petrograd, despite the calls of Vavilov. She died in confusion. Only in the middle of the twenties, she arrived in Leningrad and formally married Vavilov. And in 1928, the son of Vavilov was born the son of Yuri.
In his memoirs, placed in the collection "next to Vavilov", Professor Gaysinsky writes "Nikolai Ivanovich in those years relatively often visited Rome. In one of these trips, he was accompanied by a spouse - Elena Ivanovna Barulin. She was his researcher, a cultural, quiet and modest woman, extremely devoteed to her husband. "
Vavilov was attentive to both sons. With the eldest, Oleg, corresponded, even being in travels. After the death of Oleg and Yuri's father, the uncle Sergei Ivanovich took him down. Both received university education, both became physicists.
For the past twenty years, Vavilov's short life is connected with Leningrad. Here fully revealed his diverse dating. Here he created the Scientific Center received worldwide fame - the All-Union Institute of Crops. Here he raised young scientists. Here courageously reflected attacks of militant and adventurers who have aroused, with the highest support, Lzhenauku.
In the twenties, Vavilov became a generally accepted leader of Soviet biological and agricultural science. Nikolai Ivanovich understood very well that his ideas should be supported by a rich scientific material. So he developed a wide program of scientific expeditions during which the institute staff should have been collected in different countries Plant samples to create a collection of genetic material at the institute.
In 1924, Vavilov organizes an expedition to Afghanistan, to areas where Europeans did not go to it. Here he collects the exclusive material in value. In 1926, Vavilov makes a large trip by Europe, as well as North Africa. And again the scientist brings the plants collected them. In subsequent years, Vavilov visited Japan, China, as well as South America. He has already collected as many samples various plantsThat his theory received full confirmation. Immediately after the trip, his second most important work "Centers of origin of cultivated plants" is published.
In 1929, Vavilov elected academician and almost simultaneously by the President of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences. At that time he was not yet 42 years old. The new president did a lot in order to establish the wide contacts of Russian scientists with their colleagues from other countries. On his initiative in 1937, an international congress of genetics was held in the USSR. It was organized on the basis of the Genetics of the Academy of Sciences created by the Vavilov Institute. There was a whole pleiad of large scientists headed by Academician Koltsov, who created the school of experimental genetics. Scientists from all countries of the world began to arrive at the internship to Vavilov and Koltsov. One of the students Vavilov was, in particular, Meller, subsequently received the Nobel Prize for his discoveries.
But at the same time, Wavilov began to work harder and harder. Back in 1929, his employee's closest biologist S. Chetverikov was expelled from work. Attacks and academician Koltsov began. Maybe the fate of Vavilov would not be so tragic if on his way did not appear by Trofim Lysenko, who left his uncomfortable memory about himself in science. After all, the Soviet genetics were liquidated and many scientists were repressed. Of course, the tragedy of Vavilov became only a small part of the arbitrariness, which was going on under Stalin's mode, but it meant the end of the whole branch of science - genetics.
Starting from 1939, with the unlawful support of Stalin, Lysenko and his supporters carried out a real defeat of genetic science in the USSR. And in 1940, Vavilov was arrested, which at that time was in a scientific expedition. The investigation continued for a long time. But Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov did not stop scientific work and in conclusion. The scientist died in prison on January 26, 1943.
Nikolai Vavilov loved life in all its manifestations. I went to the theater when I was cut out time. I read a lot, greedily, quickly, not satisfied with only one scientific literature. Nature does not truly gives people as she bestowed by Vavilov, putting it not only by the powerful talent of the researcher, but also the ability to work most of the day, paying to sleep not a third, but only the fifth part of life. He managed to dispose of a generous gift. It is impossible to make it possible to make a worthy place among the classics of natural science. The title list of the international magazine "Genetics", which emerges in London, is framed by a constant double frame, inside which the names of the largest naturalists are drawn; Among them, next to the names of Linnei, Darwin, Mendel, - the name of Vavilov.

From 1906 to 1917, N. Vavilov studied in our Academy - an outstanding scientist, the founder of new scientific directions in botanic, crop production, breeding, genetics. He made a number of theoretical generalizations that received worldwide recognition: the law of homologous series of hereditary volatility, the doctrine of the centers of origin of cultivated plants, the ecological and geographical principle of intraspecific systematics, the doctrine of the immunity of plants and the theory of introduction. Briefly tell about the life of such an outstanding person as Vavilov is very difficult. We will try to highlight the main milestones of his biography.

Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was born on November 25, 1887 in Moscow. After graduating from the Moscow Commercial School, he entered the Moscow Agricultural Institute, in 1913-1914, in led by the leading crop the genetic institutions of Western Europe. Since 1916, its famous expeditions began.

Many of his travels were truly heroic. For the expedition to Afghanistan Vavilov received the Gold Medal named after Przhevalsky "for a geographical feat." In travels, the knowledge of about 20 foreign languages \u200b\u200band the ability to easily find a common language with different people helped him.

Vavilov's trips abroad stopped in the middle of the thirties by the will of Stalin. At a meeting with a group of scientists, Joseph Vissarionovich said that the Russian scientists should think about overseas trips, and about the crop. More Nikolai Ivanovich could not ride abroad.

The result of all expeditionsVavilov was one of the main discoveries of the scientist - the establishment of the main centers of origin of cultivated plants, which are both centers of ancient civilizations.

Another major theoretical generalization was the law of homological series of hereditary variability. With a message about him, Nikolai Vavilov spoke in 1920 in Saratov at the Third All-Russian Congress of Breakers.

The scientist brought the formula for this law:L 1 * (A + B + C + ...), where L 1 - species radical, a sign common to all forms of Linneon (large form), distinguishing it from close species, anda, B. , C, ... - Various signs that can be identical in different linos.

In 1923, Vavilov was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Director of the Institute of Experienced Agronomy, in 1924, the scientist headed the All-Union Institute of Crops, before its employees, he set a difficult task: to collect all cultivated cultural plants and their wild species, learn how to grow and keep them seeds . In 1929, he was elected a valid member of the Academy of Sciences, organized Vaschnil (the Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Lenin), became the laureate of the Lenin Prize. In 1930, Nikolai Ivanovich headed the first academic institution in genetics - the laboratory, after three years the Genetic Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was also elected by a foreign member of the Royal Society, Czechoslovak, Scottish, Indian, German Academy of Sciences, Lynneevskogo society in London, American Botanical Society. Accordingly, in the thirties, the greatness of the scientist was obvious, that is why he became an object of cruel trust and unworthy criticism from Lysenko, the present and their like-minded people. Nikolai Ivanovich answered this disrespect of Nikolai Ivanovich's courageous protection. It could not be defeated, and he died in the struggle for the truth.

At the insistence of Lysenko on August 6, 1940, Vavilov was arrested. He was charged for sabotage and espionage. July 9, 1941 The court was held over scientists. He was sentenced to the highest punishment - shooting, later the sentence was "softened" - now the scientist threatened 20 years of cortic. In Vavilov's prison, wrote a book about the history of agriculture, whose manuscript, unfortunately, did not reach this day.

When the German troops approached Moscow, Nikolai Ivanovich, along with other prisoners transferred from Butyla Prison to Saratovskaya.

January 26, 1943, at the age of 55, Vavilov died from exhaustion in a prison hospital, but for several years his fate was not unknown to his relatives and colleagues. Only in 1970, a modest monument appeared on the site of his intended burial.

A scientist who provided the country with millions of tons of grain due to its work and discoveries, which created the theoretical base for researchers around the world, died in prison from hunger. Such is the tragic paradox of the fate of this wonderful person.

In the preparation of the article, the following literature was used :

1.N.P.Dubinin "Genetics. Pages of history, "Chisinau," Stinza ", 1990.

2.A.A. Zakharov "Short essays on the history of genetics", Moscow, Bioinformservis, 1999

3. Journal "Science and Life", Moscow, Publishing House "Pravda",

No. 2/1979, B.Mednikov "The Law of Homological Rows in our day", p.32

Krasnova Maria

Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov - Russian and Soviet genetics, nerd, breeder, geographer. The organizer and participant in the Botaniko-agronomic expeditions that engulfed most of the continents (except Australia and Antarctica) during which the ancient foci of formation of cultivated plants revealed. Created a doctrine of world centers of origin of cultivated plants. Substituted the doctrine of immunity of plants, opened the law of homologous series in the hereditary variability of organisms. There was a significant contribution to the development of biological teaching. Under the leadership of Vavilov, the largest collection of seeds of cultivated plants was created. He laid the foundations of the system of state tests of varieties of field crops. The principles of activity of the country's chief scientific center for agricultural science, created a network of scientific institutions in this area.

Died during the years of Stalinist repression. Based on fabricated accusations, he was arrested in 1940, in 1941 - convicted and sentenced to the shooting, which was subsequently replaced by a 20-year-old sentence. In 1943 he died in prison. In 1955, posthumously rehabilitated.

Childhood and youth

Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was born on November 25 (November 13, on the old style) of 1887 at the middle forehead in Moscow.

Father Ivan Ilyich Vavilov (1863-1928) - A merchant of the Second Guild and a public figure, was a birthway from the peasant family of the Volokolam district. Before the revolution was the director of the Manufactory campaign "Delets and Vavilov", which also had a branch in Rostov-on-Don.

Alexander Mikhailovna Vavilova (1868-1938), nebulous postnikov, the daughter of the carter artist who worked in Prokhorovskaya manufactory. In his autobiography, Sergey Vavilov writes about her:

In total, the family had seven children, but three of them died back in infancy. Nikolai Vavilov had a younger brother Sergey Vavilov (1891-1951) and two sisters - Alexander and Lydia. Sergey Vavilov received physics education in 1914 at Moscow University, in the same year was called to the army, participated in the First World War. In 1932, Sergey Vavilov became academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in the same year he headed the State Optical Institute, is the founder of the scientific school of physical optics in the USSR. He headed the USSR Academy from 1945 to 1951. He died in 1951 from heart attack. Alexander's older sister (1886-1940) received medical education, was a public figure, organized sanitary and hygienic networks in Moscow. Lydia's younger sister (1891-1914) received a specialty microbiologist. He died from a black smallpox, causing patients during the epidemic.

From early childhood, Nikolai Vavilov was predisposed to natural sciences. Among his children's hobbies were observations of animals and a floral world. The Father had a big library in which rare books, geographical maps, herbaria. This played a significant role in the formation of the identity of Vavilov.

Education

By the will of Father Nikolai entered the Moscow Commercial School. At the end of the school, he wanted to enter the Imperial Moscow University, but not wanting to lose the year for the preparation for the exams in the Latin language, the knowledge of which was mandatory for admission to the university, in 1906 he entered the Moscow Agricultural Institute for the Agronomical Faculty. He was engaged in such scientists like N. N. Khudyakov and D. N. Sanidichnikov. In 1908, he participated in the student expedition in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasus, and in the summer of 1910, there was agronomical practices in the Poltava experimental station, having received, on his own recognition, "impetus for all further work". At the meetings of the Institutional Circle of Lovers of Natural Science, Vavilov spoke with the reports of the "Genealogy of the Plant Kingdom", "Darwinism and Experimental Morphology". During training at the Institute, Vavilov's tendency to research activities have been manifested repeatedly, the final teaching was the graduation work on naked slugs, damaging fields and gardens in the Moscow province. He graduated from the Institute in 1911.

Family status

Nikolay Vavilov was married twice. The first wife is Ekaterina Nikolaevna Sakharov-Vavilova (1886-1964). The second - Elena Ivanovna Vavilov-Barulin, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. Marriage was officially registered in 1926. Children - Oleg (1918-1946, from the first marriage) and Yuri (from the second).

Scientific activities and further life path

1911-1918

In order to familiarize themselves with the systematics and geography of cultural cereals and their diseases during 1911-1912, Nikolai Vavilov passed an internship in St. Petersburg, to the bureau of applied botany and breeding (head of R. E. Regel), as well as to the Bureau of mycology and phytopathology (Head A. A. Yakhevsky).

In 1913, Vavilov was directed abroad to complete education.

In 1915, Nikolai Vavilov began studying the immunity of plants. The first experiments were carried out in nurseries unfolded together with Professor S. I. Zhegalov.

During 1915 and at the beginning of 1916, he passed the exams to obtain a master's degree. Thus, preparing for professorial activities at the Department of D. N. Skinichnikova was completed. The doctoral dissertation of Vavilov was devoted to the immunity of plants. This problem was based on its first scientific monograph "Immunities of plants for infectious diseases", which contained a critical analysis of world literature and the results of its own studies published in 1919.

Because of the defect of view (in childhood he damaged the eyes) Vavilov was released from military service, but in 1916 he was attracted as a consultant on the issue of the massive disease of the soldiers of the Russian army in Persia. He found out the cause of the disease, indicating that the particles of seed seeds into local flour fall into the local flour ( Lolium Temulentum), and with him the fungus Stromantinia Temulenta, which produces alkaloid Temulin - a substance that can cause serious poisoning in humans (dizziness, drowsiness, loss of consciousness, convulsions) with possible father outcome. The solution to the problem was the ban on the use of local products, the provisions began to bring out of Russia, as a result of which the issue with the disease was exhausted.

Vavilov, having received permission to hold an expedition from military leadership, went deep into Iran, where he was engaged in the study and collection of samples of cereals. During the expedition, he, in particular, took samples of Persian wheat. Having seen it later in England, Vavilov tried to infect her torpid dew in various ways (up to use nitrogen fertilizerpromoting the development of the disease), but all attempts turned out to be unsuccessful. Scientist came to the conclusion that the immunity of plants depends on the conditions of the medium in which it was originally formed this species. During the Iranian expedition, Vavilov had thoughts on the patterns of hereditary variability. Vavilov traced changes in the species of rye and wheat from Iran to Pamirs. He noticed the characteristic similar changes in the species of both childbirth, which came across him to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe existence of regularity in the variability of child species. Being on the Pamirs, Vavilov concluded that the mountain "insulators" like the Pamirs serve the foci of the origin of cultivated plants.

In 1917, Vavilov was elected an assistant to the head of the department (formerly a bureau) of Applied Botany R. E. Regel. Recommendation gave the reel himself: "On the issues of immunity [plants], there are already very many and outstanding scientists from almost all the world countries over the past 20 years, but it can be safely argued that no one has come to resolve these complex issues with a similarity of looks with a comprehensive coverage of the question, with what approaches To him Vavilov.<…> In the face of Vavilov, we attracted to the department of applied nerds of a young talented scientist who will still be proud of Russian science " .

In the same year, Vavilov was invited to head the department of genetics, breeding and private farming at Saratov senior agricultural courses and moved to Saratov in July. In this city in 1917-1921, Vavilov was a professor of the agronomic faculty of Saratov University. Along with reading lectures, he unfolded an experimental study of immunity of various agricultural plants, primarily bread cereals. They were investigated 650 Wheat varieties and 350 oats varieties, as well as other, non-slate, cultures; Hybridological analysis of immune and affected varieties has been carried out, their anatomical and physiological features have been revealed. Vavilov began to summarize the data accumulated during expeditions and research. The result of these surveys was the monograph "Immunity of plants for infectious diseases", published in 1919.

1918-1930

In 1919, Vavilov created the doctrine of immunity of plants.

In 1920, he, heading the Organizing Committee of the III of the All-Russian Congress for Selection and SeedsOwod in Saratov, spoke on him with the report "The Law of Homologic Rows in hereditary variability." The report was taken by listeners as the largest event in world biological science and caused positive reviews in the scientific community.

In 1920, the Agricultural Scientific Committee, led by his chairman V. I. Kovalevsky, elected Nikolai Vavilov to the head of the applied botany and selection in Petrograd, and in January 1921 he left Saratov in almost all of his Saratov pupils. Scientific work in a new place began with a big sweep.

Since 1921, Vavilov began the department of applied botany and selection in Petrograd, who in 1924 was reorganized into the All-Union Institute of Applied Botany and New Cultures, and in 1930 - to the All-Union Institute of Crop (VIR), the head of which he remained until August 1940.

Hunger in the Volga region 1921-1922 forced Russian scientists to change the direction of research.

Having settled together with A. A. Yachevsky on behalf of the RSFSR addresses in the United States to participate in the negotiations on the purchase of seeds, Vavilov simultaneously examined extensive grain areas of the United States and Canada and spoke at the International Congress on Agriculture with a report on the law of homologous series. The provisions of the law developed by the evolutionary doctrine of Ch. Darwin were positively appreciated by the world scientific public. In New York, the Department of Applied Botany was founded.

On the way back, Vavilov visited a number of European countries (England, France, Belgium, Holland, Sweden), where met with scientists, established new scientific ties, acquainted with scientific laboratories and selection stations, organized procurement of varietal seeds, books, scientific equipment.

So, for example, in 1922, Vavilov in Holland met with Gogo de Friz (the founder of mutational theory). After reviewing the scientific research of the Dutchman, Vavilov, returning to Russia, made the involvement of science in the creation of the country's varietal resources, continued to expand the department of applied botany, seeking to turn it into a major center of agricultural science, invited scientists from other cities. The work was aimed at identifying the global diversity of cultivated plants in order to further use it for the needs of the country. In 1923, Vavilov was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR to the Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (on the category of biological).

In 1923, Vavilov was elected director of the State Institute of Experimental Agronomy.

In 1924, under the leadership of the scientist throughout the USSR, a network of experimental stations for the variety of agricultural crops were laid and began to grow. In 115 branches and experienced stations, in various soil-climatic conditions of the USSR - from subtropics to the tundra - was the study and testing of different forms useful plants.

From 1924 to 1927 a number of intra-union and foreign expeditions were held - Afghanistan (Vavilov, together with D. D. Bukinich, the first of Europeans penetrated Nuristan - the high-altitude province of Afghanistan, while closed for ingenians), Mediterranean, Africa, during which Vavilov continued to replenish the collection of samples and the study of foci of the occurrence of cultivated plants.

Vavilov wrote:

The journey was, perhaps, successful, the whole of Afghanistan, they sneak to India, Belukhistan, were behind Gindukish. Near India descended to palm Palm, Found a praus, saw wild watermelons, melons, hemp, barley, carrots. Four times the Hindukush exceeded, once along the path of Alexander Macedonsky.<…> Collected darkness medicinal plants <…>

The report on the expedition volume of 610 pages was the basis of the book "Agricultural Afghanistan" written by Vavilov together with D. D. Bukinic. Vavilov's assumption was confirmed in this book that the centers of the origin of some of the most important plants were found in Afghanistan.

For an expedition to Afghanistan, the Geographical Society of the USSR awarded Nikolay Vavilov Gold Medal named after N. M. Przhevalsky - "For a geographical feat."

In 1925, expeditions were followed in the Hivinsky Oasis and other agricultural regions of Uzbekistan.

In 1926-1927, Vavilov made an expedition to the countries of the Mediterranean. Research work they were held in Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Transiordania, Greece, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Crete, Cyprus, South France, Spain, Portugal, then in French Somalia, Abyssinia and Eritrea. On the way back, Vavilov got acquainted with agriculture in the mountainous regions of Württemberg (Germany). Cravan and hiking routes in this expedition amounted to about 2 thousand km. The seed material collected by Vavilov was calculated by thousands of samples.

In the mid-1920s, Vavilov formulated the ideas about the geographical centers of origin of cultivated plants - in 1926 he published the work of the "Centers of the Origin of Cultural Plants", for which he was awarded the prize named after V. I. Lenin. The theoretical work of the scientist gave the scientific basis for targeted search for useful plants, was used for practical purposes.

In 1927, Vavilov spoke at the V International Genetic Congress in Berlin with a report on the world's geographical centers of cultivated genes, "at the conference of experts on agriculture in the International Agrarian Institute in Rome - with a report" Geographical experiments on the study of variability of cultivated plants in the USSR " . The conference decided to inherent the gold medal for his work on geographical sowing and decided to introduce geographical crops on the Vavilov system on a global scale.

In 1929, Vavilov, with the aim of studying the peculiarities of agriculture, made an expedition to the countries of East Asia: together with M. G. Popov - in the north-western part of China - Xinjiang, and alone - to Japan, Taiwan and Korea.

In 1929, Vavilov was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences and at the same time academician of the All-Union Academy of Sciences, appointed President of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences named after V. I. Lenin (Vasnil), organized on the basis of the State Institute of Experimental Agronomy, which Vavilov headed from 1923. Here he He sent his energy to the organization of the system of scientific institutions of the agricultural profile. In the first three years, Vavilov's work as President Vaschnil was created by the Institutes of Grain Economy in the North Caucasus, in Siberia, Ukraine and the South-East of the European part of the country, the institutes of vegetable economy, fruit growing, spinning lobs-fibrous plants, potato farms, rice appeared, Viticulture, feed, subtropical crops, medicinal and aromatic plants and others are only about 100 scientific institutions. The All-Union Institute of Creeding has become one of the head institutions of the New Academy.

1930-1939

At the V International Botanical Congress, held in 1930 in Cambridge, the scientist made a report on Lynneevsky View as a system. He also performed at the IX International Congress in Gardening in London.

Collection of corn cubs in the office of Nikolai Vavilov in the All-Russian Institute of Crops.

In 1930, Vavilov created and headed the Genetic Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow (in 1933 it was transformed into the Institute of Genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which Vavilov headed up to his arrest in 1940). In 1930, II International Congress of Soil Sciences in Moscow was organized (at the invitation of Cornell University, USA) at the International Conference on Agricultural Economy, and after her made an expedition to the American continent: he traveled all the southern United States of California to Florida, recalculated by two routes Mountain and flat areas of Mexico, Guatemala.

In 1931, Vavilov was headed by the All-Union Geographical Society and remained in the position of his president until 1940.

In 1932, Vavilov was chosen by the Vice-President of the VI International Congress on the Genetics conducted in Ithaka. It was presented with a collection of a Vira, assembled during the last American expedition. After Congress, he traveled a number of Canadian provinces and then six months examined agricultural areas of the countries of Central and South America: Salvador, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Trinidad, Cuba, Puerto Rico and others , total - 17 countries.

Vavilov took care of the timely publication of the results of research led by their teams. Under his editors, and with his participation, "works on applied botanic, genetics and selection," multi-volume reports "Cultural flora of the USSR" and "biochemistry of cultivated plants" began to be published, the Guide "Theoretical Basics of Plant Selection" (1935), "Guide According to the approbation of agricultural crops, "a large number of collections and monographs. Vavilov created a whole school of cultural plant researchers who deserved recognition in world science.

In the meantime, however, since 1934, Vavilov was prohibited from traveling abroad, the emerging celebration of the 10th anniversary of the creation of Vir and the 25th anniversary of his own scientific and social activities was canceled. At the SNK meeting of the USSR, Vaski was considered unsatisfactory, in January 1935, Vavilov's candidacy was not put forward to the CEC CEC and the Central Bank and the Central Bank, and in the same year he was released from the post of President Valchnil, which was preceded by a letter to Stalin with political accusations against Vavilov, signed by Vice President Vaschnil A. S. Bondarenko and Patorg of the Academy S. Klimov. In his letter, Bondarenko and Klimov applied Vavilov in the guilt of not only Academism and cut off from the practical needs of the Kolkhoz and Soviet construction of agriculture, but also "political myopia": "Vavilov is always a mountain behind the pest ... there was no case to make the Vavilov about someone from the established pests ... said they are criminals" .

In 1939, Vavilov was headed by the agricultural group of the North Caucasus Complex Expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. After passing through the Military Ossetian road, he visited and explored the Zeysky glacier and Mamsonsky Pass.

Vavilov as one of the key scientific leaders of the USSR was often at the receptions from Stalin. The last meeting of Vavilov and Stalin took place in November 1939. Vavilov's associate, Biologist E. S. Yakushevsky recalled this: "Instead of greetings, Stalin said:" Well, a citizen of Vavilov, and will be engaged in floweries, petals, vasilets and other botanical finctushki? And who will be engaged in an increase in the yield of crops? "At the beginning, Vavilov was heard, but then, he gathered with the Spirit, began to talk about the essence of the research institute and their meaning for agriculture. Since Stalin did not invite him to sit down, I read the oral lecture on the Virovsky studies. During the lecture, Stalin continued to walk with a handset in his hand, and it was seen that he was completely uninteresting to him. At the end of Stalin asked: "Do you have everything, a citizen of Vavilov? Go. You are free"". In connection with this episode, Yu. N. Vavilov and Ya. Rokyatsky, concluded that by this moment the hostility of the head of the USSR to the scientist "reached apogee".

Scientific achievements

Expeditions

110 Botaniko-agronomic expeditions around the world, which brought "world science, the results of paramount significance, and their author - the well-deserved glory of one of the most prominent travelers of modernity." The result of Vavilovsky scientific expeditions is the creation of a unique collection of cultivated plants, which consisted in 1940 250 thousand samples.

Development of scientific theories

Immunity doctrine

Main article : Immunity plants

Vavilov subdivided by the immunity of plants on structural (mechanical) and chemical. The mechanical immunity of plants is due to the morphological features of the host plant, in particular, the presence of protective devices that prevent the penetration of pathogens into the body of plants. Chemical immunity depends on the chemical features of the plants.

The doctrine on the centers of the origin of cultivated plants

Main article : Centers of origin of cultivated plants

The doctrine of the centers of origin of cultivated plants was formed on the basis of the ideas of Charles Darwin (see the origin of species) On the existence of geographical centers of origin of biological species. In 1883, Alfons Decandol published a job in which the geographical areas of the initial origin of the main cultivated plants were established. However, these areas were confined to whole continents or others, also quite extensive, territories. After the release of the book of Decandol, knowledge in the field of the origin of cultivated plants expanded significantly; Monographs devoted to cultural plants of various countries, as well as separate plants. The most planned this problem in 1926-1939 was developed by Nikolai Vavilov. Based on materials on world plant resources, he highlighted 7 of the main geographical centers of the origin of cultivated plants.
South Asian tropical center (about 33% of the total number of types of cultivated plants)

1. East Asian Center (20% of cultivated plants)

2. South-West Asian Center (4% of cultivated plants)

3. Mediterranean Center (approximately 11% of cultural plants)

4. Ethiopian Center (about 4% of cultivated plants)

5. Central American Center

6. Andeiy Center

Many researchers, including P. M. Zhukovsky, E. N. Sinska, A. I. Metovzov, continuing the work of Vavilov, made their own adjustments to these submissions. So, tropical India and Indonesia are considered as two independent center, and the South-Apartment Center is divided into the Central Asian and Advisional, the foundation of the East Asian Center considers the Juanhe basin, and not the Yangtze, where the Chinese as the populler penetrated later. The centers of ancient farming in Western Sudan are also installed and on New Guinea. Fruit cultures (including berry and walnut), having more extensive distribution ranges, go far beyond the limits of the centers of origin, more consistent with the permissions of Decandol. The reason for this is their mainly forest origin (and not foothill, both for vegetable and field crops), as well as in the peculiarities of selection. New centers are highlighted: Australian, North American, European-Siberian.

Some plants were introduced in the past in the culture and outside these basic centers, but the number of such plants is small. If it was previously thought that the main foci of the ancient agricultural crops are the wide valleys of Tiger, Eufrat, Ganges, Neal and other major rivers, then Vavilov showed that almost all cultural plants appeared in the mountainous areas of the tropics, subtropics and a moderate belt.

The law of homologous rows in hereditary variability

Main article : Hemological rows in hereditary variability

In the work "The Law of Homologic Rows in hereditary variability", set forth in the form of a report on the III All-Russian Selection Congress in Saratov on June 4, 1920, the concept was introduced by Vavilov "Homologic series in hereditary variability" . The concept was introduced in the study of parallelism in the phenomena of hereditary variability by analogy with homological ranks of organic compounds.

The essence of the phenomenon is that in the study of hereditary variability in close groups of plants, similar allelic forms were discovered, which were repeated from different species (for example, the nodes of solomins of cereals with Anthocian-colored or without her, an ears with ustye or without it, etc.). The presence of such a repeatability made it possible to predict the presence of not yet detected alleles, important from the point of view of breeding work. Search for plants with such alleles was carried out in expeditions to the estimated centers of origin of cultivated plants. It should be remembered that in those years, the artificial induction of mutagenesis by chemicals or influence of ionizing radiation has not yet been known, and the search for the necessary alleles has accounted for in natural populations.

The first (1920) wording of the law included two patterns:

The first pattern that rushes into the eyes with a detailed study of the forms in any linnemons of plants belonging to the same family - this is the identity of the series of morphological and physiological propertiescharacterizing varieties and races in close genetic linneons, parallelism of the series of species genotypic variability ... The closer, the identity of the series of morphological and physiological signs appears genetically, the identity of the series of morphological and physiological signs.

... The 2nd pattern in polymorphism, resulting in essentially from the first, is that not only genetically close species, but also give birth to identities in the ranks of genotypic variability.

Although the law was discovered as a result of the study of phenotypic variability, Vavilov spread its effect on genotypic variability: "Based on the striking similarity in the phenotypic variability of species within the same kind or close delivery, due to the unity of the evolutionary process, one can assume the presence of many of them common genes along with the specifics of species and childbirth. "

Vavilov believed that the law is fair not only in relation to morphological features, anticipating that already established ranks "not only will be replenished by missing links in the respective cells, but will also develop, especially with regard to physiological, anatomical and biochemical signs." In particular, Vavilov noted that close types of plants are characterized by the "similarity of the chemical composition, developing close or the same specific chemical compounds". As shown by Vavilov, intraspecific variability of the chemical composition (for example, essential oils and alkaloids) concerns mainly quantitative relations in constancy quality compositionwherees within the genus the chemical composition of certain species is different and quantitatively, and efficiently. At the same time, within the genus "Separate species are usually characterized by theoretically envisaged by chemists with isomers or derivatives and are usually related to each other mutual transitions." The parallelism of variability characterizes close childhood with such a certainty that "they can be used in search of relevant chemical components", as well as "to obtain synthetically within this kind using the crossing of a certain quality chemical substances."

Vavilov found out that the law is manifested not only within the related groups; The parallelism of variability was discovered "in different families, genetically unlocked, even in different classes," but in remote families, parallelism is not always homologous. "Similar bodies and their very similarity are not homologous in this case, but only similar."

The law of homologous series did not remove all difficulties, since it was clear that the same changes in phenotypic signs may be due to different genes, and the level of knowledge that existed in those years did not allow directly binding a sign with a certain genome. With regard to the species and childbirth, Vavilov noted that "we are dealing until mostly not with genes that we know very little, but with signs in a certain environment," and on this basis it preferred to talk about homologous signs. "In the case of the parallelism of remote families, classes, of course, there can be no speech about the identical genes even for similar appearance."

Despite the fact that the law was initially formulated on the basis of the study of predominantly cultivated plants, later, having considered the phenomenon of variability in mushrooms, algae and animals, Vavilov came to the conclusion that the law is universal and manifests "not only at the highest, but also at the lower Plants, as well as animals. "

The progress of genetics has had a significant impact on the further development of the formulation of the law. In 1936, Vavilov called the first wording of an unnecessarily categorical: "This was then the state of genetics ...". It was customary to think that "the genes are identical in close species", biologists "represented the gene more stable than at present." It was later established that both "close species can be characterized by many different genes in the presence of similar appearance." Vavilov noted that in 1920 he paid "little ... attention of the selection role", focusing on the laws of variability. This comment did not mean the oblivion of the theory of evolution, because, as Vavilov emphasized him, already in 1920 his law "first of all represented the formula of accurate facts based entirely on evolutionary teaching."

Vavilov considered the law formulated by him as a contribution to popular at the time of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe natural nature of variability underlying the evolutionary process (for example, the theory of Nomogenesis L. S. Berg). He believed that hereditary variations were constantly repeated in different groups underlie the evolutionary parallelism and the phenomenon of mimicry.

Recognition of foreign scientific organizations

In foreign states, N. I. Vavilov was elected:

• honorary Member :
• London Royal Society of Gardeners (1931, United Kingdom)
• English Society Applied Botany
• Spanish Nature Test Society
• American Botanical Society (1942)
• National Academy of Sciences in Allahabad (1942, India)
• Lyondon Society (1942, United Kingdom)
• British Association of Biologists
• Mexican agronomic society

• foreign member :
• London Royal Society (1942, United Kingdom)

• honorary Doctor :
• Sofia State University named after K. Ohridsky (1939, Bulgaria)
• University named after Y. Purkin in Brno (1939, Czechoslovakia)

• correspondent member :
• German Academy of Sciences
• Academy of Agricultural Sciences Czechoslovakia (1923)
• German Academy of Natural Resistors Leopoldina (1942)

• member :
• Edinburgh Royal Society (1942, United Kingdom)
• Argentine Academy
• US National Geographical Society (1942)
• New York Geographical Society (1942, USA)
• Royal Geographical Society (1942, United Kingdom)
• International Council of Experts at the Roman International Agrarian Institute

Awards in honor of Vavilov

• The N. I. Vavilov Award was established by the Russian Academy of Sciences;
• Vaschelil established the Gold Medal named after N. I. Vavilov;
• The USSR Academy of Sciences has established a prize (1965) and the Golden Medal (1968) named after Vavilov.

Plants

In honor of N. I. Vavilov, the genus of plagulovia plants is named ( Vavilovia.) Fed. Family bean, as well as a number of plant species:

• AEGILOPS Vavilovii. (Zhuk.) ChennaV. - Egyfs Vavilov
• Allium vavilovii. Popov & Vved. - Onion Vavilov
• Amygdalus vavilovii. Popov - Almond Vavilov
• Astragalus Vavilovii. Fed. & Tamamsch. - Astragal Vavilov
• Avena Vaviloviana. (Malz.) Mordv. - Ovez Vavilov
• Centaurea Vavilovii. Takht. & Gabrieljan - Vasilek Vavilov
• Cousinia Vavilovii. Kult. - Kuzia Vavilov
• Gastropyrum vavilovii. (Zhuk.) Á.löve - Gastropyr Vavilov
• Oryzopsis Vavilovii. ROSHEV. - Riceman Vavilov
• Oxytropis Vavilovii. Vassilcz. - Ostromolodemer Vavilov
• Phlomis Vavilovii. Popov - Zopnik Vavilova
• Phlomoides Vavilovii. (Popov) ADYLOV, Kamelin & Makhm. - Flomojdes Vavilov
• PipTatherum Vavilovii. (ROSHEV.) Roshev. - Flavocolosnik Vavilov
• Prunus × vavilovii. (Popov) a.e.murray - Vavilov plum
• Pyrus Vavilovii. Popov - Pear Vavilov
• Scorzonera Vavilovii. Kult. - Kozhelets Vavilov
• Secale Vavilovii. Grossh. - Rye Vavilov
• Solanum Vavilovii. Juz. & Bukasov - Palenna Vavilov
• Thymus vavilovii. Klokov - Timyan Vavilov
• Trifolium vavilovii. EIG - Clover Vavilov
• Triticum Vavilovii. (Tuman.) Jakubz. - Wheat Vavilov.

Vavilov awards

• 1925 - Big Silver Medal named after N. M. Przhevalsky Russian Geographical Society
• 1926 - Prize named after V. I. Lenin - for labor "Centers of the origin of cultivated plants"
• 1940 - Big Gold Medal VCV