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The installation of wooden beams in the floors of houses is not uncommon. Their main purpose is to evenly distribute the load on the walls and foundation of the building. In order for the beam structure to perform its functions, it is necessary to choose the right material for it, to carry out calculations of the length and section.

All timber beams are divided among themselves according to the purpose and type of material from which they are made. By appointment, they can be: interfloor, attic, basement and basement. By type of material, beams can be made of solid wood or glued.

wooden floors in aerated concrete house

The spans must be strong and reliable. Sound and vapor barrier fillers are placed in the internal volume between the ceiling and the floor. The ceiling is sewn up necessary material, the floor is laid on top.

The attic floor can be installed as a roof element, being part of it roof structure... Can be installed as a separate independent element. In order to preserve heat, it must be equipped with steam and heat insulation.

Overlapping the basement and basement floor must be of great strength and withstand high loads. These spans are equipped with heat and vapor barrier to prevent cold penetration from the basement.

Beams differ in types, which have their own advantages and disadvantages.Solid wood is used to make solid beams. A significant disadvantage of solid wood beams is the length limitation, which cannot exceed 5 meters.

Glued timber beams combine high strength and aesthetics. Their use significantly increases the maximum length, which can be up to 20 meters. Considering that glued floors look beautiful, they are often not covered with a ceiling and they serve as a design element.

They have several more significant advantages, which include:

• the ability to cover large spans;
• ease of installation;
• small mass;
• long period of operation;
• high level of fire safety;
• do not give in to deformation.

Wooden parts of floor beams may have rectangular section, which is typical for a bar or board, or round, made of a log.

Requirements for timber floor beams

Installation of wooden beams entails a number of requirements that must be taken into account. They are as follows:

1. Beam products must be made from them conifers trees that have a high margin of safety. At the same time, the moisture content of the wood should be no more than 14 percent, otherwise the logs under load will have a large deflection.
2. It is forbidden to use wood that is susceptible to fungal diseases or damaged by insects for the manufacture of beams.
3. Before installation, the beam elements must be treated with an antiseptic.
4. To prevent the ceiling or floor from sagging even under load, a building lift must be performed. The ceiling of the lower floor will receive a slight rise in the center, which will become even under load.
5. If the beams are planned to be laid with a high frequency, then instead of them you can use boards that must be installed on the edges.

The procedure for calculating wooden beams

Before installation wooden floor, it is necessary to carry out calculations in which to determine the number and dimensions of the beams. This requires:

• determine the length of the span to which they will be installed;
• calculate the possible load that they will carry after installation;
• having the specified data, calculate the cross-section of the beams and the step with which they will be installed. For this, special tables and programs are used.

Length of beams consists of the length of the span, which must be covered, and the stock of the beam, which will be built into the wall. The span can be recognized using any measuring device. The stock of beams that will be mounted in the wall depends on the material from which the wall is made.

Important!

If the building is built of bricks, then the margin for beams from a board should be at least 10 cm and at least 15 cm for beams made of timber. In wooden buildings, special grooves are made, with a depth of 7 cm and more, for laying beams. If the beams serve as the basis for the roof rafters, then they are made 4-6 cm longer than the span.

The most used span, which is covered with beams, is 2.5 to 4 meters. The maximum length of beams made of timber or boards cannot exceed 6 meters. If the span exceeds this dimension, then it is recommended to install glued laminated timber beams. In addition, a wooden truss can be installed to cover spans that are more than 6 meters.

Load carried by a wooden beam, consists of a mass of details of the span (beams, internal filling, ceiling and floor cladding) and a mass of temporary elements (furniture, Appliances people in the room).

Accurate calculations bearing capacity beams are usually performed by specialized organizations. At self-fulfillment the following system is used for calculation:

• attic floor with filing, in which the insulation is mineral wool, carries a permanent self-load of 50 kg on square meter... With such a load, according to SNiP standards, the standard load will be 70 kg per square meter with a safety factor of 1.3. It is not difficult to find out the total load: 1.3x70 + 50 = 130 kilograms per square meter;
• if a heavier material than cotton wool is used as a heater, or thick boards were used as a filing, then the standard load will be 150 kg per square meter. AND total load will have a different value: 150x1.3 + 50 = 245 kg per square meter;
• if the calculation is carried out for attic room, then the weight of the material from which the floor is laid and the items in the attic are taken into account. The load in this case will be 350 kg per square meter;
• in the case when the beams perform the function of interfloor spans, the design load is 400 kg per square meter.

Calculation of wooden floor beams

Determination of the section and pitch of wooden beams

Having calculated the load and the length of the beams, you can determine their step and section dimensions or diameter.

These indicators are interrelated and are calculated according to the established rules:

1. The width and height of the beams should be in a 1: 1 ratio, 4. In this case, the width of the beams should be in the range from 4 to 20 cm, and the height from 10 to 30 cm, taking into account the thickness insulation material... Floor logs should have a diameter in the range of 11 to 30 cm.
2. The installation step should be in the range from 30 to 120 cm, taking into account the insulation and hemming materials, which will be in the space between the girders. If the structure is frame, then the step must correspond to the distance between the frames.
3. Determination of the section of beams made of wood is carried out according to the developed tables or using certain programs. When calculating the cross-sections, it must be borne in mind that the maximum bending attic beams should not exceed 1/200, and interfloor 1/350.

The use of wooden trusses, advantages and disadvantages

Floor trusses made of wood look like two parallel logs or bars located one above the other, which are interconnected by supports located at an angle or vertically in relation to these logs or bars. The main task that the trusses solve is the overlap of long spans, if the installation of additional support posts is not possible.

For the manufacture of trusses, the developed tables and programs are used, which take into account the type of connections, the installation step, the section of the structural parts and its overall dimensions. Often, trusses are made industrially using high-precision equipment. Along with this, you can make a farm with your own hands.

By comparing timber beams and floor trusses, you can determine the merits and demerits that trusses have. The benefits include:

• the ability to cover a significant span without additional support legs;
• low weight, which entails a small load on load-bearing elements building;
• high strength and resistance to deflection, which entails long-term operation hemming and floor materials;
• ease of installation on any supporting elements of the building, regardless of the material from which they are made;
• the ability to change the width of the step of laying the truss;
• the ability to install internal communication lines;
• excellent sound insulation;
• beautifully made trusses can not be sewn up and used as an element of decor.

In addition to the advantages, farms have some disadvantages, which include the following:

• at the expense of design features, the thickness of the interfloor floors increases significantly;
• significant labor costs when making a farm with your own hands, the need for special equipment;
• high price for the finished structure.

Design of wooden trusses