Initially, the Nobel Prize was the annual profit of the Alfred Nobel Foundation, which was distributed between the laureates in five regions. Consequently, every year the size of the Nobel Prize was different.

Now, no one exactly can tell how much the ownership of Alfred Nobel himself was assessed, since family assets were closely mixed in various investments in different countries World. After 5 years of work on the establishment of the Nobel Foundation, its volume was estimated at 31,587,202 Swedish crowns.

In 1901, the cash equivalent of the First Nobel Prize amounted to 150,782 crowns. It is easy to calculate that only 5 nominations for the awards were spent a little more than 750,000 kroons, that is, a little more than 2.38 percent of all the amounts at the disposal of the Fund.

The real value of the Nobel Prize is difficult to calculate due to changes in the purchasing power of the Swedish crown. Nevertheless, the Nobel Committee leads to indicative numbers. So, 150,782 crowns, presented in 1901, at the rate of 2011 correspond to 8,123,951 crowns, or more than 900 thousand euros.

From year to year, the part of the foundation that went to pay the awards changed. Apparently, this is due to the different profitability of the investment of the Alfred Nobel Foundation, but it is impossible to say for sure, because the fund finance began to publish only in 1975, after being released from taxes.

Yes, and the Swedish Crohn itself was valued in different ways for different years. It is believed that the most unsuccessful year for Nobel laureates was 1919. This year the size of the award was 133,127 kroons, which, against the background of the sum of 1901, it looks not so bad. But it was an unsuccessful year for the Swedish crown, and in the prices of 2011, the 1919 premium is estimated at 2,524,284 crowns of the current ones. The most "bold" year for the Nobel Prize was 2001. Noting the beginning of the new millennium, members of the Nobel Committee decided to make the amount of payments fixed. And since 2001, the size of the Nobel Prize is 10 million Swedish crowns. However, no one canceled the inflation of the Swedish crown. Therefore, it was most profitable in the monetary equivalent to get the Nobel Prize in 2001.

It is impossible to say which amount of the Nobel Foundation today is managed. According to 2007, this is 3.62 billion crowns. At the same time, the rules for the distribution of amounts between laureates have changed. Since the Nobel Foundation regularly receives donations, since 1980, the amounts were born from the actual profit of the Fund and for convenience began to be cooked to the inflation indicators of the Swedish crown. In 1981, the award amounted to 1 million kroons, in 1986 - 2 million, in 1989 - 3 million, in 1990 - 4 million, in 1991 - 6 million crowns. In the mid-1990, the premium prepayment up to 7 million, by the end - reached 9 million. And from 2001 to this day, the size of the award is exactly 10 million Swedish crowns. Perhaps in the future amount will be adjusted again. If not, every year it becomes less profitable to get a nobel.

Encouraging scientific activity has a steady story. Monarchs and rich patrons periodically gave naturalists for the openings made by valuable gifts or lifelong pensions, which made it possible to continue working at the new level. However, the systemic nature of such a promotion has acquired with the establishment of premiums awarded by scientific academies for solving special tasks. The championship here belongs to the British Royal Society. In 1709, Sir Godfrey Copli, a rich baront-sanctuduer and a public figure, before his death, had a secret fund, from which society would have been listed every year a hundred pounds on financing experiments or other activities aimed at the "development of knowledge about nature".

After a long discussion, members of the Society decided to use the funds for a premium that would be given for an outstanding scientific achievement. The laureate received not only a hundred pounds, but also the original Coplie medal. The first cavalier of the medal was determined in 1731: they became Stephen Gray for the opening of the transfer of electricity to the distance. A year later, he "took" and the second premium - for fundamental experiments with electricity, which allowed to divide all substances to conductors and insulators. The Copley Medal is awarded to this day, and the monetary filling of the award has increased to 5,000 pounds. Among her laureates were Russian scientists: Dmitry Mendeleev, Ilya Mesnikov and Ivan Pavlov.

Another famous premium appeared from the will. Her story is no less interesting.

Death Death Mer

Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born in 1833 in the family of Engineer Emmanuel Nobel. In 1842, the family moved from Stockholm to St. Petersburg, where Emmanuel was engaged in the development of maritime mines. It was in Russia that, Yuni Alfred first showed an inventive vein and enlisted support for authoritative scientists: on the advice of the Chemist Nikolai Zinina father sent him to study in France. The prosperity of the Nobel family contributed to the Crimean War broken in 1853; She prompted Alfred to engage in explosive substances. In the early 1860s, returned to Petersburg, he created an explosive on the basis of nitroglycerin and opened a plant in Sweden for its production. In 1865 he invented and patented a metal capsule for a cartridge, in 1867 - dynamite called "safe explosive nobel powder". The case was profitable. Although it's later Nobel engaged in the transportation and production of iron, in the eyes of the public he remained a military-industrial magnate, because at that time he owned 93 enterprises in Europe and the United States, which were exclusively producing explosives.

In 1888 there was an unpleasant incident. The brother of the inventor Ludwig died, but by mistake, European newspapers placed a necrologist on Alfred. After reading the note in the French newspaper called "Death Death Death", Nobel thought about what fame would leave after himself, and decided to change the testament. It was drawn up on November 27, 1895, and was announced in January 1897 (the inventor himself died on December 10, 1896). In the testament it is said:

All my movable and immovable property must be addressed by my hearthrices into liquid values, and the capital assembled in this way is placed in the Reliable Bank. Investment revenues must belong to the Fund, which will allocate them every year in the form of premiums to those who have been brought over the previous year. the greatest benefit Humanity ... The specified interest must be divided into five equal parts, which are intended: one part - to the one who will make the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics; Another - to the one who will make the most important discovery or improvement in the field of chemistry; The third is the one who will make the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; the fourth - to the one who will create the most outstanding literary work of the idealistic direction; The fifth - to the one who made the most significant contribution to the rallying of nations, the destruction of slavery or the decline in the number of existing armies and facilitating the conduct of peaceful congresses ... My special desire is that the nationality of candidates is not taken into account when awarding premiums.

Although numerous relatives of the inventor tried to challenge the will, it entered into force. The first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901. Their winners were Wilhelm X-ray (physics), Jacob Hendrik Want-Hoff (chemistry), Emil von Bering (physiology and medicine), Rena Sully-Duddy (literature), Jean Dunan and Frederick Passion (facilitating peace in the whole world). The monetary filling of the premiums in those years was 150,000 Swedish crowns, but rather grew steadily, reaching the amount of over a million in dollar equivalent today. More laureates are handed to the corresponding diploma and a medal with the image of Alfred Nobel. In 1969, at the initiative of the Swedish bank, a nomination was established for achievements in the field of economic science, but more premium did not expand. The Board of the Nobel Foundation decided not to increase the number of nominations.

For which you give a premium

From the beginning of the twentieth century, the procedure and award ceremony of awards became more complicated until they reached a certain perfection. Every year, the Nobel Committee sends more than three thousand requests for the nomination of candidates to specialists working in the relevant area, professors, rectors and former members of the Committee. Based on the answers, a list of candidates from the three hundred candidates is being formed, which remains secret for fifty years. The final selection of laureates is carried out with the participation of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy and the Nobel Assembly of the Caroline Institute. The names of the laureates are declared in advance in October, and the award ceremony is held on December 10 in the capitals of the two countries - Sweden and Norway. In Stockholm, awards for scientific and literary nominations are awarded, in Oslo - Prize in the field of protection of the world. In addition to the ceremony, laureate, banquet and concert lectures are held.

Nobel Media AB 2015

The Nobel Prize 2016, as accepted, is awarded on December 10. The names of the laureates according to tradition are voiced in advance. I must say that every year it becomes more difficult to explain simple people, for some reason, or another discovery, awarded award, has great importance For world science, after all, research specialization is growing, and many achievements are very specific. For example, in the nomination "Physics", three British scientists were immediately laureates: David Taleshess, Duncan Haldane and John Kosterlitz - with the wording "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter." What does it mean? The question sends us in the 1970s, when a number of articles written by laureates stimulated the development of a new direction in the study of condensed media. These media call the totality of the same type of particles associated with strong interaction: liquids, crystals, amorphous bodies, etc. Their study showed that with the outer simplicity of the structure, many dynamic effects arising as the result of the "collective existence" of particles can be revealed. The contribution of the laureates was the development of a phase transition model (from crystal to liquid, from liquid to gas) inside condensed media, and the transition proceeding, as they suggested, is determined by the geometry of the medium at the level of the mutual arrangement of individual particles. The model was convenient for the description of physics very exotic processes: helium superfluidity in thin films, magnetism in layered materials, an integer quantum Hall effect and many others. She recently was implemented in a direct experiment, which was the reason for awarding the award.

Nobel Media AB 2016

In the nomination "Chemistry" by laureates, three scientists are also: Frenchman Jean-Pierre Soviet, Scot Sir James Stodardard and Dutchman Bernard Fering. The premium was awarded "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines." It comes here about molecules that are created from scratch to solve certain tasks, without attempts to imitate nature. Moreover, the current winners came up with several schemes, with the help of which it is possible to "mount" an arbitrarily complex molecular "structures". For example, the hood and stops made mechanically clutch molecules: Katenans (rings rotating relative to each other) and Rotksans (the ring moves along the straight base). Based on these schemes, the molecular elevator, "molecular muscles" and even artificial ribosome, capable of synthesize proteins were built. Fering offered a "molecular motor", in which two spinning parts of the molecule interact through covalent communication Carbon carbon. The most spectacular use of "motor" was demonstrated in Nanomachine, which is able to independently ride the gold substrate, carrying a complex molecule as a cargo.

Nobel Media AB 2016

The award in the nomination "Physiology and Medicine" received Japanese Yoshinari Osumi for the discovery and deciphering of the Autophagia mechanism (from the ancient Greek "eating itself") - the process of lysosomal processing of organelles and protein complexes inside the living cell. Starting to explore the phenomenon in the 1980s, the scientist managed to open its biochemical and genetic nature, as well as prove the versatility of the mechanism for any organisms. After his work, we can say that we now know how the process of utilization of the "spoiled" cell elements is developing, and can even manage this process, which in the future can help in the fight against senile diseases.

Nobel Media AB 2016

In the nomination "Economy", the award "took" American Oliver Hart and Swede Bengt Holmstrom with the wording "for the contribution to the theory of contracts". These economists have a wide practical use; They were based on, for example, modern European bankruptcy law.

The Nobel Prize of the World received President of Columbia Juan Manuel Santos Calderon, who completed the last half a century civil War in my country. Probably, only this premium does not cause questions.

In the nomination "Literature", unexpectedly, the famous American Rockmuscant Bob Dylan (Robert Zimmerman) became a laureate for many. And here long explanations are not required: it is enough to listen at least his wonderful composition Things Have Changed.

Nobel Media AB 2016

Since 1991, the Nobel Prize since 1991 has an evil twin brother - "Schnobel Prize" (IG Nobel Prize) for dubious achievements that love to publish tabloids in the "British scientists" heading. In 2016, Thomas Taites turned out to be among the winners, who explored the behavior of animals, he himself portrayed them (Pass three days with mountain goats), and the Chemistry Prize received Volkswagen, for the method of fake tests for the harmful gases. Despite this, the Nobel Prize still remains the most authoritative, recognizable and important scientific prize in the world - and all its laureates will sooner or later affect our lives.

According to the will of Nobel himself, the honor of being awarded the world's premium should be a person who has made a "most significant contribution" into the destruction of slavery, the matter of unification of nations, "promoting the conduct of peaceful congresses" and a decrease in the number of world armies.

The Nobel Committee, located in Oslo, awards this award, choosing the laureate of the nominees proposed by members of the Committee itself - the applicable and former, governments of various states, the International Arbitration Court in the Hague, Institute international law, other laureates of the Peace Prize, professors of authoritative universities. The selection is made more than a year, and the potential owner of the award is in its status, and the data on candidates for the premium is not disclosed for another half a century.

Special nomination

The Nobel Peace Prize is the only reward that the applicant may become not only a person, but also a public organization.

The maximum number of awards today, awarded to one winner, issued in the nomination "Prize of the World" - the achievements of the International Committee of the Red Cross were marked three times.

The greatest number of women's laureates is presented in the field of peacekeeping and legal activities.

Fifteen times the Peace Prize remained not awarded to any of the nominees, because the Nobel Committee has not seen among them truly worthy candidates.

Winners of the Peace Prize

The first award in this nomination in 1901 was divided into each other two figures at once. The first - Henri Dynan is a mezzenate, the actual founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross, opposing slavery, defending the right of prisoners of war - "For the contribution to the peaceful cooperation of peoples." The second - Frederick Passion - a Polytec Scientary, opposing any armed conflicts due to their economic inefficiency, calling for the decision of international contradictions by arbitration - "for many years of peacekeeping efforts."

The Nobel Peace Prize in different years received Martin Luther King, Andrei Sakharov, Mother Teresa, Henry Kissinger, Dalai Lama, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, Kofi Annan, Yasser Arafat, Jimmy Carter, Albert Mountains, Barack Obama. Among organizations, whose activities were noted by this award, are UNICEF, IAEA, doctors without borders, UN peacekeeping forces, the EU, the organization for the prohibition of chemical weapons.

One of the key events in the public and intellectual life of Sweden is the Nobel day - the annual presentation of the Nobel Prize, which takes place on December 10 in the Stockholm Studachuset (City Hall).

These premiums enjoy international recognition as the most honorable civil difference. Nobel Prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and economics presents its Majesty to Swedish King at the ceremony passing on the anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel (December 10, 1896).

Each winner gets a gold medal with the image of Nobel and a diploma. Currently, the size of the Nobel Prize is 10 million Swedish crowns (about 1.05 million euros or $ 1.5 million).

Awards in Chemistry, Physics and Economics are awarded to the Royal Academies of Sciences of Sweden, Medicine Premiums - Caroline Institute, and the Swedish Academy awards the Prize of Literature. The only "non-school" premium is a premium of the world - awarded to Oslo by the Norwegian Nobel Committee.

By the way, last option Nobel has signed the famous Testament almost a year before his death - November 27, 1895 in Paris. It was announced in January 1897: "All my movable and immovable property must be addressed by my hearthrices into liquid values, and the capital assembled in this way is placed in the Reliable Bank. Investment revenues should belong to the Foundation, which will allocate them every year in the form of premiums to those who have printed the greatest benefit of humanity during the previous year ... The specified interest must be divided into five equal parts that are intended: one part - to the one who will make the most important discovery or physics invention; Another - to the one who will make the most important discovery or improvement in the field of chemistry; The third is the one who will make the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; the fourth - to the one who will create the most outstanding literary work of the idealistic direction; The fifth - to the one who made the most significant contribution to the cohesion of nations, the destruction of slavery or the decline in the number of existing armies and facilitating the conduct of peaceful congresses ... My special desire is that the nationality of candidates is not taken into account when awarding premiums ... "

Alfred Bernhard Nobel, Swedish Inventor, Industrial Magnate, Linguist, Philosopher and Humanist born in 1833 in Stockholm in the Swedish family. In 1842, his family moved to St. Petersburg, the capital of then Russia. Nobel received an excellent education of international class. He read, wrote, spoke and understood the same well in 5 European languages: Swedish, Russian, English, French and German. Nobel entered the story as the inventor of dynamite, the substance playing important role in the development of the global industry.

Alfred Nobel for his life became the owner of 355 patents, which formed about 90 enterprises in 20 countries of the world. His brothers Robert and Louis, who worked in Russia, and later in Baku on oil fields contributed to the multiplication of his condition. Alfred Nobel bequeathed 4 million dollars (in the current equivalent of $ 173 million) for use as awards in physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine. These areas were close to him, and in them he intended the greatest progress.

He did not have premiums to architects, musicians and composers. Prizes in literature also reflect the personal interests of Nobel. In his youth, he wrote poems and poems in English and Swedish, and all his life was an insatiable reader on all languages \u200b\u200bavailable to him.Prizes in the field of science and literature envisaged in Sweden, and the Peace Prize in Norway. From this will, the history of the Nobel Prize began, the fund of which was the amount of 31 million crowns.

After a year, on December 10, 1896, Alfred Nobel died in Italy from stroke. Later, this date will be announced by Nobel. After opening the will, it turned out that almost all the state of Nobel is not available for his relatives who were counting on this money.

Dissatisfaction showed even the Swedish king Oscar II, who did not want finance from the country even in the form of awards for world merit. There are also objective bureaucratic difficulties. The practical implementation into the life of the Nobel's will turned out to be a matter of very difficult, and under certain conditions award could not take place.

But soon, all obstacles were overcome, and in June 1898, Nobel's relatives signed an agreement on refusal of further claims to capital. We received the approval of the Government of Sweden and the main provisions related to awarding premiums. In 1900, the Charter of the Nobel Foundation and the rules governing the activities of the Nobel structures created were signed by the King of Sweden. For the first time the prize was awarded in 1901.

The Nobel Prize has become the most prestigious premium in the field of physics, chemistry, physiology, medicine, economics, literature and activities to establish peace between nations. It is paid once a year from the fund created by the will of Alfred Nobel. The laureates of the Nobel Prize for the 20th century were more than 600 people.

Premium award does not always cause universal approval. In 1953, Sir Winston Churchill received a literary award, while Graham Green's famous American writer never won it.

Each country has its own national heroes And often award or unusual cause disappointment. Never put forward on the prize of the famous Swedish writer Astrid Lindgren, and never became the winner of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi Prize. But Henry Kissinger became the winner of the Peace Prize in 1973 - a year after the Vietnamese war. There are cases of refusal of a premium for fundamental considerations: the Frenchman Jean Paul Sartre refused the literary award in 1964, and Vietnamese Le Dick TKHO did not want to divide it with Kissinger.

Nobel Prizes are unique awards and are especially prestigious. Often ask the question why these premiums are attaching much more attention to them than any other XX awards. One of the reasons may be the fact that they were introduced in a timely manner and that they noted some of the principal historical changes in society. Alfred Nobel was a genuine internationalist, and from the very basis of the premiums of his behalf, the international character of the awards made a special impression. Strict rules for choosing the winners that began to be applied from the moment the awards institution also played a role in recognizing the importance of the awards under consideration. As soon as the elections of the winners of the current year ends in December, preparations for the elections of the laureates begins next year. Such year-round activities in which so many intellectuals from all countries of the world participate, orients scientists, writers and public works in the interests of the development of society, which is preceded by awarding the awards for the "Contribution to Universal Progress".

The first Nobel banquet took place on December 10, 1901 at the same time as a premium. Currently, the banquet is carried out in the Blue Hall of the City Town Hall. 1300-1400 people are invited to the banquet. Form of clothing - Thraits and evening dresses. In the development of the menu, the cook "Cellar of the Town Hall" (restaurant during the town hall) and cooks, ever received the title of "Cook of the Year". In September, three options for the menu are tasting with the members of the Nobel Committee, which decide that will be served "to the Nobel table". Only dessert is always known - ice cream, but until the evening on December 10, no one, except for a narrow circle of dedicated, does not know what kind of grade.

For the Nobel banquet, service and tablecloths are used with a specially designed design. On the corner of each tablecloth and napkins, the width of the nobel portrait. Dishes handmade: On the edge of the plate passes the strip of three colors of the Swedish amp - blue, green and gold. In the same range, the leg of a crystal festo is decorated. The banquet service was ordered for 1.6 million dollars to the 90th anniversary of the Nobel Prizes in 1991. It consists of 6750 glasses, 9450 knives and forks, 9550 plates and one tea cup. Last - for Princess Liliana, which does not drink coffee. The cup is stored in a special beautiful box From a tree with a monogram princess. The saucer from the cup was kidnapped.

Tables in the hall are arranged with mathematical accuracy, and the hall is decorated with 23,000 colors sent from San Remo. All waiters movements are strictly circulated up to a second. For example, ice cream solemn introduction occupies exactly three minutes from the date of the first waiter with a tray in the doors before the last of them gets at its table. Feeding other dishes takes two minutes.

Exactly at 19 o'clock December 210, honorary guests led by the king and queen descend on the stairs in the Blue Hall, where all the invited are already sitting. Swedish king leads to the hand of the Nobel Laureatka, and if so does not turn out to be a wife Nobel laureate in physics. The first toast is pronounced for His Majesty, the second is to the memory of Alfred Nobel. After that, the mystery of the menu is revealed. The menu is printed in small fonts on the maps attached to each place, and is decorated with Alfred Nobel's profile in gold embossed. During the whole dinner, music sounds - very famous musicians are invited, among them were Rostropovich and Magnus Lindgren in 2003.

A banquet is completed by the removal of ice cream, topped as a crown, chocolate monogram-monogram-monogram "N". At 22:15, the Swedish king gives a sign to the beginning of the dances in the Golden Hall of the Town Hall. At 1:30 guests diverge.

Absolutely all dishes from the menu, starting in 1901, and further can be ordered at the restaurant of the Town Hall Stockholm. There is such a lunch to a little less than 200 US dollars. Every year they are ordered by 20 thousand visitors, and the menu of the last Nobel banquet is most popular.

The Nobel concert is one of the three components of the Nobel week on par with the presentation of the awards and the Nobel dinner. It is considered one of the main musical events of the year of the European and the main musical event of the year of the Scandinavian countries. The most prominent classical musicians of our time take part in it. In fact, Nobel concerts are two: one is held on December 8 of each year in Stockholm, the second - in Oslo at the award ceremony of the Nobel Prize of the World. The Nobel concert broadcast on several international television channels on December 31 of each year.Quote Posts Vladimir_Grinchow

Nobel Prize

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize is awarded for the largest scientific researchcontribution to the culture and development of society.

Awarding those who this year received the most famous and renowned reward for merit to humanity began. That who was awarded a prize in the past few days.

Medicine and physiology

The award got Yoshinori Osumi, a molecular biologist from Japan, which explored the mechanism of autophagia cells. Autophagy is a mechanism by which the cell digested its own internal components. Simply put, eats itself. In the lysosomes of mammalian cells contain enzymes and acid, as in the stomach. With this "cell stomach" and digestion occurs. The yeast cells have a similar process in vacuoles.

Self-navigation is a natural process, so the cell is exempt from unnecessary, and the body as a whole - from cells that have narrated their own.

Autophagia is especially important during the formation of an embryo when destroyed cells must be deleted in time, and new ones are formed. If something goes wrong, the new organism does not survive.

Cells in which old, poorly working parts are delayed, become a source of danger to the body. The old "filling" (used proteins and organelles, dead bacteria) can cause inflammatory processes. Violations in the normal course of such intracellular cleaning is the cause of tumors and neurodegenerative diseases.

The phenomenon is known since the middle of the twentieth century, but Yoshinori Osumi studied it with the help of experiments conducted on bakery yeast. Thanks to this Japanese scientist and his assistants managed to understand which genes and proteins launch the process of "self-navigation".

Why do you need it?

Understanding the principles of autophage, in the future we will be able to stimulate the updating of cells in living organisms, stop the degradation or stimulate the destruction of the "bad" cells that are growing where they are not supposed.

Chemistry

Scientists from Jean-Pierre Soviet, Bernard Fering and Mill Stoddard (France, USA and the Netherlands) received a reward for nanotechnology - Development of molecular machines.

They created the most miniature cars in the world, the working details of which are connected to the molecules. Using this principle, we managed to design a tiny motor that drives ultraviolet radiation, microscopic elevator and molecular "muscles".

Physics

The Nobel prize was divided by David Tulhes, Duncan Haldin and John Kosterlitz, whose studies are devoted to the unusual states of matter - topological phases.

In general, phase changes are, for example, changing the aggregate state of matter (when liquid becomes gaseous or solid - liquid). Researchers who deserved the award this year are engaged in such phase transformations that were previously understood, as well as what properties acquires matter in "strange states".

They work in the area called the physics of the condensed state and is studying the behavior of complex systems with a strong bond. These include conventional liquids, and crystals, and amorphous bodies, and quantum fluids - for example, content neutron stars and atomic nuclei. Studies of this year's laureates concern the description of the phase transition of the Berezinsky - Kosherlitsa - Taleses (BCT) associated with such phenomena as superconductivity, superfluidity and magnetism.

Topology studies the continuity of state states. Perhaps the most famous object of consideration of this area of \u200b\u200bknowledge - Tape of Möbius.

The topological, or phase transition is the transformation of matter from one object to another, and it is carried out continuously or with ruptures.

According to Alfred Nobel's will, the premium is given for the most important discoveries or inventions in the field of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, as well as for an outstanding literary work and contribution to strengthening the Commonwealth of Nations. Who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature and the Nobel Prize of the World, will be known in the coming days.

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