Predated people's attention attracts space. The planets of the Astronomer's Solar System began to study in the Middle Ages, considering them in primitive telescopes. But thorough classification, description of the characteristics of the structure and movement heavenly Tel It became possible to make only the 20th century. With the advent of powerful equipment equipped with the latest technology of observatories and spacecraft, several previously unknown objects were opened. Now every student can list all the planets of the solar system in order. Almost all of them fell as a space probe, and the man had only been on the moon.

What is a solar system

The universe is huge and includes many galaxies. Our solar system It is part of the galaxy in which more than 100 billion stars. But very few people like the sun. Basically, all of them are red dwarfs, which in size less than him, and shine not so bright. Scientists suggested that the solar system was formed after the emergence of the Sun. His huge field of attraction captured a gas-dust cloud, from which particles of solids were formed as a result of gradual cooling. Over time, heavenly bodies have been formed. It is believed that the sun is now in the middle of his life, therefore it is, as well as all heavenly bodies dependent on him, there will be several more billion years. Middle Space Astronomers has long been studied, and anyone knows what the planets of the solar system exist. The photos made with space satellites can be found on the pages of all kinds of information resources on this topic. All celestial bodies are held by a strong field of sun attraction, which is more than 99% of the volume of the solar system. Large celestial bodies rotate around the shone and around their axis in one direction and in one plane, which is called the plane of ecliptic.

Planets of the Solar System in order

In modern astronomy, it is customary to be heavenly bodies, ranging from the Sun. In the 20th century, a classification was created, which includes 9 planets of the solar system. But the latest research of space and the newest discovers pushed scientists to revise many of the provisions in astronomy. And in 2006, at the International Congress, due to its small sizes (dwarf, in diameter, not exceeding three thousand km), Pluto was excluded from among the classic planets, and there are eight left. Now the structure of our solar system has taken a symmetrical, slim view. It includes four planets of the earth group: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, then the belt of asteroids is going, after it is followed by four giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. On the outskirts of the solar system also passes which scientists called the bodily of the bed. It is in him that Pluto is located. These places have been studied little because of their remoteness from the Sun.

Features of the planets of the earth group

What makes it possible to attribute these celestial bodies to one group? We list the main characteristics of the internal planets:

• relatively small sizes;
• solid surface, high density and similar composition (oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium and other heavy elements);
• the presence of the atmosphere;
• the same structure: the kernel of iron with nickel impurities, a mantle consisting of silicates, and the bark of silicate rocks (except Mercury - he has no bark);
• small number of satellites - only 3 on four planets;
• pretty weak magnetic field.

Features of the planets giants

As for the external planets, or gas giants, they are inherent in such similar characteristics:

• large sizes and masses;
• they do not have a solid surface and consist of gases, mostly helium and hydrogen (therefore they are also called gas giants);
• liquid core consisting of metallic hydrogen;
• high speed of rotation;
• a strong magnetic field than the unusualness of many processes occurring on them is explained;
• in this group of 98 satellites, most of which belong to Jupiter;
• sAMI characteristic feature Gaza giants are the presence of rings. They have all four planets, however, not always noticeable.

The first planet - Mercury

It is located closest to the sun. Therefore, from its surface, the luminais looks three times big, rather than from the ground. The same temperature differences are explained by this: from -180 to +430 degrees. Mercury moves very quickly in orbit. Maybe therefore he received such a name, because in Greek mythology, Mercury is a messenger of the gods. There is practically no atmosphere here, and the sky is always black, but the sun shines very brightly. However, there are no places on the poles where his rays never fall. This phenomenon can be explained by the slope of the axis of rotation. Water on the surface did not find. This circumstance, as well as an abnormally high daytime temperature (as well as low night) completely explain the fact of lack of life on the planet.

Venus

If you study the planets of the solar system in order, then the second in the account is Venus. Her people could watch in heaven in antiquity, but because she was shown only in the morning and in the evening, it was believed that these are 2 different objects. By the way, our ancestors-Slavs called her messenger. This is the third brightness object in our solar system. Previously, people called her morning and evening star, because it is best visible before sunrise and sunset. Venus and the Earth are very similar in structure, composition, size and strength of gravity. Through its axis, this planet moves very slowly, making a full turn for 243.02 of earthly day. Of course, the conditions on Venus are very different from the earth. It is two times closer to the Sun, so it's very hot there. The high temperature is also explained by the fact that thick cloudy of sulfuric acid and the atmosphere of carbon dioxide create a greenhouse effect on the planet. In addition, the surface pressure is greater than on Earth, 95 times. Therefore, the first ship who visited Venus in the 70s of the 20th century, stood there no more than an hour. The peculiarity of the planet is also what it rotates in the opposite direction, compared to the majority of the planets. More astronomers about this celestial object is not yet known anything.

Sun Planet

The only place in the solar system, and in the entire well-known astronomer of the Universe, where life exists - the Earth. In the earth's group, it has the largest sizes. What are her

1. The greatest gravity among the planets of the earth group.
2. Very strong magnetic field.
3. High density.
4. It is the only one among all the planets has a hydrosphere, which contributed to the formation of life.
5. It has the largest, compared to its size, satellite, which stabilizes its slope relative to the sun and affects natural processes.

The planet Mars

This is one of the smallest planets of our galaxy. If we consider the planets of the solar system in order, then Mars is the fourth of the sun. It has a strongly rareered atmosphere, and the pressure on the surface is almost 200 times less than on Earth. For the same reason, very strong temperatures are observed. Planet Mars studied little, although the attention of people has long been attracted. According to scientists, this is the only heavenly body on which life could exist. After all, in the past on the surface of the planet there was water. Such a conclusion can be done on the basis that large ice caps exist on the poles, and the surface is covered with a set of grooves, which could be dried rivers. In addition, there are some minerals on Mars, the formation of which is possible only in the presence of water. Another feature of the fourth planet is the presence of two satellites. Their unusualness is that Phobos gradually slows down its rotation and approaches the planet, and Dimimos, on the contrary, is distinguished.

Than famous Jupiter

The fifth planet is the biggest. The volume of Jupiter would fit 1300 lands, and its mass is 317 times more earthly. As with all gas giants, its hydrogen-helium structure, resembling the composition of stars. Jupiter - Sameya interesting planetwhich has many characteristic features:

• this is the third in brightness of the heavenly body after the moon and Venus;
• on Jupiter, the strongest magnetic field among all planets;
• full turn around the axis he makes only 10 terrestrial hours - faster than other planets;
• an interesting feature of Jupiter is a big red spot - this is so visible from the ground atmospheric vortex, rotating counterclockwise;
• like all the planets-giants, it has rings, however, not so bright as Saturn;
• this planet has the largest large number of satellites. He has 63 of them. The most famous is Europe, which found water, Ganymed - the most large satellite Planet Jupiter, as well as IO and Kalisto;
• another feature of the planet is that in the shade the surface temperature is higher than in places lit by the sun.

Planet Saturn

This is the second largest gas giant, also named after the ancient God. It consists of hydrogen and helium, but on its surface traces of methane, ammonia and water were discovered. Scientists found out that Saturn is the most rarefied planet. Its density is less than the water. This gas giant rotates very quickly - one turn is incurred for 10 terrestrial watches, as a result of which the planet is flattened from the sides. Huge speeds on Saturn and the wind - up to 2000 kilometers per hour. This is more sound speed. Saturn has another distinctive feature - He holds 60 satellites in his attraction in his field. The largest of them - titanium - is the second largest in the entire solar system. Uniqueness this object It is that, exploring his surface, scientists first discovered the heavenly body with conditions similar to those that existed on Earth about 4 billion years ago. But the most main feature Saturn is the presence of bright rings. They are glad to the planet around the equator and reflect more light than she herself. Four is the most amazing phenomenon in the solar system. Unusually the fact that the inner rings move faster than the outer.

- Uranus

So, we continue to consider the planets of the solar system in order. The seventh of the sun planet is uranium. It is the coldest of all - the temperature drops to -224 ° C. In addition, scientists did not find in its composition of metal hydrogen, and found modified ice. Therefore, uranium refers to a separate category of ice giants. The amazing feature of this celestial body is that it rotates, lying on the side. It is also unusual to change the seasons on the planet: the whole 42 of the earth year there reigns winter, and the sun is not shown at all, the summer will also last 42 years, and the sun does not enter the sun at that time. In the spring and autumn, the luminais appears every 9 hours. As with all the planets giants, uranium has rings and many satellites. As many as 13 rings revolves around it, but they are not as bright as Saturn, but the satellites of the planet holds only 27. If we compare Uranium with the ground, then it is 4 times more of it, 14 times harder and is heavier and is from the sun away, in 19 times greater than the path to the luminaries from our planet.

Neptune: Planet Invisible

After Pluto was excluded from among the planets, Neptune became the last of the Sun in the system. It is located 30 times further from the shining than the Earth, and from our planet is not visible even to the telescope. Opened his scientists, so to speak, by chance: watching the features of the motion of the planets closest to him and their satellites, they concluded that the orbit of uranium should have another major celestial body. After detection and research, it turned out interesting features This planet:

• due to the presence in the atmosphere large number Methane The color of the planet from the space seems to be blue-green;
• neptune orbit is almost perfectly round;
• the planet rotates very slowly - one circle commits in 165 years;
• Neptune 4 times more land and 17 times harder, but the strength of attraction is almost the same as on our planet;
• the largest of 13 satellites of this giant is Triton. He will always turn to the planet with one side and slowly towards it. According to these signs, scientists suggested that he was captured by the attraction of Neptune.

In the whole galaxy Milky Way - About one hundred billion planets. While scientists can not even explore some of them. But the number of planets of the solar system is known to almost all people on Earth. True, in the 21st century, interest in astronomy a little UGAS, but even children know the name of the planets of the solar system.

On March 13, 1781, the English astronomer William Herschel opened the seventh planet of the Solar System - Uranus. And on March 13, 1930, American astronomer Clyde Tombo opened the ninth planet of the Solar System - Pluto. By the beginning of the XXI century it was believed that the solar system includes nine planets. However, in 2006, the International Astronomical Union decided to deprive the Pluton of this status.

There are already 60 natural satellites of Saturn, most of which are detected using spacecraft. Most of the satellites consists of rock and ice. The largest satellite - Titan, opened in 1655 by Christian Guigens, is superior to the Mercury Planet. Titanium diameter is about 5,200 km. Titan flies around Saturn every 16 days. Titan is the only satellite with a very dense atmosphere, 1.5 times more terrestrial, and consisting mainly of 90% nitrogen, with moderate methane content.

The International Astronomical Union officially recognized Pluto Planet in May 1930. At that moment, it was assumed that his mass is comparable to the mass of the earth, but later it was found that the mass of the pluto is almost 500 times less than the earth, even less than the mass of the moon. Mass of Pluto 1.2 per 10 B22 degree kg (0.22 mass of the Earth). The average distance of Pluto from the Sun 39.44 AE. (5.9 at 10 B12 degrees of the CM), the radius of about 1.65 thousand km. The period of circulation around the Sun is 248.6 years, the period of rotation around its axis is 6.4 days. Pluto composition presumably includes stone and ice; The planet has a thin atmosphere consisting of nitrogen, methane and carbon monofilament. Pluto has three satellites: Charon, Hydra and Nikta.

At the end of the XX and early XXI centuries, many objects were opened in the outside of the solar system. It became obvious that Pluto is just one of the largest objects known to the present objects of the Kuiper belt. Moreover, at least one of the objects of the belt - Erid is a larger body than Pluto and 27% harder. In this regard, the idea arose not to consider more Pluto as a planet. On August 24, 2006, at the XXVI General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union (MAC), it was decided to call Pluto not "planet", but a "dwarf planet".

The conference was developed by a new definition of the planet, according to which the planets are considered to be the bodies rotating around the star (and not the star), having a hydrostatically equilibrium form and the "clearing" region in the area of \u200b\u200btheir orbit from other, smaller, objects. The dwarf planets will be considered objects rotating around the stars having a hydrostatically equilibrium form, but not "clearing" nearby space and non-satellites. Planets and dwarf planets are two different classes of solar system objects. All other objects rotating around the Sun and are not satellites, will be called small bodies of the solar system.

Thus, since 2006, eight planets were in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Five dwarf planets are officially recognized by the International Astronomical Union: Ceres, Pluto, Haumet, Mchamak, Erida.

On June 11, 2008, Mas declared the introduction of the concept of "Plotoid". Plodoids decided to call the heavenly bodies, applying around the Sun in orbit, the radius of which is more than the radius of the orbit of Neptune, the mass of which is sufficient to gravitational forces They attached them almost a spherical shape, and which do not clear the space around their orbits (that is, there are many small objects around them).

Because for such distant objects as Plodoids, to determine the form and thus attitude to the class of dwarf planets is still difficult, scientists recommended all objects temporarily to plotoids, the absolute asteroid value of which (gloss from a distance of one astronomical unit) is brighter +1. If it is later clear that the objective planet is not considered to Plotoids, it is deprived of this status, although the assigned name will be left. Plotoids include dwarf planets Pluto and Erid. In July 2008, Mchamak was included in this category. September 17, 2008 Hawmea added list.

Material prepared on the basis of open sources information

On March 13, 1781, the English astronomer William Herschel opened the seventh planet of the Solar System - Uranus. And on March 13, 1930, American astronomer Clyde Tombo opened the ninth planet of the Solar System - Pluto. By the beginning of the XXI century it was believed that the solar system includes nine planets. However, in 2006, the International Astronomical Union decided to deprive the Pluton of this status.

There are already 60 natural satellites of Saturn, most of which are detected using spacecraft. Most of the satellites consists of rock and ice. The largest satellite - Titan, opened in 1655 by Christian Guigens, is superior to the Mercury Planet. Titanium diameter is about 5,200 km. Titan flies around Saturn every 16 days. Titan is the only satellite with a very dense atmosphere, 1.5 times more terrestrial, and consisting mainly of 90% nitrogen, with moderate methane content.

The International Astronomical Union officially recognized Pluto Planet in May 1930. At that moment, it was assumed that his mass is comparable to the mass of the earth, but later it was found that the mass of the pluto is almost 500 times less than the earth, even less than the mass of the moon. Mass of Pluto 1.2 per 10 B22 degree kg (0.22 mass of the Earth). The average distance of Pluto from the Sun 39.44 AE. (5.9 at 10 B12 degrees of the CM), the radius of about 1.65 thousand km. The period of circulation around the Sun is 248.6 years, the period of rotation around its axis is 6.4 days. Pluto composition presumably includes stone and ice; The planet has a thin atmosphere consisting of nitrogen, methane and carbon monofilament. Pluto has three satellites: Charon, Hydra and Nikta.

At the end of the XX and early XXI centuries, many objects were opened in the outside of the solar system. It became obvious that Pluto is just one of the largest objects known to the present objects of the Kuiper belt. Moreover, at least one of the objects of the belt - Erid is a larger body than Pluto and 27% harder. In this regard, the idea arose not to consider more Pluto as a planet. On August 24, 2006, at the XXVI General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union (MAC), it was decided to call Pluto not "planet", but a "dwarf planet".

The conference was developed by a new definition of the planet, according to which the planets are considered to be the bodies rotating around the star (and not the star), having a hydrostatically equilibrium form and the "clearing" region in the area of \u200b\u200btheir orbit from other, smaller, objects. The dwarf planets will be considered objects rotating around the stars having a hydrostatically equilibrium form, but not "clearing" nearby space and non-satellites. Planets and dwarf planets are two different classes of solar system objects. All other objects rotating around the Sun and are not satellites, will be called small bodies of the solar system.

Thus, since 2006, eight planets were in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Five dwarf planets are officially recognized by the International Astronomical Union: Ceres, Pluto, Haumet, Mchamak, Erida.

On June 11, 2008, Mas declared the introduction of the concept of "Plotoid". Plutoids decided to call the heavenly bodies, turning around the Sun in orbit, the radius of which is more than the radius of the orbit of Neptune, the mass of which is sufficient so that the gravitational forces gave them almost a spherical shape, and which do not clear the space around their orbits (that is, there are many small objects around them. ).

Because for such distant objects as Plodoids, to determine the form and thus attitude to the class of dwarf planets is still difficult, scientists recommended all objects temporarily to plotoids, the absolute asteroid value of which (gloss from a distance of one astronomical unit) is brighter +1. If it is later clear that the objective planet is not considered to Plotoids, it is deprived of this status, although the assigned name will be left. Plotoids include dwarf planets Pluto and Erid. In July 2008, Mchamak was included in this category. September 17, 2008 Hawmea added list.

Material prepared on the basis of open sources information

This is a system of planets, in the center of which is a bright star, the source of energy, heat and light is the sun.
According to one of theories, the Sun was formed together with the solar system of about 4.5 billion years ago as a result of an explosion of one or several supernovae. Initially, the solar system was a cloud of gas and dust particles, which in motion and under the influence of their mass formed a disc in which a new star arose and our entire solar system.

In the center of the Solar System is the sun, around which nine large planets rotate in orbits. Since the sun is shifted from the center of planetary orbits, then behind the turnover cycle around the sun, the planet is approaching, they are moving away in their orbits.

Distinguish two groups of planets:

Planets of the earth group: and . These planets are small with a stony surface, they are closer to others to the sun.

Planets Giants: and . These are large planets consisting mainly of gas and they are characterized by the presence of rings consisting of ice dust and many rocky pieces.

And here It does not fall into any group, because, despite its stay in the solar system, too far away from the Sun and has a very small diameter, only 2320 km, which is two times less than the diameter of Mercury.

Planets of the Solar System

Let's start a fascinating acquaintance with the planets of the solar system in order of their location from the Sun, as well as consider their main satellites and some other space objects (comets, asteroids, meteorites) in the giant expanses of our planetary system.

Jupiter rings and satellites: Europe, Io, Gamornad, Callisto and others ...
The planet Jupiter surrounds a whole family of 16 satellites, and each of them has its own, unlike other features ...

Rings and satellites Saturn: Titan, Enceladud and others ...
The characteristic rings are not only in the planet Saturn, but also on other planet giants. The rings around Saturn is particularly clearly visible, because consist of billion of small particles that rotate around the planet, in addition to several rings, Saturn has 18 satellites, one of which is Titan, its diameter is 5000km, which makes it the largest satellite of the solar system ...

Rings and satellites uranium: Titania, Oberon and others ...
The planet uranium has 17 satellites and, like other giant planets, slimming thin rings, which practically do not have the ability to reflect the light, so they were open not so long ago in 1977, quite by chance ...

Neptune Rings and Satellites: Triton, Neretide and others ...
Initially, before the study of Neptune, the Voyager-2 spacecraft was known about two satellites of the planet - Triton and Nerida. Interesting factthat the satellite Triton has the opposite direction of the orbital movement, and strange volcanoes were discovered on the satellite, which mowed gas nitrogen gas, as if geysers, spreading a lot of dark color (from liquid state to par) a lot of kilometers into the atmosphere. During his mission "Voyager-2" discovered six more satellites of the planet Neptune ...

Universe (Space) - This is the whole world around us, limitless in time and space and infinitely diverse in forms that make forever moving matter. The infinity of the Universe is partly able to submit to a clear night with billions of different magnitudes of luminous flickering points in the sky representing distant worlds. Rays of light at a speed of 300,000 km / s from the most remote parts of the universe reach the ground for about 10 billion years.

According to scientists, the Universe was formed as a result of the "Big Explosion" 17 billion years ago.

It consists of clusters of stars, planets, cosmic dust and other cosmic bodies. These bodies form systems: planets with satellites (for example. Solar system), galaxies, metagalaxy (accumulation of galaxies).

Galaxy (Lategrech. galaktikos.- Milk, Milky, from Greek gala.- Milk) - an extensive star system, which consists of a variety of stars, star clusters and associations, gas and dust nebulaes, as well as individual atoms and particles scattered in interstellar space.

In the universe there are many galaxies various size and forms.

All stars visible from the Earth are part of the Milky Way Galaxy. She received her name due to the fact that most stars can be seen with a clear night in the form of a Milky Way - whites blurred stripes.

In total, the Milky Way Galaxy contains about 100 billion stars.

Our galaxy is in constant rotation. The speed of its movement in the Universe is 1.5 million km / h. If you look at our galaxy from its north pole, the rotation occurs clockwise. The sun and the nearest stars coming to him make a complete turn around the Galaxy Center for 200 million. This period is considered to be Galactic year.

In size and shape similar to the Galaxy, the Milky Way of the Galaxy Andromeda, or the nebula of Andromeda, which is at a distance of about 2 million light years from our galaxy. Light year - The distance flowed by the light for the year, approximately 10 13 km (the speed of light is 300,000 km / s).

For clarity of the study of the movement and location of stars, planets and other celestial bodies use the concept of heavenly sphere.

Fig. 1. The main lines of the celestial sphere

Celestial sphere - This is an imaginary scope of how much larger radius, in the center of which is the observer. Stars, sun, moon, planets are projected into the heavenly sphere.

The most important lines on the celestial sphere are: a sheer line, Zenith, Nadir, Heavenly Equator, Ecliptic, Heavenly Meridian, etc. (Fig. 1).

Sheer line - Direct, passing through the center of the heavenly sphere and coinciding with the direction of a plumb thread at the observation site. For an observer located on the ground surface, the sheer line passes through the center of the Earth and the observation point.

The sheer line intersects with the surface of the celestial sphere in two points - zenit Observer's head, and Nadir -diametrically opposite point.

A large circle of heaven sphere, the plane of which is perpendicular to the sheer line, is called mathematical horizon. It divides the surface of the celestial sphere into two halves: visible to the observer, with a vertex in Zenith, and invisible, with a vertex in Nadir.

The diameter around which the heavenly sphere is rotated - The axis of the world. It intersects with the surface of the heavenly sphere in two points - North Pole of the world and southern Pole World. North Pole It is called that from which the rotation of the heavenly sphere occurs clockwise, if you look at the sphere from outside.

Big circle of heaven sphere, the plane of which is perpendicular to the axis of the world, is called Heavenly Equator. He divides the surface of the heavenly sphere for two hemispheres: North with a vertex in the northern pole of the world, and south With a vertex in the southern pole of the world.

A large range of heavenly sphere, the plane of which passes through the sheer line and the axis of the world, - heavenly meridian. He divides the surface of the heavenly sphere for two hemispheres - Eastern and Western.

Line of intersection of the plane of the celestial meridian and the plane of the mathematical horizon - midday line.

Ecliptic (from Greek. ekieipsis- Eclipse) - a large circle of heaven sphere, according to which the visible annual movement of the sun occurs, more precisely - its center.

The plane of the ecliptic is tilted to the plane of the celestial equator at an angle of 23 ° 26 "21".

To make it easier to remember the location of stars in the sky, people in antiquity came up with uniting the brightest of them in constellations.

Currently, 88 constellations are known, which are the names of the mythical characters (Hercules, Pegasus, etc.), signs of the zodiac (Taurus, Fish, Cancer, etc.), items (scales, lira, etc.) (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Summer autumn constellations

The origin of galaxies. Solar system and its individual planets, still remained unspecified secret nature. There are several hypotheses. Currently it is believed that our galaxy was formed from a gas cloud consisting of hydrogen. On the initial stage The evolution of the galaxy from the interstellar gas-dust environment formed the first stars, and 4.6 billion years ago - the solar system.

Composition of the solar system

The combination of celestial bodies moving around the Sun as a central body forms Sunny system. It is located almost on the outskirts of the Galaxy Milky Way. The solar system participates in rotation around the center of the Galaxy. The speed of the CE movement is about 220 km / s. This movement occurs in the direction of the Swan Constellation.

The composition of the solar system can be represented as a simplified scheme shown in Fig. 3.

Over 99.9% of the mass of the substance of the solar system fall into the sun and only 0.1% - to all other elements.

Fig. 3. Composition of solar systems

The sun

The sun - This is a star, a giant red-colored ball. Its diameter is 109 times more diameter Earth, weight of 330,000 times more masses Earth, but the average density is small - just 1.4 times the density of water. The sun is at a distance of about 26,000 light years from the center of our galaxy and turns around it, making one turn around about 225-250 million years. The orbital speed of the sun is 217 km / s - thus it takes place one light year for 1400 Earth years.

Fig. 4. Sun chemical composition

The pressure in the sun is 200 billion times higher than that of the earth's surface. The density of the solar and pressure is rapidly increasing deep into; The pressure growth is explained by weight of all overlapping layers. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is 6000 K, and inside 13,500,000 K. The characteristic time of the star of the Sun type is 10 billion lay.

Table 1. General About Sun.

The chemical composition of the Sun is about the same as most of the other stars: about 75% is hydrogen, 25% - helium and less than 1% - all others chemical elements (carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.) (Fig. 4).

The central part of the Sun with a radius of about 150,000 km is called solar core. This is a zone of nuclear reactions. The density of the substance here is approximately 150 times higher than the density of water. The temperature exceeds 10 million K (on the Celvin scale, in terms of degrees Celsius 1 ° C \u003d K - 273.1) (Fig. 5).

Above the core, at distances about 0.2-0.7 of the radius of the sun from his center, is located Zone of radiant energy. Energy transfer here is carried out by absorbing and radiation of photons with separate layers of particles (see Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. Structure of the Sun.

Photon (from Greek. phos.- Light), elementary particle capable of exist, only moving at the speed of light.

Closer to the surface of the Sun there is a vortex stirring of plasma, and the transfer of energy to the surface is performed

mostly by the movements of the substance itself. This method of energy transmission is called convection and the layer of the sun, where it happens - convective zone. The power of this layer is approximately 200,000 km.

Above the convective zone is a solar atmosphere, which constantly fluctuates. Here are distributed both vertical and horizontal waves with lengths of several thousand kilometers. Oscillations occur with a period of about five minutes.

The inner layer of the sun atmosphere is called photosphere.It consists of light bubbles. it Granules. Their size is small - 1000-2000 km, and the distance between them is 300-600 km. About a million granules can be observed at the same time, each of which exists a few minutes. Granules are surrounded by dark intervals. If a substance rises in the granules, then around them is lowered. The granules create a general background on which such large-scale education can be observed as torches, solar spots, protuberans, etc.

Solar spots - Dark areas in the sun, the temperature of which is lowered compared to the surrounding space.

Sunny torches Call bright fields surrounding sunny spots.

Protuboyrans (from lat. protubero. - Swimming) - dense condensation relative to the cold (compared to the surrounding temperature) substances that rise and hold over the surface of the Sun by a magnetic field. To the emergence magnetic field The sun can lead that different layers of the sun rotate with different speed: The inner parts rotate faster; The kernel rotates especially quickly.

Protubereans, solar spots and torches are not the only examples of solar activity. It also includes magnetic storms and explosions called Flash.

Above the photospheres is located chromosphere - Outer shell of the Sun. The origin of the name of this part of the solar atmosphere is associated with its reddish color. The thickness of the chromosphere is 10-15 thousand km, and the density of the substance is hundreds of thousands of times less than in the photosphere. The temperature in the chromosphere is growing rapidly, reaching tens of thousands of degrees in its upper layers. On the edge of the chromosphere are observed Spikula, Presents elongated columns from compacted glowing gas. The temperature of these jets is higher than the temperature of the photosphere. Specules first rise from the lower chromosphere by 5000-10,000 km, and then fall back, where they fade. All this happens at a speed of about 20,000 m / s. Sleep Coula lives 5-10 minutes. The number of sprockets existing in the sun at the same time is about a million (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. The structure of the external layers of the Sun

Chromosphere surrounds Solar crown - Outer layer of the atmosphere of the sun.

The total amount of energy emitted by the Sun is 3.86. 1026 W, and only one two-billion part of this energy gets the earth.

Solar radiation includes corpuscular and Electromagnetic radiation. Vaccular main radiation - this is a plasma stream, which consists of protons and neutrons, or differently - sunny wind, Which reaches the near-earth space and flows around the entire magnetosphere of the Earth. Electromagnetic radiation - This is the radiant energy of the sun. It in the form of direct and scattered radiation reaches the earth's surface and provides thermal regime on our planet.

In the middle of the XIX century. Swiss astronomer Rudolf Wolf(1816-1893) (Fig. 7) calculated the quantitative indicator of solar activity, known worldwide as a number of Wolf. Processing accumulated by the middle of the last century, materials of observation of sun spots, Wolf was able to install the average and summer solar activity cycle. In fact, the time intervals between the years of maximum or minimum wolf numbers range from 7 to 17 years. Simultaneously with the 11-year-old cycle, the age-old, more precisely, 80-90-year-old, the solar activity cycle. It is inconsistently superimposed on each other, they make noticeable changes in the processes committed in the geographical shell of the Earth.

On the close relationship of many earthly phenomena with solar activity in 1936, A. L. Chizhevsky (1897-1964) (Fig. 8), who wrote that the overwhelming majority of physicochemical processes on Earth represents the result of the exposure of cosmic forces. He was also one of the founders of such science as Helobiology(from Greek. helios. - Sun) studying the influence of the Sun on the living matter of the geographical shell of the Earth.

Depending on solar activity, such physical phenomena on Earth are flowing like: magnetic storms, polar beam frequency, the amount of ultraviolet radiation, intensity of thunderstorm activity, air temperature, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, level of lakes, rivers, groundwater, salinity and businesslike seas and others.

The life of plants and animals is connected with the periodic activity of the Sun (there is a correlation between solar cyclicity and the period of the growing season in plants, reproduction and migration of birds, rodents, etc.), as well as a person (disease).

Currently, the relationship between solar and earth processes continues to be studied with the help of artificial satellites of the Earth.

Planets of the earth group

In addition to the Sun in the composition of the solar system, planets are isolated (Fig. 9).

In size, geographic indicators and chemical composition The planets are divided into two groups: Planets of the earth group and Planets giants. The planets of the earth group include, and. About them and will be discussed in this subsection.

Fig. 9. Solar System Planets

Land - Third planet from the sun. She will be devoted to a separate subsection.

Let's summarize. From the location of the planet in the solar system depends the density of the substance of the planet, and taking into account its size - and weight. Than
Closer the planet to the Sun, the higher it has the average density of the substance. For example, in Mercury, it is 5.42 g / cm \\ Venus - 5.25, Earth - 5.25, Mars - 3.97 g / cm 3.

The total characteristics of the planets of the earth group (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) are primarily: 1) relatively small dimensions; 2) high temperatures On the surface and 3) the high density of the substance of the planets. These planets relatively slowly rotate around their axis and have few satellites or do not have them at all. In the structure of the planets of the earth group, four main shells are distinguished: 1) dense kernel; 2) covering its mantle; 3) Cora; 4) Light gas-water shell (excluding Mercury). On the surface of these planets, traces of tectonic activity were detected.

Planets giants

Now let's get acquainted with the giants planets, which are also included in our solar system. It , .

Planets giants possess the following common characteristics: 1) big sizes and mass; 2) quickly rotate around the axis; 3) have rings, many satellites; 4) the atmosphere consists mainly of hydrogen and helium; 5) The center has a hot core from metals and silicates.

They are also distinguished: 1) Low temperatures on the surface; 2) Small density of substance planets.