Today, not a single repair, and even more so not a single construction site, is complete without a high-quality mixture. The dominant position here, as before, is held by cement mortars and cement-based mixtures. Working with this material requires caution, certain knowledge and the ability to produce correct and accurate calculations... But let's talk about everything in order.

The main characteristics of cement mixtures

Today, even in such a matter as cooking cement mix, everything is done in order to make it easier for a person to work. There is a huge variety of ready-made cement mixtures on the market.

They are divided mainly according to the types of proposed work:

• Mixes are universal... Designed for filling and masonry work. It is made of cement and quarry sand with a fraction of 1.5 - 2.3 mm.
• Sand concrete mixes... Designed for filling work. They are made on the basis of sand with a fraction of 3 mm.
• Plaster mixes... Designed specifically for plastering works... Produced on the basis of cement grade PC-400D0.
• Mixes for assembly and masonry works... Designed for working with bricks and other materials. Also produced on the basis of cement grade PC-400D0.

Of course, all these mixtures can be prepared by yourself. As a rule, it costs less, but you will have to calculate the proportions yourself. Having bought a ready-made mixture in a hardware store, you just need to read the instructions and follow according to it.

The characteristics of dry mixes are determined by their additives. Additives are included in all ready-made cement mixes. If the solution is prepared independently, then the additives can be purchased separately.

There are many additives on sale:

• Plasticizers
• Retarders
• Air-entraining
• Antifreeze
• Reinforcing
• Waterproofing
• Hardening accelerators
• Pigments

Each of these supplements is responsible for its function and is defining the future. cement mortar.

For example, a waterproofing additive is essential for the construction of dams, and in the harsh northern conditions it is necessary to produce concrete works using antifreeze additives.

Basic calculations

The stage of the beginning of any construction is a period of accurate calculations. You need to calculate everything: the amount of materials, the size of the building, the amount of required investments. Superficial analysis is discouraged here.

The concrete is calculated in cubic meters. Let's take as a basis the calculation of concrete for a concrete floor screed in a barn. First, you need to remove the old floors, deepen the soil by 25-30 centimeters and fill in about 7 centimeters of sand. Next, a welded grating is laid on the floor in order for it to strengthen the future foundation.

Now we determine the size of the barn and the thickness of the future floor. Let's say the size of the barn is two by three meters. Accordingly, its area will be equal to six meters. We define the floor thickness as 10 centimeters, which is 0.1 meters.

We look for the volume by the formula:

6 * 0.1 = 0.6 m 3.

So we calculated that we need 0.6 cubic meters of concrete. It remains to calculate how much you need to purchase a mixture for making a solution.

Number of bags in one cube

When it comes to making a cement mixture on your own, it sometimes scares a person. Here you need to have knowledge of the proportions of concrete production. But there is nothing particularly difficult about this.

An example is used with a cement screed:

• First, we determine which brand of cement we will work with. The M400 brand is well suited for the floor.
• After that, we multiply our 0.6 cubic meters by a factor of 1.02. It takes into account the loss of a certain part of the solution during construction, since something may spill, something will settle on the walls of the bucket. We get 0.612 cubic meters.
• Now let's determine the proportions of the mixture. Please note that for each grade of concrete it has its own. For M400, 1 kg of cement requires 3 kg of sand.
• Finally, we calculate the amount of material in accordance with the density of the solution. For floor screed, the mortar must not be liquid, it must be thick enough. There is certain rules, according to which one cube of concrete of the M400 brand requires 490 kg of cement.

We consider:

0.612 * 490 = 299.88 (round up to 300)

As a result, we find that our floor will need 300 kg of M400 cement and 900 kg of sand.

Now you can get to work! The sand is pre-sieved, if necessary.

Calculating the volume of a structure

Filling the floor is a fairly simple process, especially when it comes to volume calculations. But what if you need to calculate complex structure... For example, the foundation of a house, moreover a corner one. Or when calculating the pouring of cylindrical piles.

Such constructions are calculated according to standard mathematical formulas:

• If we are talking about the foundation, you first need to divide it into blocks., which are parallelepipeds. Calculate their volumes using the formula above. For convenience, let's repeat it:

  V = S * h, where V- volume, S- base area, h- height.

• Formula for calculating the volume of a cylinder:

  V = P * r2 * h, where P- Pi, r- radius of the base circle, h Is the height of the cylinder.

For especially lazy people who do not like manual calculations, the Internet offers a large number of sophisticated online calculators that can calculate not only the volumes of structures, but also the amount of screed materials, as well as reinforcement. No restrictions!

The amount of mixture from the bag

Using the same barn floor example, given a factor of 1.02:

• First, we determine that the floor will need to be poured with a sand-concrete mixture grade M-300 (this is the grade of the mixture, not cement).
• Then we count how many bags are needed. When working with ready-made mixtures, the consumption for them is indicated directly on the package. For example, a consumption of 0.01 m 3 of one well-known brand requires 16-17 kg of the mixture. One package is 40 kilograms.

We count:

0.612 * 17 / 0.01 = 1040.4 kg

Thus, twenty-six bags of the mixture must be purchased. But you will most likely have to purchase another bag if 400 grams of the mixture is not enough.

We draw your attention to the fact that each manufacturer has its own proportions of the consumption of the finished mixture, so you need to determine this only by packaging.

There are no standards as such, since today the mixtures are made not only in accordance with GOST in our country, but are also actively purchased from the countries of near and far abroad, and there is simply no regulation as such on the mixture.

Proportions of solutions

Depending on the type of concrete work, the proportions of sand, cement, crushed stone and other materials that are fillers are calculated.

Let's talk about everyone:

• Foundation mortar. It is calculated according to the proportion of 1: 3: 5. That is, 1 part of cement, 3 parts of sand and 5 parts of crushed stone. Used cement grade M-300 and higher.
• Plaster mortar. Calculated in proportions 1: 5. For one part of the cement, five parts of sand are taken.
• For cement mortars use proportions in accordance with the table. The calculation is shown for cement grades M400 and M500, where C is cement, P is sand, U is crushed stone.

Please note that the brands of cement mortars determine not only the proportions, but also the types of work that can be done with these mixtures. More on this below.

If you use specialized additives for concrete, the proportions will change, but this is individual. As a rule, the packaging of additives indicates the area of ​​their application and the method of dilution.

Concrete preparation technology

Such an important mortar as concrete is made by mixing cement, sand, water and filler, which is crushed stone, gravel, etc. All components must be good quality, because the safety of future structures depends on it.

The water must be clean, and the cement must be dry and crumbly:

1. To prepare the solution, first mix in a concrete mixer cement, water and part of the sand until a homogeneous mixture is formed, and only then crushed stone, the remains of sand and water are added.
2. The amount of water is not measured prior to manufacture. The whole point comes down to ensuring that the solution is uniformly mixed, which will greatly affect the performance further work for construction.
3. The solutions do not interfere in very large portions. Some of them grasp quickly enough. As a result, the solution should be like thick sour cream. When working with multi-apartment multi-storey buildings solutions are made strictly in accordance with standards, but it is better not to save money when building summer cottages and cottages.

   Work must be carried out in rubber gloves, if the solution gets into the eyes, rinse thoroughly with water

4. It is better to fill in the finished solution in one step. This applies to both the floor screed and the foundation. The solution should adhere evenly to each other on molecular level... Pouring is done on a sunny day. If, after the mixture has been poured, rain began to drip, cover the entire screed with polyethylene. Moisture damages concrete.
5. For the strength of the structure, it is necessary to ensure that it dries uniformly. As this happens, moisture evaporates. If it's dry and hot outside, you need to water the concrete daily. This will avoid drying out too quickly and, as a result, cracking.

Varieties of cement mixtures

Above, a lot has been said about the varieties of cement mortar mixtures.

Let's consider their main characteristics according to the presented brands:

• M100- Suitable for plastering and installation and masonry works;
• M150 and M200- for the manufacture of screeds and vibrobrick panels, as well as for plastering and masonry. Can be used for floor screed, but only when using coarse sand;
• M250- for installation of unloaded monolithic floors and for pouring solid screeds such as floors;
• M300- a mixture for screeds, concreting stairs, blind area, reinforced concrete fixing;
• M400 and M450- grades with high strength.

As a conclusion

The production of cement mortars, the calculation of structures is by no means a difficult task. Concrete work is usually the hardest to do when you work the sweat of your brow on the building. own home or garage. Knowing all the tricks, you can easily master this job!

The most important thing is that the work is done with high quality, in compliance with all the rules, then the house will stand for a long time, and what is made from it using mixtures will serve well.

In the table of cement consumption per 1 cubic meter of mortar, the quantitative weight proportions of the composition of the mortar mixture for screeds, masonry, plaster are given.

In conditions modern construction, use different types cement-sand mixture, the difference of which lies in the proportions of the components.

• As a rule, a solution is used to screed the floor. proportions 1: 3 (1 cement and 3 sand) plus a plasticizer and fiberglass.
• For masonry use solution of maki 150 1: 4 (1 cement and 4 sand), there is no point in taking the above brand. red brick strength grade M150.
• For plaster 1: 1: 5.5: 0.3 (1-cement, 1-slaked lime, 5.5-sand, 0.3-clay)- grade of solution M50.

Usually, cement is used as a binder in the preparation of a mortar. It is quite clear that a cubic meter of a mixture for laying brick walls and a cubic meter of a mixture for concrete have completely different ratios of components, since these two mortars are intended for different types construction work.

Masonry consumption

The ratio of cement to other components per cubic meter of mixture.
Novice builders - amateurs often think that they can easily determine in what proportions to mix the components of the mixture “by eye”. And the payback for these experiments are cracks in the foundation.
For correct calculation the amount of cement in one cubic meter of the mixture, expensive tools are not required. All you need is to use:

• the table of the constituents of concrete - given at the beginning of the article.
• concrete mixer;
• scales (preferably electronic, although this is not a strict requirement);
• a container in which the volume can be measured (most often, for this they use a bucket with a capacity of 10 liters);
• calculator.

Proportion of ingredients for building mixture(cement, sand, water, aggregate and, if required, special additives) is determined according to the type of construction work.

The table shows the main brands of solution and the consumption of raw materials

The cement-sand mixture is widely used in the field of construction. It is used for making brickwork, leveling the floor by arranging the screed, as well as for plastering. The components will be the same. The only difference is the consumption of cement and sand per 1m3 of the solution. At first glance, it may seem that everything is quite simple here - you should use a ratio of 1: 3 or 1: 4 - depending on the requirements for the strength of the composition. But what proportion and in what cases should it be used?

Basic moments

Before proceeding with detailed calculations, you should consider the main factors affecting the consumption of cement and sand. There are several of them:

Interesting! Qualified builders claim that to obtain a cubic meter of solution, it is necessary to use a cube of sand. Cement and water will simply fill the space between the grains of sand.

In most cases, the composition is prepared according to the principle identical to the previous version. But professionals additionally use plasticizers that improve the performance properties of the mixture, as well as polypropylene fiber. Such components will provide a high-quality coating that can last for more than a dozen years.

In the preparation of the solution, the hardener of the M150, M200, M300, M400 brands becomes the best option. Consumption of cement and sand for the screed is presented in a ratio of 1: 3. Simply put, for 50 kg of the latter, 15-16 kg of hardener are taken.

Important! Much attention should be paid to the consistency of the resulting composition. It should be like thick sour cream, spread a little on a flat surface. If there is too much water, the mixture turned out to be very liquid - it performance characteristics will decrease, the screed will be defective.

Plastering surfaces

Plastering the base for external finishing works requires the use of no less high-quality component than a screed. The best option there will be cement brands M300 and M400. For one part of it, 3 parts of sand should be taken. To prepare a cement-lime mortar, you will need one part of M400 or M500 Portland cement, ½ lime dough, 2 volumes of washed sand. These are the optimal rates for the consumption of cement and sand for plaster.

In order to prepare concrete, you will need three components: cement, sand and crushed stone. Compliance with the proportions of the main components affects the quality of the finished product. Let us consider in more detail what is the consumption of cement per 1 cubic meter of solution.

How much cement is needed per cube of concrete

Depending on the purpose of the concrete, it is made with a certain strength. For example, the M100 brand is used for pouring the foundations of roads and creating curbs, M150 - for the construction of small buildings, M200 - for pouring foundations.

If there is too little cement in concrete, it is not able to hold the binder and filler, and such material will quickly collapse under the influence of external factors. Conversely, significantly exceeding the volume of the hardener will lead to cracking of the final product.

How many bags of cement do you need for 1 cube of concrete

It is better to purchase building materials in bags, packaged in 50 kg each, as it is easier to calculate the proportions of the components. For example, for making concrete mix under the foundation, the recommended ratio of cement, sand, crushed stone and water is 1:3:5:0.5 ... This means that for 1 bucket of cement you need to take 3 buckets of sand, 5 buckets of rubble (gravel) and half a bucket of water.

To calculate the cement consumption per 1 m2 of screed, use a calculator. First you need to calculate required volume mortar: multiply the thickness by the surface area. So, for the manufacture of a screed with a thickness of 30 mm for a room with an area of ​​15 m2, you will need: 15x0.03 = 0.45 m3 of concrete.

If the floor is initially curved, the height should be taken average... For example, to calculate the consumption of concrete solution for a screed, which has a thickness of 1 cm in one corner and 5 cm in the other, an estimated thickness of 3 cm should be taken.

The consumption of cement per 1 m2 of brickwork is also calculated based on the required amount ready-made solution. Approximate consumption of cement masonry mixture for brickwork calculated for a cubic meter of future masonry. The volume of masonry is easy to calculate, knowing its area and thickness in bricks.

The approximate consumption can be found in the table:

Answer: The theoretical determination of the weight of a cube of a building solution is complicated by the fact that solutions can have several components (complex solutions), different ratio these components, as well as different types sand by grain density.

The weight of 1 cube of a solution directly depends not only on its components, but also on humidity. According to GOST, according to the average density, solutions are divided into light and heavy. Light solutions include mortars volumetric weight less than 1500 kg / m 3. Heavy solutions, respectively, include solutions with a bulk density of more than 1500 kg / m 3. Heavy mortars are prepared on aggregates with a bulk density of more than 1200 kg / m 3 and, when hardened, they have a high strength and density. Light solutions due to the presence of many air pores have a lower thermal conductivity. The weight of the cube of the solution also depends on the size of the aggregate grains, as well as on the granulometric composition - the ratio of the aggregate grains by size. The largest bulk density of the aggregate and, as a consequence, the solution will be in the event that a certain ratio is observed between the number of grains of different sizes. For example, 1 m 3 of sand with grains 1 mm in diameter weighs about 1400 kg, and from a mixture of grains 0.15-5 mm weighs already 1600-1700 kg.
And if we consider that sand is not the only type of aggregate, then we can conclude that the weight cubic meter a complex solution can only be established experimentally, by weighing vehicles or approximately using tables:

Tab. Weight of 1 cube of solution, depending on the type of binder and fillers