Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the era of the highest heyday of Greek culture. At first it was an attempt to comprehend the world, understand the meaning and laws of the universe. The beginning of the ancient philosophy of Greece takes, most likely, in Egypt and Malaya Asia - after all, it was where the Greeks were traveled to the innermost knowledge of even more ancient civilizations.

What is noteworthy, the main philosophical ideas and principles were expressed by the philosophers of Greece. New names almost did not add anything new.

The main difference between the ancient Greek philosophers from their more modern colleagues is that they did not simply "spoke" about life, they lived so. Philosophy manifested not so much in smart books and treatises, how much in real life. If it was necessary to suffer for his personal beliefs, the philosopher who lived in ancient Greece could and suffer and die for his principles.

Ancient Greek philosophy arose when there were no diverse books in the libraries, while the ruler was honored for honor to be called a philosopher.

The whole European and significant part of modern world civilization is somehow directly or indirectly, are an ancient Greek culture product.

It should be considered that under the "Ancient Greece" means civilization, which included slave-owned states located in the south of the Balkan Peninsula, on the coast of Frakia, on the islands of the Aegean Sea and in the Western Coastal Lapel of Malaya Asia (VII - VI century). The first Greek philosophers were Fales, Anaximander, Anaximen, Pythagoras, Xenofan, Heraclit. In Greek philosophy, there are three periods. The first: from Falez to Aristotle. Second: the development of Greek philosophy in the Rome world. Third: Neo-Platonic philosophy. If you take chronology, then these three periods cover more than millennium (the end of the VII century to our era - the 6th century of our era).

Some researchers The first period of Greek philosophy is divided into three stages - it more clearly denotes the development of philosophy in nature and to solve the study of problems. The first stage is the activity of Miletsky philosophers (from the name of the city of Millet) School: Fales, Anaximander, Anaximen. The second stage is the activities of the Sofists, Socrates and its followers - cuts. The third stage is the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle. The activities of the first ancient Greek philosophers did not reach our days, it is possible to learn about it only from the works of subsequent thinkers and philosophers of Greece and Rome.

"The first and best victory is a victory over yourself!". Is it not true, you will not argue with this saying?! At all times, people tried to know the most surrounding world. In Europe, the beginning of the development of philosophy is the doctrine of the knowledge of the total and study of the causes and principles of things in the VII-V centuries. D.N.E. Put Ellad. Philosophers of ancient Greece They sought to answer the questions: "What did the world come from?", "Why?", Did he know? ".

Early Greek philosophy (VI-V centuries. D.N.E.)

Ancient philosophical schools included Miletsky, Pythagorean, Elaska, atomism. The ancestor of Greek philosophy consider Falez Miletsky - philosopher and mathematics, which considered water as the beginning of everything and all. According to Falez, water is Alpha and Omega, the beginning and end of the universe. His concept "approved" Heraclit and PlutarchThese noted that water (moisture), evaporating, turns into the air, falls out in the form of precipitation, nourishes the earth, that is, life is impossible without it. "Parent" of all things considered water and ancient Egyptians.

Micets

Representatives of the Millet School Anaximandrand Anaximen As "initially" saw Aceron (something divine, infinite, in continuous movement) and air. By the way, Anaximander, the first of the thinkers put forward the assumption that the earth has the form of the sphere. The mite believed that a single eternal one had a prevail - a certain substance abstract, indefinite, boundless and divine. Being from the origins of Greek science, they first introduced scientific terminology and began to write prose.

7 wise men

The "Father" of Philosophy Fales headed the list of "7 wise men", which included politicians, thinkers, public figures of the VII-VI centuries. D.N.E. In addition to it, it remained unchanged in this list in all sources:

• Solon from Athens - Poet, Politician, Archont by the nature of the activity (GGZNI 640-559 BC); Play important role in the formation of the Athenian state;
• Biant from the primacy - a sage, public figure (625-559 BC); author winged phrase "All your wear with you";
• Pittak from Mitleny - Sage (D / R 650 - D / s 570 Gg. BC), the author of the saying "With the inevitability and gods do not argue."

The philosophy of "7 wise men" is not science, and not mythology, but a consciousness that is achieved by the level of everyday wisdom and manifests itself in the sayings, proverbs and sayings. So, Professor Shakhnich M.I. It was noted that "... the sayings attributed to 7 ancient Greek sages, go to the folklore." And Karl Marx believed that Greek philosophy "... begins with the" seven wise men. "

The names of the remaining three wise men from seven in different sources were different from each other. But in one of them, the list of Diogen Lanertsky, was - philosopher, mathematician, mystic, founder of his own philosophical school, called Pythagorean.

School of Heraclit Efessky

One of the significant philosophical teachings of the early period of an ancient Greek philosophy was the teachings of Herclite. It is considered the founder of the first form of dialectics. Herclite from Ephesus accepted for the primary live fire, igniting and swelling according to the laws of nature. He believed that all phenomena were born from fire, and, disappearing, converted into it. In this heraklit "echoed" with milestone philosophers who took the natural element for the prevail.

The world, according to Herclite, is the Universe, where everything changes and moves where it is impossible to stay all the time in the same condition. And at the same time, the opposites are connected with each other and become identical as "warm-cold", "day-night", "excess-need", "life-death". Thus, each pair of opposites forms unity and at the same time multipleness.

Pythagorean school

Pythagoras first introduced the concept of "Cosmos" - the Universe, as a whole, where everything is subordinate to harmony and proportionality. The beauty is harmonious if it is "proportional", but not excessive. Thus, the Pythagoreans put forward a mathematical explanation of the origin of the world and the quantitative patterns of its development. Pythagoras argued that it is possible to know the world only, studying numbers and numerical relationships. With the help of numbers and proportions, you can know the soul of a person and manage it until it goes into another - the highest state.

One of the activities of Pythagora was mysticism. He created a mystical teaching about the cycle of the resettlement of the soul, where the thought was traced that the soul is eternal: she repeatedly moves into the body of people or animals until he deserves the right to return again to heaven.

An interesting and even exotic version of Pythagore was the doctrine of the harmony of spheres, to whom the planets are allegedly attached. These areas are moving and planets rotate together with them. Naturally, in those days it was about visible heavenly bodies: Moon, sun, etc. True, one planet - the tenth - had to "invent", because Pythagoras considered the "10" perfect number. He invented her ascent follower of Pythagoreans Philolay and called the opposite, believing that it was opposite the Earth and was obscured by the "central fire".

Rotating, the heavenly spheres publish unique music, but the person cannot hear this, because they are consonantly constantly, nothing impressive. The man was born, lives and dies with this melody and does not catch it like something special for hearing. This is the harmony of spheres. By the way, subsequently, Pythagoras even defined a musical and mathematical proportion for heavenly melody.

The self-mysterious thinker preached treatment with music and reached in this great success. In his teaching, the trinity of mathematics, astronomy and music was clearly traced, and in the future it was complicated by Plato and was used by other followers of Pythagora, including Shakespeare and Goethe.

Elaska School

It was founded Xenophan At about 540, D.N.E. The most famous representative - who offered the idea of \u200b\u200bbeing, like what it is always there, but there is no nonsense. Eleata claimed that there is no movement in the universe, and this is only a deception of feelings. But there is one thing only material and fixed eternal. The Elaska School tightly approached the issues of being, identifying him with God, Space.

Atomism

Early ancient Greek philosophy combined philosophy and physical principle to explain the primancy of peace and all-in. The doctrine of atoms is the next stage of the development of this concept.

Democritushe considered being, as something absolutely simple and indivisible. His teaching, the so-called ontology, was reduced to two provisions: everything in the world connects and is divided into atoms (1), which move in emptiness and occasionally occupied by randomly (2). Atoms, being in an infinite movement, form a collision various connections. More "dense" particles are connected in the middle - this is the Earth. More "thin" rushing into the outer part of the emptiness is the sky.

A person also form atoms, but it is also endowed with a soul that "functions" due to breathing. The person "knows" the world through the senses. Moreover, the reaction causes images of things - their finest copies that "penetrate" into the body and come into contact with the soul atoms. So a person feels something: sees, feels, tangible, comprehends their nature.

Antique classic (V. Century - Mid.IV century d.n.)

Gradually, philosophers are suitable for the study of a person and his minigration. The ancestor of the subjective anthropological direction in philosophy became . He was a sophist - popular in the V-VI centuries. D.N.E. The teachings that implant the surrounding reality, but who addressed the attention of people to human problems, its inner "I", upbringing and relation to the world. However, Socrates were more than sophists who did not want to take into account the experience of past civilizations. A sage using logical techniques and questions to the interlocutor, led him to an independent search for truth and loyal to her. He made a coup in philosophy, "Crossing" from natural philosophy to the consideration of a person as the form of being.

Socrates philosophy differed by high morality. He himself was an example of courage, wisdom, nobility. Socrates were distinguished by eloquence, the independence of views, virtue, to help others. On the battlefield, when he helped the wounded alkiviad, the warriors of the opposing side did not cost anything to kill the elder. But they were impressed by his courage, words, authority, and just diverged to the sides.

An example was not only life of Socrates, but also death. When his in the hometown of Athens was condemned for the blasphemy and corruption of young people, he, as a free citizen, chose himself a way of execution, and accepted a strong poison - calmly, badly, with a highly raised head. He even refused to escape from prison who organized him friends, joking, which is unlikely to have a place in the world, where death could not look like.

Later, the last day of life and the trial of the philosopher described the disciples of Socrates in their writings - Plato and Xenophon. By the way, thanks to them, the world found out about Socrates, as a great speaker, philosopher and sage, because he never recorded his thoughts, but I stated them in the form of a conversation and dispute. So he developed a dialectic consisting of irony and birth in the dispute of truth. "Know yourself, and you know the whole world!" - this is popular expression Socrates are relevant in the modern world.

Socrates continuer - Plato. For the first time in philosophy, he marked the difference between the fact that there is an essence and what is the phenomenon. He proposed to explain the diversity of the sensual world with the help of the concept of "matter" - the primary material from which "made" all existing things - and its forms.

• Plato developed the doctrine that all Divine originated from chaos;
• He "divided" a man's soul into three parts: reasonable, lined and sensual;
• He suggested creating a perfect state with a strict system of upbringing and education, where philosophers would have the highest power, the second estimate would be the guards, the third - artisans and farmers.

Completed the objectivist-ontological teaching of Plato Aristotelb True, he did not agree with his teacher at the expense of the ideal state consisting of unfortunate citizens, where everyone would not have been engaged in the fact that his little soul, but by those where the society determines it.

Aristotle argued that the soul was endowed with plants, animals and a person, but only a person can engage in intellectual activities and follow certain moral rules of life. Aristotle - Pupil Plato and the educator Alexander the Great - was the first thinker who "covered" all aspects of human being: sociology, politics, logic, ethics, physics and, of course, philosophy. His teaching had a huge impact on the subsequent development of Western philosophy.

Hellenistic philosophy

Aristotle was the "last" philosopher of an ancient period of ancient Greek philosophy. After it, the era of an Hellenistic system of views begins, for which the problems of human happiness and virtue are primary issues. This is the time when I lived Seneca, promoting following fate, Fatum, EpicurThat believed that human life is overcoming fears, and the main of them is the fear of death.

One of the directions of the Hellenistic school was skepticism, and the philosopher from the ELIDA Piron It was the founder of a skeptic school, where the opinion was maintained that there is no wonderful and ugly, bad and good in the world - everything is exactly and equally. And therefore, judgments on this topic are inappropriate and not available for human knowledge.

In general, the variety of philosophical schools of ancient Greece determined the main trends for the further development of human thought.

Especially for Lilia-Travel.ru - Anna Lazareva

The earliest primitives of Greek philosophy are in the religious and mythical poems of deep antiquity. Philosophical treasures are noticeable already at the great Homer and Hisiod poets. A little later, their development led to the emergence of the mysterious sect of the Offika, with which Eleusinsky Mysteries practiced near Athens were closely connected. Seven famous Greek sages can be attributed to the number of early philosophers.

In the VI century to R. X. Three of its earliest arose in Greece philosophical schools Or rather, three first attempts to understand thinning Silo the mutual relationship of the objects of abstract and explain their attitude to visible to peace. Two of these schools - ionian (Miletskaya) and elaska - acquired only when they were transferred to Athens; Since then, philosophical science began to develop in the capital of Greece near and in connection with other sciences and elegant arts. Early Greek philosophy has belonged to the Ionian school of the early Greek philosophy, Anaximander, Anaximen and, to the Elaska - poet-philosopher Xenofan, Parmenid and the author of Zenon's paradoxes known in the ancient times. The third early philosophical school of Greece - pythagorean - For a long time, there was no direct influence on prosperity in Athens of sciences and arts, but also it had the importance for the development of Greek culture. The Pythagorean philosophy gave the scientific character of mathematics, there were also those mystical dreams that were so common between the Greeks and other peoples. Mysticism is always when people weaken from excessive luxury and as a result of false formation goes not the way that nature points out. Thus, all three schools had a strong impact on the concepts and views of the later Greeks. However, the Pythagorean school did not contribute to the emergence of philosophy developed in Athens, which, in fact, was caused only by Ionian and Eleate schools.

Greek philosopher Herclite. Picture of H. Terbruggen, 1628

Early Greek philosophy also includes the teachings of atomists of Levkipp and Democritus.

Antique philosophyAncient Greece.

The original source of Greek philosophy was mythology. At the same time, cosmological myths who tell about the origin of peace and man played the dominant role. The works of Gesiod, Homer, Orpheus became a kind of basis for the scientific and philosophical understanding of the problems of the surrounding world.

On the first stage(annular) (VI - V GB. BC) Early greek philosophers Undoubtedly experienced the influence of mythological images. However, they have already tried to explain the phenomena of nature and society based on the natural reasons that a person is able to know with the help of reason by their careful study by observation. In the center of the ancient studies is space - the perfect creation. He is nothing but a huge body of a living human being. The origin and structure of the world, the properties of nature are the main object that interests early ancient Greek philosophers. Therefore, they were called "physicists", i.e. researchers of nature. Today, early ancient Greek philosophy is called Philosophy "Fisis" or Naturophilosophy. Natural philosophy- This is the science that studies the philosophy of nature, "Wisdom of Nature."

Second phase(Classic) (V-IV centuries. BC) is associated with the names of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.

On the third stage(Ellinism) (IV-III centuries. BC) There are 3 main currents of Hellenistic philosophy: skepticism, epicureism and stoicism.

The first antique philosophical schools arose at the turn of the VII-VI centuries. BC. The center of philosophy was at the time G. Millet. Therefore, the term is often used. Millet School. The founder of the Miletsky school is considered Falez Miletsky(K.VII -N.VI centuries. BC). He was a philosopher, a geometer, mathematician, an astronomer. Falez is attributed to the merit of determining the length of the year in 365 days and the division of the year for 12 months to thirty days in each. Fales was the richest philosopher in ancient Greece. In addition, it opened some mathematical and geometric patterns (Falez Theorem). And no wonderla Fales Miletsky became one of the six-graded ancient Greek "seven wise men." The value of Falez for philosophical thought was primarily that he first raised the question in which he expressed the main task of philosophical knowledge: "What is everything?". Answering his assigned question, Fales was guided by a cosmological concept. Here are the three main components of this concept:

1) The beginning of everything is water.

2) The earth swims on the water, like a piece of wood.

3) All in the world is an aimed.

Water for Falez is a primature with real characteristics, properties of a natural material object.

At the same time, Fales recognizes the presence of gods. But he believes that the gods exist in nature itself.

Another miret philosopher was Anaximandr(VI century BC). Finding out the signs initially, he found the Aperon. "Apearos" means immortal, limitless and infinite. This is abstract, i.e. mental idea of \u200b\u200bthe origin of the world. Aceoron, being the origin of the world, produces all other phenomena of nature from himself. Due to the rotation of the Areyron, opposite qualities are highlighted - wet and dry, cold and warm. Then these qualities are mixed between themselves and natural objects arise: land (dry and cold), water (wet and cold), air (wet and warm), fire, (dry and warm). Aceron is not only a substantial, but also the genetic start of space. The universe has the appearance of 3 hollow rings filled with fire. Each ring has holes, through which fire is viewed. In the 1st ring, the set of holes are stars; in 2-m - 1 hole - moon; In the 3rd - also 1 hole - the sun. In the center of the universe is still hanging land having a cylinder form. Anaximander invented elementary " sundial"-" Gnomon ", built a globe, drawn a geographical map. All living things originated in wet Ile, once covered with the Earth. With his gradual drying, all living beings went to the land. Among them were some fish-like creatures, in the womb of which people originated. When people grew up, this scales broke up. The dialectic of Anaximandra was expressed in the teaching of the Eternity of the Movement of Apeiron, about allocating opposites from him. Anximandra's student was Anaximen(VI century BC). Continuing the search initially, in his work "On Nature", he argued that all things come out of the air by discharge or thickening. Distinguished, the air becomes fire first, then the ether, and thumping, - wind, clouds, water, land and stone. Understanding the universe. The land has a flat shape and hangs still in the center of the Universe, maintaining the air from below. The sky moves around the earth, like a hat, turning around a man's head.

Thus, the following common features are characteristic of Miletsky school thinkers:

1) Searches originated;

2) it thinks monistically;

3) it is represented as a primary substance;

4) it is represented as a living (Gilosoism), i.e. In the eternal movement and transformation.

Close in my search originated to the mite was HeraclitEfesse (Kon. VI - Nach. V centuries BC). He belonged to a well-known royal-priesthood, but refused his rights and privileges in favor of his brother, and led her own lifestyle himself, last years Having spent in the cave of mountains. The primary world of Heraclit determined the fire as a symbol of the eternal movement. Fire, on Heraclitus, eternal, but not absolute. It is constantly changing. Fire extrusion leads to the emergence of the universe. Fire fire leads to the destruction of the universe. The most important concept in the Heraclit philosophy is Logos. Logos is a certain abstract world Lawwhich manages the world and people, reigns in the universe. The essence of the Logos itself is revealed in principles:

1) the principle of struggle and unity of opposites;

2) the principle of constant variability (constantly only development): everything flows, everything changes; In the same river you can not enter twice; Even the sun every day is new;

3) the principle of relativity (alone live at the expense of the death of others, due to the life of others dying).

In Logos, Heraclit metaphorically formulated the idea of \u200b\u200bthe dialectical nature of the whole world. For such difficulty and inconsistency of the heraclit philosophy called "Dark". He was also called the "crying philosopher", because Every time leaving home and seeing around himself a lot of bad living people, he cried, sorry for everyone.

Elais school. Xenophan.Lived at least 92 years. His creativity was exclusively in poetic form. For the first time in the history of philosophy, he expressed the idea that all the gods are the fruit of human fantasy that people invented the gods in their own way, attributing them their physical features and moral deficiencies: "Ethies say that their gods are smuggles and blacks; Frakians / represent their gods / blue-eyed and reddish ... But if bulls, horses and lions had hands and could draw them and create works / arts / like people, the horses would have portrayed gods like horses, bulls like bulls And they would attached / them / bodies of this kind, what is the body image of themselves, / every in their own way / ". The gods of Antiquity Xenofan opposed one God, which one with nature: "All, i.e. The whole universe is one. One is God. The deity is sharpening and not like a person. The deity sees everything, hears, but do not breathe; It is mind, thinking and eternity. People are not created by the gods, but were born out of the ground and water. " Such peaceopony of xenophan can be attributed to the pantheism ( pantheism- Philosophical teaching, identifying God with nature and considering nature as an embodiment of the Divine), because for him "all or the universe is God." Antiafactorphism and Xenophane antipolitism were associated with this. Xenophan was a skeptic, as he claimed that it was impossible to know reliably!

Parmenid. His philosophical doctrine is set forth with hexameters. Parmenid first puts two most important philosophical problems: the question of the attitude of being and non-existence and the question of the attitude of being and thinking. All Parmenide philosophy is built on a dilemma: there is not. There is something that may not be, this is being. Genesis is what exists. Not there is, on the contrary, something that cannot be, i.e. non-existence. Non-existence is something that does not exist. The main proof of non-existence is that it cannot be known, it is impossible to express in the Word. Moreover, the idea of \u200b\u200bnon-existence involves the existence of this non-existence, otherwise there was nothing to think about. So non-existence exists. But if non-existence exists, then in this case it is being. Consequently, the very thought of the existence of non-existence proves just the opposite - that non-existence does not exist. There is only what is conceivable and expressive in words, i.e. being. And then it turns out that "think is the same thing to be." In this phrase and formulate the identity of thinking and being. Moreover, the most important existence of being is that it can be understood.

Parmenide allocates the main features or properties of being:

1) Genesis did not arise;

2) being is not subject to death;

3) Being is intelligent, i.e. It does not consist of many parts;

4) Being is only beggar, i.e. only;

5) being motionless;

6) Genesis is completed or completely.

All of these properties of being needed from non-existence. The teachings of Parmenide contradicts and objects to the teachings of Heraclit, who has everything changeable: to think in contradictions need to have two heads, otherwise contradictory thoughts cannot be understood. What was after Parymenid? Obviously, it was necessary to further prove the unity and immobility of being. This occupied Zenonfrom Eley (Parmenid's favorite student). Aristotle calls Zenon inventor of dialectics. But this is -Subjective dialectic - the art of a dialectical reasoning and dispute, the art of "refuting / enemy / and through objections to put it in a predicary position." Zenon belongs to 4 judgments about the absence of movement called by aporries ( aprira-Logish intractability of the problem): 1. Flying arrow. 2. Achilles and turtle. 3. Dichotomy. 4. Stadium. In these Aprons, Zenon proves that there is no movement.

Pythagorean Soyuz.Pythagorasborn ok. 570 BC Pythagoreans were engaged in the study of mathematics, geometry, astronomy, music, medicine and anatomy, held many Yuzhitali cities under political control. The core of the Pythagorean philosophy was "the doctrine of the number." The philosophy of Pythagoreans was often called the "magic of numbers". The number and harmony control the world, for the world itself rule some patterns that can be calculated using the number. Numbers, he taught, enclose the mystery of things, and the worldwide harmony is the perfect expression of God. Pythagorean number is not an abstract amount, but a significant and active quality of the Supreme Unit, i.e. God, the source of world harmony. Pythagoras was also the author of the philosophy of showdower (transmigration), which was expressed by Skupo.

Empedocl- philosopher, poet, speaker, scientist naturalist, speaker, religious preacher . (480-420s. BC). He was a student of Parmenide, also studied from Pythagoreans.

The initial world considered the four elements that he called the "roots of all things." Fire, air, water and earth are eternal and unchanged, have the qualities of being Parmenides. All other things are made of mixing. However, the first elements of the EmPedocle are passive, so all the processes of the universe are determined by the struggle of two forces that do not have a material embodiment - love (harmony, joy, aphrodite) and hatred (distribution, enmity). Love connects heterogeneous elements, hatred - divides them. All this passes the infinitely repeated four-phase cycle: 1) Love wins victory; 2) equilibrium; 3) hate prevails over love; 4) Equilibrium. The way the world is inherent with a constant and constantly repeating "time circle". Empedocl recognizes the ideas of Metmepsichoce (the resettlement of the shower). Empedocl became the latest outstanding representative of Italy philosophy, who was trying to reconcile the natural philosophical and already actually the philosophical teachings of their predecessors.

The last one who tried to answer the question of the birth and structure of the universe from the position of the philosophy of "Fisis" became Levkippand Democritusfrom Abder. With their names bind the birth of materialism.

Atomism of antique philosophy is presented mainly Democritis(Ok. 460 - approx. 370 Gg. BC), which was a student of Levkippa. Democritis received the nickname "Laming philosopher", for he considered all human affairs worthy laughter. Atomists, pushing away from the ideas of EleaTov, recognized that the main philosophical categories are the concepts of being and non-existence. But, unlike Eleans, atomists believed that non-existence also exists, as well as being. Non-existence is emptiness, motionless, boundless, shapeless, not having density and a single space. Genesis - multiple and consists of their indivisible particles - atoms. The atom translated from the ancient Greek means "indivisible". Atoms are the smallest particles of being, and by virtue of their smallness can not be perceived by human feelings. The atom has absolute density, does not contain emptiness. Atoms are in constant motion. Atom movement is possible because they are in emptiness. There is always some empty space between atoms, so atoms cannot face each other and even more so turn into each other. Atoms differ in shape, magnitude, movement, weight. Atoms themselves can be spherical, angular, concave, convex, etc. Atoms themselves do not have the qualities of any substance. The quality of things occurs only with a combination of certain atoms. Atoms are eternal and unchanged, and things are transient and finite. Why? Atoms, being in constant movement, constantly create new combinations, eliminating old. The main law of the Universe is the need: "No thing happens to be a question, but everything is due to the causal connection and necessity." Everything has its reason.

In V c. BC. Economic, political and cultural lifts are experiencing antique policies. The most important concept of ancient Greek life is the concept citizen. In the public consciousness one of the main things becomes a problem of civil virtues. With the flourishing of a democratic polis device, an urgent need for educated people capable of managing the state arose. Therefore, scientists appeared, which for a certain fee began to train citizens rhetoric (art of eloquence), erystics (art of reference to the dispute), philosophy. Philosophy teachers called softenders. Connoisseurs, wise men, word masters. However, in those days, the word "Sofist" acquired a few offensive sound, because Sofists did not interest truth. They taught art deftly defeat the enemy in disputes. At the same time, the sophists played a positive role in the spiritual development of Ellala. Sofists practically did not interest naturophilosophy. The main merit was that they put in the center of the worldview of the human problem as a citizen of the policy.

Basic Regulations Protagorathe famous axiom became: "Man is a measure of all things." A measure man independently determines that there is good and evil, which is truly true and what is inexpan. Another essential position of Protagore - all true. Any conclusion is true. Everything is true in its own way, for there is no absolute truth, nor absolute moral values.

Another philosopher-sophist Gorgiy,speaking that there is nothing, as well as Protagor, put forward the thesis that there is no absolute truth. But, since there is no absolute truth, then all false.

Socrates(470/469 - 399 BC) - the first birth of Athenian philosopher. After myself did not leave a single work. Information about Socrates, his speeches and conversations reached us in the record of his students of Plato and Xenophon. The problem of the meaning of life; What is the essence of the human person? What is good and evil? - These basic issues for Socrates. Therefore, Socrates are rightfully considered the creator of the first in the European history of moral philosophy. Socrates philosophy is his life. He showed her own life and death that real life values \u200b\u200bare not in external circumstances to which people (wealth, high position and so on.). Even in his last words, at the court, the duration of the deadly sentence of Socrates regrets a too elementary understanding of the meaning of life by the inhabitants of Athens: "But it's time to go from here, I am to die, you - to live, and who of us goes to the best, this is not a local except God. Socrates recognized the existence of objective truth, in contrast to the sophists. All fundamental concepts (good, evil, wisdom, beautiful, ugly, beauty, hatred, etc.) are given by God over. From here we find an explanation of the famous aphorism of Socrates: "I know that I don't know anything." The meaning of this aphorism is that the absolute true knowledge exists, but it is available only to God, and people reveal the ability of their soul in the desire for this knowledge. A person with the help of his mind must comprehend the fundamental concepts. For example, it is impossible to teach good man. He must reveal him himself, remember. If a person does not make good, he just does not know what kind of good. Knowledge is virtue. For the process of cognition, Socrates used the method of Maeevics - "Socratic conversation". This method was to identify definitions for general concepts and was quite a scientific method of identifying knowledge that Aristotle later called induction. Thus, Socrates taught logic. Socrates seemed to have not created the completed philosophical teaching, but his students he lit the fire of the desire for truth. The activity of Socrates served as the basis for ethical schools of ancient Greece: hedonic and kinic (cynical).

Hedonicschool ("Delight", "Pleasure") or Kerenaica (Kyrena), founded by a student of Socrates Aristipp, who considered pleasure the only meaning of life. Subsequently, the hedonic school merged with the epicorean school founded by an epicurome in Athens in 306 BC. Its representatives taught that spiritual pleasures are preferably bodily, and among spirituals there are most preferred (friendship, successful family life, the right state system). Ethics of hedonism led to amoralism when the criterion of good and evil was enjoyed. So, after the lectures of Gegezia, Alexandrian ("Solohodropisticist"), some listeners ended suicide. However, this can be understood: if the only goal of life is a pleasure, then it turns out to be meaningless, and therefore should not live.

Kiniki.(dogs). The school is based on a student of Socrates by Antisphen (444-368 BC). The needs of a person are animal. The ideal of kinic life: unlimited spiritual freedom of a separate individual; Demonstrative disregard for all customs and generally accepted standards of life; rejection of pleasure, wealth, power; contempt for fame, success, knowledge. The motto of Diogen Sinopsky: "I am looking for a man!", The meaning of which was to demonstrate to people of their incorrect understanding of the essence of man. Plato called Diogena "Immovable Socrates". True happiness is freedom. Means for achieving freedom - askz - effort, difficult work, which helps to rule over their own desires. Ideal, the purpose of life is Avtarkia - self-sufficiency. When a person comprehends the vanity of life, the meaning of its existence becomes indifference to everything (Meeting Diogen with Alexander Macedonian). The doctrine of ignition is called the most short expensive to virtue.

The most consistent student of Socrates was Plato(427-347 BC), born in a notable aristocratic family. At birth, he was given the name of the aristocals. Plato - Nickname (Wide, Broad). Almost all the works of Plato are written in the form of dialogues, the main acting person of which is Socrates. This is the so-called "Platonic question" - it is not always clear what ideas expressed in the dialogues belong to Plato itself. But in his writings, Plato appears the first thinker in European history, seeking to create a holistic philosophical system. From the position of his philosophical views, he developed a teaching almost about all the parties of human life: about being, about space, about knowing, about the soul, about God, about society, about morality. The teaching of Plato is called the theory of ideas. Each concept, according to Plato, corresponds to real being. There are not only individual things (for example, round table, Spotted horse, Socrates, etc.), but also a special being corresponding to the concept of a round table, a spot horse, Socrates, etc. This is the being of the concepts of Plato called ideas. Ideas reflect the general properties of objects designated by Plato nouns: "Soyness", "horsery", "humanity", etc. The world of ideas - there is true being. He is eternal, constant. The idea is a general concept. specific objects. Separate items arise and destroy (for example, a round table, a spotted horse, Socrates, etc.), and common ideas (the table at all, the horse is generally, man, etc.) remain. Properties of the idea: 1. The idea is the meaning of things, i.e. The idea is the essence and cause of sensually perceived objects. 2. The idea of \u200b\u200bthings is the integrity of all individual parts and manifestations of things. 3. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe thing is the law of the emergence of single manifestations of things. 4. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe thing itself is loved by universally, i.e. It is not perceived by feelings, but only thinks. 5. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe thing has its own existence. The world of Eidosov, the world of ideas is outside the physical space. This world, Plato called Hipurouran. Along with the world of ideas, the most opposite material world exists. He is tech, constantly changing. The basis of the real world is "Chora", later Plato called it "matter" - a bone, immobile, coolest phenomenon, spoiling wonderful ideas. Consequently, the real world is only a stupid, distorted copy of the world perfect. Due to all this, Plato called the relevant, real world apparent being. Initially independent of each other, the existing world of ideas and choir - Matter came into motion and created the universe thanks to the third initial - demihgragu -platonovsky God. God-Demiurge is not just a leader, he gives rise to a certain phenomenon - a soul of the world that surrounds the whole physical world and distributes the divine energy that laid in it.

Aristotle(384-322 BC) built a whole system of evidence of the fallacy of Platonic teaching about ideas. Speaking: "Plato I am friend, but truth is more expensive," Aristotle agreed with Plato in one - in fact, every thing is the result of the connection of ideas and matter. The idea in this case is the meaning of things (according to Aristotle - "the essence of being" things), matter - means of incarnation of things. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe thing and the thing itself does not exist separately from each other. There is no world of Eidos - the idea of \u200b\u200bthings is in the very thing. In his philosophy, Aristotle The term "Eidos" replaces the term "form", and "chore" - "matter". Any thing is the unity of form and matter. The reason for the compound of form and matter is the movement, or a driving cause for the sake of purpose. The purpose of all things (eg, the table) is the real thing itself (table). Therefore, each thing is an extractable form with the cause-targeted purpose.

Form, movement and purpose of all things are generated by eternal essence - Mindthrough his "desire" and the strength of his "thoughts". In essence, the Aristotelian mind is God, but not a religious, but the philosophical God.

Main flowes hellenistic philosophy: Stoicism and epicureancy.

Stoiki(k. IV century) - followers of the philosophical school Stoi (Athens), their vital ideal is deadpan and calm, the ability does not respond to internal and external irritating factors. School of Stoics is founded by philosopher Zenofrom the kitiona approx. 300 BC. In ancient Rome, popular stoics were a philosopher Seneca(OK. 5 G. T.N. - 65 AD), his student Epicate and Roman emperor Mark Arellium(121-180 AD).

Epicureanism- philosophical direction based by ancient Greek materialist Epicurome(341 - 270 BC), and in the Roman Empire presented Lucretzie Korom(OK 99 - 55 BC).

Ethics of Epicuresev - Hedonic (from Greek. hedone- pleasure); Pleasure attached to the value of the life of life. But this is not sensual pleasure, not a rude animal pleasure, but the state of spiritual stability ( ataraction- Greek. Culk, complete calmness of the Spirit), which can only develop a sage capable of overcome the fear of death. "When we exist, death is not yet present; When death is present, then we do not exist "(epicuris).

Epicuri's teachings were the last great materialistic school of ancient Greek philosophy.

The philosophy of ancient Greece is a combination of exercises developing with vi in. BC e. But vi in. n. e. (from the formation of archaic policies on the Ionian and Italian coast before the heyday of the democratic Athens and the subsequent crisis and crash of the policy). Usually the beginning of ancient Greek philosophy is associated with the name Falez Miletsky (625-547 BC. E), the end - with the decree of the Roman emperor of Justinian on the closure of philosophical schools in Athens (529 N. e.). This millennium of the development of philosophical ideas demonstrates an amazing community, the mandatory focus on association in the Unified Space Universum and Gods . This is largely due to the pagan (polytetic) roots of Greek philosophy. For the Greeks, it is the main absolute, it is not created by the gods, the gods themselves are part of the nature and personify the main natural elements. The person does not lose its original connection with nature, but lives not only "by nature", but also "to establish" (based on a reasonable justification). The human mind in Greeks was freed from the authorities of the gods, Greek respects them and will not insult, but in his everyday life It will rely on the arguments of the mind, relying on yourself and knowing that not because the person is happy that they love the gods, but therefore the gods love a man that he is happy. The most important discovery of the human mind for the Greeks is the law (NOMOS). NOMOS. - These are reasonable establishments adopted by all residents of the city, its citizens, and equivable to everyone. Therefore, such a city is also a state (the city is the state - Policy).

The polis character of Greek life (with her role of the National Assembly, public speakers, etc.) explains the confidence of the Greeks to the mind, theory, and the worship of the impersonal Absolute (Nature) is constant proximity and even the inefficiency of physics (exercises about nature) and metaphysics ( Exercises on the primacy of being). Civilian public Life, the role of personal start was reflected in ethics (This is already practical philosophy, orienting a person on specific types of behavior), which determines human virtues, due to the measure of human life.

Contemplation - The consideration of the problems of the worldview in the unity of nature, a person - served as a justification for the norms of human life, the position of a person in the world, ways to achieve piety, justice and even personal happiness.

Already at the early gerological philosophers of nature (naturophilosophers) - Falez, Anaximandra, Anaximen, Pythagora and his schools Heraklita, Parmenida - The justification of the nature of the cosmos served as the determination of human nature. On the foreground put forward the problem of cosmic harmony With the harmony of human life, in human life, she often was identified with prudence and justice.

Rannegrechy natural philosophy is a method of philosophizing and a method of world-up-minding in which physis Plays a key role, integrating the universe: nature with man and gods with nature. But nature is not separated by any object of independent and special consideration, nor as an expression of human essence. She does not come off from the people around others - panta Ta Onta. . Another thing is that a person cannot and should not stop on the phenomena, "the person is philosophical", as noted , begins to "be surprised", he is looking for, speaking words Heraclita, genuine nature, which "loves to hide", and on this path appeals to the beginning of the universe - arehai. . At the same time, a person remains in the forefront in the picture of the universe. Actually, space is the cosmized world of human daily. In such a world, everything is correlated, adjacent and arranged: Earth and rivers, sky and sun, - everything serves life. The natural environment of man, his life and death (AID and the "Islands of Blessed"), the bright transcendant world of the gods, all the life of a person are described earlier by Greek natural philosophers and figuratively. This visuality in the image shows the world by a hidden and mastered person. Cosmos is not an abstract model of the universe, but the human world, however, unlike the final person - the eternal and immortal.

The contemplative nature of philosophizing is manifested in cosmological form and in late naturophilosophers: Empedocla, Anaksagora, Democritus. Cosmologism is undoubted here, it is present in the teaching on space cycles and the roots of the universe Empedoclaand in the teaching about the seeds and space "nus" (mind), which "brought all of the disorder in order", and into the doctrine of atoms and emptiness and natural necessity . But contemplative clarity is combined with the development of a categorical apparatus, using logical argumentation. After all, U. Heraclita Images filled with deep meaning (senses), and Parmenid In the poem with the traditional title "On Nature of Things" justifies the non-traditional path of research of nature with the help of concepts ("Mind of you allow this task").

A special role is played by the category of cause, guilt (Aitia), introduced. It rejects the use of mythological images and judgments and declares the truth of the names (including the entire scope of concepts) is not "by nature", but "on the establishment". Nature and for democritus remains the basis of human life and the goal of knowledge, however, knowing nature, creating a "second nature", a person conquers natural necessity. This does not mean that he begins to live contrary to nature, but, for example, learning to swim, does not drown in the river.

Democritis is almost the first to broadly deployed the anthropological aspects of ancient Greek philosophy, discussing such issues as a person, God, the state, the role of the sage in Polis. And yet, the glory of the reverender of anthropological issues belongs Socrat . Paulumizing with Sofists ( Protagora, Gorghem, Hippiim et al.), who proclaimed a man "measure of all things", he defended the objectivity, societuity of the gnoseological and ethical standards, which explained the inviolability, stability and obligation of cosmic order.

However, we can judge Socrates only on the basis of dialogues, which used the image of Socrates as a permanent character of its dialogues. Plato was a faithful student of Socrates and therefore completely merged the idea of \u200b\u200bSocrates with its own. Measure, knowledge (famous Socratic "Know yourself"), which is so necessary to man, Plato justifies the cosmic mind. He puts forward the first plan for the Demiurgic creation of the world ("Timy"). The order and measure introduces a mind-demiurge into the world, proportionally related to the elements and giving the space perfect outlines, etc. The mind is creating, as the artisan creates ("Demiurg") from affordable material and turning to the standard, sample (i.e. contemplating "ideas"). "Eidos", "Idea" There is a sample of each thing, but first of all it is the "appearance", "Lick" - Eidos, IDEA, with whom we meet, but do not always recognize. These guys, genuine faces, are captured in our soul. After all, the soul is immortal and carries this immortal knowledge. Therefore, Plato justifies, following the Pythagore, the need to remember the soul. And the path to the recreation of the forgotten and most valuable - contemplation, admiring and love (ELOS).

Another great Greek philosopher is more prosed. He is expelled from philosophy mythological images and ambiguity of concepts. Nature, God, man, Cosmos - unchanged items of his philosophy. Although Aristotle already distinguishes physics and metaphysics, but the principles lying in their foundation (the doctrine of the first video, the doctrine of causality) is one. The central problem of physics is the problem of movement, which is understood by Aristotle as a direct impact of one subject to another. Movement is performed by B. limited space And implies the focus of the body "to its natural place." Both are characterized by the category of purpose - "Phone", i.e. target definition of things. And this goal and the definition reports to the world, as a penny, like that, "that drives, remaining still." Along with this, at the base of things, there are causes - material, formal and driving. In fact, the target reason in the confrontation of the material (the same Platonov dualism) covers and driving and targeted. However, the God of Aristotle, unlike Christian, is not omnipresent and does not predetermine the events. A man is given a mind and, knowing the world, he must himself find a reasonable measure of his own life.

Ellinism era It marks the collapse of the polis ideals, as well as the rationale for the new models of space. The main flows of this era - epicureism, Stoicism, Kinimism - justify not civilian activity and virtue, but the personal salvation and the imperturbability of the soul. As a personal ideal of the person from here, the refusal to develop a fundamental philosophy (physical ideas of heraclitis - steaks, democrites - epicores and so on). The roll is clearly expressed in the direction of ethics, and a very one-sided who defends the ways to achieve "Ataraction" - Maltitude. What else remained to do in conditions of social instability, the crash of the policy (and with it easily foreseeable and regulated public order) and the growing of chaos, unmanaged social conflicts, political despotism and small quianism? True, the paths were offered different: following fate and debt ( stoiki