When they tell you that Russia is the homeland of bast shoes and balalaikas, grin at this person in the face and list at least 10 items from this list. I think it's a shame not to know such things.

And this is just a small part:

1. P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin is the world's first electric light bulb

2. A.S. Popov - radio

3.V.K. Zvorykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and television broadcasting)

4. A.F. Mozhaisky - the inventor of the world's first airplane

5. I.I. Sikorsky - a great aircraft designer, created the world's first helicopter, the world's first
bomber

6. A.M. Ponyatov - the world's first video recorder

7.S.P. Korolev - the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, the first Earth satellite

8. A.M. Prokhorov and N.G. Basov - the world's first quantum generator - maser

9.S. V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first woman professor)

10.S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky - the world's first color photography

11. A.A. Alekseev - creator of the needle screen

12. F.A. Pirotsky - the world's first electric tram

13.F.A.Blinov - the world's first tracked tractor

14. V.A. Starevich - three-dimensional animated film

15. E.M. Artamonov - invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, a steering wheel, a turning wheel

16.O.V. Losev is the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device

17. V.P. Mutilin - the world's first mounted construction harvester

18.A.R. Vlasenko - the world's first grain harvester

19. V.P. Demikhov - the first in the world to carry out a lung transplant and the first to create a model of an artificial heart

20. A. P. Vinogradov - created a new direction in science - the geochemistry of isotopes

21. I.I. Polzunov - the world's first heat engine

22. G. E. Kotelnikov - the first knapsack rescue parachute

23. I.V. Kurchatov is the world's first nuclear power plant (Obninsk), also under his leadership, the world's first 400 kt hydrogen bomb was developed, detonated on August 12, 1953. It was the Kurchatov team that developed the RDS-202 thermonuclear bomb (Tsar Bomba) with a record yield of 52,000 kilotons.

24. M.O.Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer, which put an end to the dispute between the supporters of direct (Edison) and alternating current

25. V.P. Vologdin - the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, developed induction furnaces for the use of high frequency currents in industry

26. S.O. Kostovich - created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879

27. V.P. Glushko - the world's first electric / thermal rocket engine

28. V. V. Petrov - discovered the phenomenon of arc discharge

29. N. G. Slavyanov - electric arc welding

30.I.F. Aleksandrovsky - invented the stereo camera

31.D.P. Grigorovich - the creator of the seaplane

32. V.G. Fedorov - the world's first machine gun

33. A.K. Nartov - built the world's first lathe with a movable slide

34. MV Lomonosov - for the first time in science formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world began to read a course in physical chemistry, for the first time discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus

35. I.P. Kulibin - mechanic, developed the project of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge, inventor of the searchlight

36. VV Petrov - physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened an electric arc

37. P.I. Prokopovich - for the first time in the world invented a frame hive, in which he used a shop with frames

38. NI Lobachevsky - Mathematician, creator of "non-Euclidean geometry"

39. D.A. Zagryazhsky - invented the caterpillar track

40.BO Jacobi - invented electroplating and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft

41. P.P. Anosov - metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient bulat

42. DI Zhuravsky - first developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used all over the world

43. NI Pirogov - for the first time in the world compiled the atlas "Topographic Anatomy", which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, plaster cast and much more

44. I.R. Hermann - compiled a summary of uranium minerals for the first time in the world

45. A.M. Butlerov - for the first time formulated the main provisions of the theory of the structure of organic compounds

46. ​​IM Sechenov - the creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work "Reflexes of the brain"

47.DI Mendeleev - discovered the periodic law chemical elements, the creator of the table of the same name

48. M.A. Novinsky - veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology

49. G.G. Ignatiev - for the first time in the world developed a system of simultaneous telephony and telegraphy over one cable

50. K.S. Dzhevetsky - built the world's first submarine with an electric motor

51. N. I. Kibalchich - for the first time in the world developed a scheme of a rocket flying vehicle

52.N.N.Benardos - invented electric welding

53. V.V. Dokuchaev - laid the foundations of genetic soil science

54. V.I.Sreznevsky - Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera

55. A.G. Stoletov - physicist, for the first time in the world created a photocell based on an external photoelectric effect

56. P.D. Kuzminsky - built the world's first gas turbine of radial action

57. I.V. Boldyrev - the first flexible light-sensitive non-combustible film, formed the basis for the creation of cinematography

58. I.A.Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera

59. S.M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F. Freudenberg - created the world's first automatic telephone exchange

60. ND Pilchikov - physicist, for the first time in the world created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system

61. V.A. Gassiev - engineer, built the world's first phototypesetting machine

62. K.E. Tsiolkovsky - the founder of cosmonautics

63. P.N. Lebedev - physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids

64. I.P. Pavlov - the creator of the science of higher nervous activity

65. V.I. Vernadsky - natural scientist, founder of many scientific schools

66. A.N.Skriabin - composer, was the first in the world to use light effects in the symphonic poem "Prometheus"

67. N.E. Zhukovsky - the creator of aerodynamics

68. S.V. Lebedev - first received artificial rubber

69. GA Tikhov - an astronomer, for the first time in the world established that the Earth, when observing it from space, should have a blue color. Later, as you know, this was confirmed when filming our planet from space.

70. ND Zelinsky - developed the world's first highly effective coal gas mask

71. N.P. Dubinin - geneticist, discovered gene divisibility

72. M.A. Kapelyushnikov - invented the turbodrill in 1922

73. E.K. Zavoisky discovered electric paramagnetic resonance

74. N.I. Lunin - proved that the body of living things contains vitamins

75. N.P. Wagner - discovered the pedogenesis of insects

76. Svyatoslav Fedorov - the first in the world performed an operation to treat glaucoma

77. S.S. Yudin - first used blood transfusion of suddenly dead people in the clinic

78. A.V. Shubnikov - predicted the existence and was the first to create piezoelectric textures

79. L.V. Shubnikov - the Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors)

80. N. A. Izgaryshev - discovered the phenomenon of the passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes

81. P.P. Lazarev - the creator of the ionic theory of excitation

82. P.A. Molchanov - meteorologist, created the world's first radiosonde

83. N. A. Umov - physicist, the equation of motion of energy, the concept of the flow of energy; by the way, I was the first to explain
practically and without ether delusions of the theory of relativity

84. E.S. Fedorov - the founder of crystallography

85. G. S. Petrov - chemist, the world's first synthetic detergent

86. V.F. Petrushevsky - scientist and general, invented a rangefinder for gunners

87. I.I. Orlov - invented a method of making woven credit notes and a method of one-pass multiple printing (Oryol printing)

88. Mikhail Ostrogradskiy - mathematician, O. formula (multiple integral)

89. P.L. Chebyshev - mathematician, Ch. Polynomials (orthogonal system of functions), parallelogram

90. P.A. Cherenkov - physicist, radiation Ch. (New optical effect), counter Ch. (Detector of nuclear radiation in nuclear physics)

91.D.K. Chernov - points of Ch. (Critical points of phase transformations of steel)

92. V.I. Kalashnikov is not the same Kalashnikov, but another who was the first in the world to equip river vessels with a steam engine with multiple steam expansion

93. A.V. Kirsanov - organic chemist, reaction K. (phosphorescence)

94. A.M. Lyapunov - mathematician, created the theory of stability, equilibrium and motion of mechanical systems with a finite number of parameters, as well as L.'s theorem (one of the limit theorems of the theory of probability)

95.Dmitry Konovalov - chemist, Konovalov's laws (elasticity of parasolutions)

96 S.N. Reformed - organic chemist, Reformed reaction

97. V.A.Semennikov - metallurgist, was the first in the world to carry out semelessization of copper matte and obtained blister copper

98. I.R. Prigogine - physicist, P.'s theorem (thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes)

99. M.M. Protodyakonov - a scientist who developed the generally accepted scale of the fortress of rocks in the world

100. M.F. Shostakovsky - organic chemist, balm Sh. (Vinylin)

101. M.S. Color - color method (chromatography of plant pigments)

102. A.N. Tupolev - designed the world's first jet airliner and the first supersonic airliner

103. A.S. Famintsyn, a plant physiologist, was the first to develop a method for carrying out photosynthetic processes under artificial lighting

104.B.S. Stechkin - created two great theories - the thermal calculation of aircraft engines and air-jet engines

105. A.I. Leipunsky - physicist, discovered the phenomenon of energy transfer by excited atoms and molecules to free electrons in collisions

106.D.D. Maksutov - optician, M. telescope (meniscus system of optical instruments)

107. N. A. Menshutkin - chemist, discovered the effect of a solvent on the rate of a chemical reaction

108. I.I. Mechnikov - the founders of evolutionary embryology

109 S.N. Vinogradsky - discovered chemosynthesis

110. V.S. Pyatov - a metallurgist, invented a method for the production of armor plates by the rolling method

111. A.I. Bakhmutsky - invented the world's first coal harvester (for coal mining)

112. A.N. Belozersky - discovered DNA in higher plants

113. S.S. Bryukhonenko - physiologist, created the first heart-lung machine in the world (auto-light)

114. G.P. Georgiev - biochemist, discovered RNA in the nuclei of animal cells

115. E. A. Murzin - invented the world's first optoelectronic synthesizer "ANS"

116. P.M. Golubitsky - Russian inventor in the field of telephony

Russia is rich in great scientists and inventors who made their significant contribution not only to Russian progress, but also to the world one. We invite you to familiarize yourself with the brilliant fruits of the engineering thought of our compatriots, which you can rightfully be proud of!

1. Electroforming

We so often come across products that look like metal, but in fact are made of plastic and are only covered with a layer of metal that we no longer notice them. There is also hardware coated with a layer of another metal - for example, nickel. And there are metal products that are actually a copy of a non-metallic base. We owe all these miracles to the genius of physics Boris Jacobi - by the way, the elder brother of the great German mathematician Carl Gustav Jacobi.

Jacobi's passion for physics resulted in the creation of the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the shaft, but one of his most important discoveries was electroforming - the process of metal deposition on a form that allows you to create perfect copies of the original object. In this way, for example, sculptures on the naves of St. Isaac's Cathedral were created. Electroforming can be used even at home.

The electroforming method and its derivatives have found numerous applications. With its help, what has not been done and is still not doing, right down to the clichés of state banks. Jacobi received the Demidov Prize for this discovery in Russia, and a large gold medal in Paris. Perhaps made by this very method too.

2. Electric car

In the last third of the 19th century, the world was seized by a uniform electric fever. Therefore, electric cars were made by all and sundry. This was the "golden age" of electric cars. The cities were smaller and the 60km mileage on a single charge was perfectly acceptable. One of the enthusiasts was the engineer Ippolit Romanov, who by 1899 had created several models of electric cabs.

But this is not even the main thing. Romanov invented and created in metal an electric omnibus for 17 passengers, developed a scheme of city routes for these progenitors of modern trolleybuses, and received a work permit. True, at your own personal commercial risk.

The inventor could not find the required amount, much to the delight of competitors - horse-drawn car owners and numerous cabbies. However, a working electromunibus caused great interest among other inventors and remained in the history of technology as an invention killed by the municipal bureaucracy.

3. Pipeline transport

It's hard to say what is considered the first real pipeline. We can recall the proposal of Dmitry Mendeleev, dated back to 1863, when he proposed to deliver oil from production sites to the seaport at the Baku oil fields, not in barrels, but through pipes. Mendeleev's proposal was not accepted, and two years later the first pipeline was built by the Americans in Pennsylvania. As always, when something is done abroad, they start doing it in Russia as well. Or at least allocate money.

In 1877, Alexander Bari and his assistant Vladimir Shukhov again came up with the idea of ​​pipeline transport, already relying on the American experience, and again on the authority of Mendeleev. As a result, Shukhov built the first oil pipeline in Russia in 1878, proving the convenience and practicality of pipeline transport. The example of Baku, which was then one of the two leaders in the world oil production, became contagious, and "getting on the pipe" became the dream of any enterprising person. In the photo: a view of a three-fuel cube. Baku, 1887.

4. Electric arc welding

Nikolay Benardos comes from Novorossiysk Greeks who lived on the Black Sea coast. He is the author of more than a hundred inventions, but went down in history thanks to electric arc welding of metals, which he patented in 1882 in Germany, France, Russia, Italy, England, USA and other countries, calling his method "electrohephaestus".

Benardos' method spread across the planet like wildfire. Instead of fiddling with rivets-bolts, it was enough to just weld pieces of metal. However, it took about half a century for welding to finally take the leading position among assembly methods. A seemingly simple method is to create an electric arc between the consumable electrode in the hands of the welder and the pieces of metal that need to be welded. But the solution is elegant. True, it did not help the inventor to meet his old age with dignity; he died in poverty in 1905 in an almshouse.

5. Multi-engine aircraft "Ilya Muromets"

It's hard to believe now, but a little over a hundred years ago, it was believed that a multi-engine aircraft would be extremely difficult and dangerous to fly. The absurdity of these statements was proved by Igor Sikorsky, who in the summer of 1913 flew into the air a twin-engine aircraft, called Le Grand, and then its four-engine version - "Russian Knight".

On February 12, 1914, the four-engine "Ilya Muromets" took off in the air at the range of the Russian-Baltic plant in Riga. There were 16 passengers on board the four-engine aircraft - an absolute record at that time. The plane had a comfortable cabin, heating, a bath with a toilet and ... a promenade deck. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the aircraft in the summer of 1914, Igor Sikorsky made a flight on the Ilya Muromets from St. Petersburg to Kiev and back, setting a world record. During World War I, these aircraft became the world's first heavy bombers.

6. Quad and helicopter

Igor Sikorsky also created the first production helicopter, the R-4, or S-47, which Vought-Sikorsky began producing in 1942. It was the first and only helicopter that took part in World War II, in the Pacific theater of operations, as a staff transport and for the evacuation of the wounded.

However, it is unlikely that the US military department would have let Igor Sikorsky boldly experiment with helicopter technology if it were not for the amazing rotary-wing aircraft of Georgy Botezat, who in 1922 began testing his helicopter, which was ordered by the American military. The helicopter was the first to actually take off from the ground and could stay in the air. The possibility of vertical flight has thus been proven.

The Botezat helicopter was called the "flying octopus" because of its interesting design. It was a quadrocopter: four propellers were placed at the ends of metal trusses, and the control system was located in the center - just like in modern radio-controlled drones.

7. Color photo

Color photography appeared at the end of the 19th century, but the images of that time were characterized by a shift in one or another part of the spectrum. The Russian photographer was one of the best in Russia and, like many of his colleagues around the world, dreamed of achieving the most natural color reproduction.

In 1902, Prokudin-Gorsky studied color photography in Germany with Adolf Mite, who by that time was the world star of color photography. Returning home, Prokudin-Gorsky began to improve the chemistry of the process and in 1905 he patented his own sensitizer, that is, a substance that increases the sensitivity of photographic plates. As a result, he managed to obtain negatives of exceptional quality.

Prokudin-Gorsky organized a number of expeditions across the territory Russian Empire photographing famous people (for example, Leo Tolstoy), and peasants, temples, landscapes, factories, thus creating an amazing collection of colored Russia. Demonstrations by Prokudin-Gorsky aroused great interest in the world and pushed other specialists to develop new principles of color printing.

8. Parachute

As you know, the idea of ​​a parachute was proposed by Leonardo da Vinci, and several centuries later, with the advent of aeronautics, regular jumps from under balloons began: parachutes were suspended under them in a partially open state. In 1912, the American Barry was able to leave the plane with such a parachute and, importantly, he landed alive.

The problem was solved by who in what way. For example, American Stefan Banich made a parachute in the form of an umbrella with telescopic spokes that were attached around the pilot's torso. This design worked, although it was still not very convenient. But the engineer Gleb Kotelnikov decided that it was all about the material, and made his parachute out of silk, packing it in a compact knapsack. Kotelnikov patented his invention in France on the eve of the First World War.

But besides the knapsack parachute, he came up with another interesting thing. He tested the deployment of the parachute, opening it while the car was moving, which literally stood rooted to the spot. So Kotelnikov invented a brake parachute as an emergency braking system for aircraft.

9. Theremin

The history of this musical instrument, emitting strange "space" sounds, began with the development of alarm systems. It was then that the descendant of the French Huguenots, Lev Theremin, in 1919, drew attention to the fact that a change in the position of the body near the antennas of oscillatory circuits affects the loudness and tonality of the sound in the control dynamics.

Everything else was a matter of technique. And marketing: Theremin showed his musical instrument to the leader of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin, an enthusiast of the cultural revolution, and then demonstrated it in the States.

The life of Lev Termen was difficult, he knew both ups, fame, and camps. His musical instrument lives on to this day. The coolest version is Moog Etherwave. Theremin can be heard among the most advanced and quite pop singers. This is truly an invention of all time.

10. Color television

Vladimir Zvorykin was born into a merchant family in the city of Murom. Since childhood, the boy had the opportunity to read a lot and stage all sorts of experiments - his father encouraged this passion for science in every way. Having started his studies in St. Petersburg, he learned about cathode-ray tubes and came to the conclusion that the future of television lies in electronic circuits.

Zvorykin was lucky, he left Russia on time in 1919. He worked for many years and at the beginning of the 30s patented a transmitting television tube - an iconoscope. Even earlier, he designed one of the options for the receiving tube - a kinescope. And then, already in the 1940s, he split the light beam into blue, red and green colors and got color TV.

In addition, Zvorykin developed a night vision device, an electron microscope and many more interesting things. He has been inventing all his long life and even in retirement continued to amaze with his new solutions.

11. VCR

The AMPEX company was founded in 1944 by a Russian émigré Alexander Matveyevich Ponyatov, who took three letters of his initials for the name and added EX - short for "excellent". At first, Ponyatov produced sound recording equipment, but in the early 50s he focused on the development of video recording.

By that time, there were already experiments in recording television images, but they required a huge amount of tape. Poniatov and colleagues suggested recording the signal across the tape using a rotating head unit. On November 30, 1956, the first recorded CBS news was broadcast. And in 1960, the company, represented by its leader and founder, received an Oscar for outstanding contribution to the technical equipment of the film and television industry.

Fate brought Alexander Ponyatov to interesting people... He was a competitor to Zworykin, Ray Dolby, the creator of the famous noise reduction system, worked with him, and the famous Bing Crosby was one of the first clients and investors. And one more thing: by order of Ponyatov, birches were necessarily planted near any office - in memory of the Motherland.

12. Tetris

A long time ago, 30 years ago, the Pentamino puzzle was popular in the USSR: it was necessary to place various figures consisting of five squares on a square lined field. Collections of problems were even published, and the results were discussed.

From a mathematical point of view, this puzzle was an excellent test for the computer. And so a researcher at the Computing Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences Alexei Pazhitnov wrote such a program for his computer "Electronics 60". But the power was not enough, and Alexey removed one cube from the figures, that is, made a "tetrimino". Well, then the idea came to make the figures fall into the "glass". This is how Tetris appeared.

It was the first computer game because of the Iron Curtain, and for many people the first computer game in general. And although many new toys have already appeared, Tetris still attracts with its seeming simplicity and real complexity.

Russia is a rich country. And it's not just about natural resources and not about financial. Russia is rich in talents, because it was Russia that gave the whole world great scientists, without whose inventions and discoveries we cannot imagine our life today, it is our country that is the Motherland of inventors who made their significant contribution not only to Russian progress, but also to the world one. And if they tell you that Russia is the homeland of bast shoes and balalaikas, grin at this person in the face and list at least 10 items from this list. We invite you to familiarize yourself with the brilliant fruits of our compatriots, which you can rightfully be proud of! I think it's a shame not to know such things.

The first printed book

Ivan Fedorov (circa 1520 - December 5, 1583) is the creator of the first accurately dated printed book "Apostle" in the Russian kingdom, as well as the founder of a printing house in the Russian province of the Polish kingdom.

Ivan Fedorov is traditionally called "the first Russian book printer"

In 1563, by order of John IV, a house was built in Moscow - the Printing House, which the tsar generously provided from his treasury. The Apostle was printed in it (book, 1564). The first printed book, which indicates the name of Ivan Fedorov (and Peter Mstislavets, who helped him), was the "Apostle", which was worked on, as indicated in the afterword to him, from April 19, 1563 to March 1, 1564. This is the first accurately dated printed Russian book. The next year, Fedorov's printing house published his second book, The Chasovnik. After some time, attacks on printers began by professional scribes, whose traditions and income were threatened by the printing house. After an arson attack that destroyed their workshop, Fedorov and Mstislavets left for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Ivan Fedorov and the first printing press in Russia

Ivan Fedorov himself writes that in Moscow he had to endure very strong and frequent resentment towards himself not from the tsar, but from state leaders, priests and teachers who envied him, hated him, accused Ivan of many heresies and wanted to destroy God's work (i.e. typography). These people drove Ivan Fedorov out of his native Fatherland, and Ivan had to move to another country, in which he had never been. In this country, Ivan, as he himself writes, was kindly received by the pious King Sigismund II Augustus, along with his joy.

Screw-cutting lathe

Andrey Konstantinovich Nartov (1693-1756) - inventor of the world's first screw-cutting lathe with a mechanized slide and a set of replaceable gear wheels. Nartov developed the design of the world's first screw-cutting lathe with a mechanized slide and a set of replaceable gear wheels (1738). Subsequently, this invention was forgotten and the screw-cutting lathe with a mechanical slide and a guitar of replaceable gears was reinvented around 1800 by Henry Model.

In 1754 A. Nartov was promoted to the rank of general of state councilor

Working in the Artillery Department, Nartov created new machines, original fuses, proposed new methods of casting cannons and sealing shells in the channel of a gun, etc. He invented an original optical sight. The significance of Nartov's inventions was so great that on May 2, 1746, a decree was issued on awarding A.K. Nartov for artillery inventions with five thousand rubles. In addition, several villages in the Novgorod district were assigned to him.

Bike

Artamonov Efim Mikheevich (1776 - 1841), was a serf and worked as a mechanic at the Demidovs' Nizhny Tagil plant, where they prepared metal fasteners. There he got hold of metal for his invention. From childhood, helping his father, who built barges for the alloy of cast iron, iron and all kinds of metal, he learned a lot. At twenty-five, he built the first two-wheeled all-metal bicycle. Efim often had to walk from Nizhniy Tagil to the Staro-Utkinskaya pier, covering only eighty miles at one end. Perhaps, during these transitions, the idea of ​​building a scooter appeared.

Monument to the inventor of the bicycle Yefim ARTAMONOV in Yekaterinburg

Artamonov's scooter, built at the Nizhniy Tagil plant, was made of iron. It had two wheels located one after the other. The front wheel was almost three times the size of the rear. The wheels were held together by a curved metal frame. The scooter was set in motion by feet by alternately pressing on the pedals, which sat on the front wheel axle. Later it will be called a bicycle.

In 1801 Artamonov decided to ride his bicycle from the Ural village of Verkhoturye to Moscow (about two thousand miles). The scooter was heavy on the move. Due to the large front wheel, it was easy to topple over your head when going downhill. And when going uphill, it was necessary to "press" with all the strength of the legs so that the bike did not go backwards. It was the first bike ride in the world. According to legend, the serf Artamonov was sent on this journey by his owner - the owner of the plant, who wanted to surprise Tsar Alexander I with a "outlandish scooter". From Petersburg he left for Moscow. Artamonov was granted 25 rubles and was given free rein to him and his family.

Unfortunately, further traces of Efim Artamonov are lost along with his invention. It is believed that the bicycle was invented by the German Baron Karl Drais, who received a patent in 1818. Although he created just a wooden scooter, on which it was necessary to move, pushing off the ground with his feet. Without any pedals!

Submarine

Kazimir Gavrilovich Charnovsky (1791-27.09.1847), a nobleman from the Igumensky district of the Minsk province, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress for his connection with the Decembrists, on July 1, 1829, submitted a letter to the highest name: “In 1825 I invented a submarine ... (at that time all ships were wooden), cylindrical in shape - the bow was pointed, the stern was blunt. In the upper part there is a retractable wheelhouse with portholes. The immersion system consists of 28 leather bellows, into which seawater enters; when surfacing, water is squeezed out of the bellows by special levers. On the boat - firearms and a self-igniting mine, which can be brought under the bottom of an enemy ship ... ". On July 19, this letter was read and recognized as a document of national importance. The invention was not implemented then, since the talented engineer General Bazin, who gave a positive opinion on it, having learned that the inventor was a state criminal, did not dare to continue work on implementation. Until now, it has not been established how, without complex tools, books and reference books, Chernovsky was able to create a voluminous and completely scientifically reasoned description of the first submarine project in the Russian Empire in three weeks. He provided for almost everything - and a system for moving under water, and oxygen cylinders, and special mines with a chemical fuse for arming the submarine, and a shock absorber for bottom diving, and even a spacesuit. For the first time in world practice, Kazimir Chernovsky substantiated the need to use metal for the construction of a submarine and give the ship a streamlined cylindrical shape.

Chernovsky was one of the first to propose to build a cylindrical ship with a metal hull, equipped with a movable periscope. It is believed that the Russian general Karl Andreevich Schilder, who built the first metal submarine in 1834, was familiar with Chernovsky's project and borrowed some technical ideas from it. According to Schilder's designs, the world's first all-metal submarine was built, from which, under his command, the world's first missile launch from a submerged position was carried out, and the steamer Courage (1846), armed with artillery and missiles, was the prototype of the destroyer.

The Cherepanov brothers (actually father and son) in 1833-1834. created the first steam locomotive in Russia, and then in 1835 - the second, more powerful.

In 1834, at the Vyysky plant, which was part of the Nizhniy Tagil factories of Demidov, the Russian mechanic Miron Efimovich Cherepanov, with the help of his father Yefim Alekseevich, built the first steam locomotive in Russia entirely from domestic materials. This word did not yet exist in everyday life, and the locomotive was called "land steamer". Today, a model of the first Russian steam locomotive of type 1−1−0, built by the Cherepanovs, is kept in the Central Museum of Railway Transport in St. Petersburg.

the first Russian steam locomotive of the CHEREPANOV brothers (1834)

The first steam locomotive had a working mass of 2.4 tons. Its experimental trips began in August 1834. The production of the second steam locomotive was completed in March 1835. The second steam locomotive could carry loads already weighing 1000 poods (16.4 tons) at a speed of up to 16 km. / h

Cherepanov was denied a patent for a steam locomotive, because it "smelly"

Unfortunately, unlike stationary steam engines, which were in demand at that time by the Russian industry, the first Russian railroad The Cherepanovs were not given the attention that she deserved. Drawings and documents now found that characterize the activities of the Cherepanovs indicate that they were true innovators and highly gifted masters of technology. They created not only the Nizhniy Tagil railway and its rolling stock, but also designed many steam engines, metal-working machines, and built a steam turbine.

Electric car

In the last third of the 19th century, the world was seized by a uniform electric fever. Therefore, electric cars were made by all and sundry. This was the "golden age" of electric cars. One of the enthusiasts was the engineer Ippolit Vladimirovich Romanov. In 1899, in St. Petersburg, with the participation of Romanov and according to his projects, the first domestic electric car was built, designed to carry two people and known as the "cuckoo". Its mass was 750 kg, of which 370 kg was occupied by the battery, which was enough for 60 km at a speed of 35 versts per hour (about 39 km / h). An omnibus car was also created, transporting 17 people at a speed of 20 km / h over a distance of the same 60 km.

Ippolit Romanov's first electric omnibus in Gatchina

Romanov developed a scheme of city routes for these ancestors of modern trolleybuses and received a work permit. True, at your own personal commercial risk. The inventor could not find the required amount, much to the delight of competitors - horse-drawn car owners and numerous cabbies. However, the working electromnibus aroused great interest among other inventors and remained in the history of technology as an invention killed by the municipal bureaucracy.

Mozhaisky plane

The talented Russian inventor Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky (1825-1890) was the first in the world to create a life-size aircraft capable of lifting a person into the air. In 1876, he designed a model airplane that flew a decent distance in a room with an officer's dagger as a load. Mozhaisky desperately lacked money for research: the military department did not consider it necessary to spend money on, in their opinion, dubious projects. But, in spite of everything, in 1885, the plane built on his own funds accelerated and slightly took off from the ground. But the air currents threw the plane to the side, as a result of which it tilted, touched the ground with its wing, the wing broke off and the plane fell. The plane flew about 100 fathoms (213 meters).

Mozhaisky's plane - illustration in the book "Aeronautics in 100 years" (1884)

While designing the plane, Mozhaisky originally planned to install one of the first samples of internal combustion engines, but they proved to be untenable, due to too large mass and low power, so a lightweight model of a steam engine with a capacity of 21 hp was used in the design. The weight characteristics of the steam-power unit of the Mozhaisky aircraft were extremely high for their time. Despite the unsuccessful flight, the fact of creating the first aircraft in the world remains a fact: a heavy machine with a man on board was lifted into the air by a Russian engineer, and not by the Wright brothers. Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky died in poverty, spending all his savings on improving his brainchild, never seeing his second flight. It was a creative feat that forever glorified our Motherland. Unfortunately, the surviving documentary materials do not allow describing AF Mozhaisky's aircraft and its tests in the necessary details.

Aerodynamics

Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky developed the theoretical foundations of aviation and methods for calculating aircraft - and this was at the time when the builders of the first aircraft argued that "an aircraft is not a machine, it cannot be calculated", and most of all they hoped for experience, practice and their intuition. In 1904, Zhukovsky discovered the law that determines the lift of an aircraft wing, determined the main profiles of the wings and propeller blades of an aircraft; developed the vortex theory of the propeller.

Electric tram

In St. Petersburg on August 22, 1880, the world's first electric tram was tested. The first tram was created by an artillery officer and engineer Fyodor Apollonovich Pirotsky (02.17.1845, Lokhvitsky u. Poltava province - 02.28.1898, Alyoshka), who was born into a family of military doctors from the Cossacks. Pirotsky moved an ordinary two-story horse-drawn carriage with the help of electricity supplied along the rails. Petersburg newspapers reported that for the first time in Russia they would "move the carriage with electric traction" and that the public met with delight the unusual innovation.

The first electric tram

Due to the resistance of the owners of the horse tram, regular tram traffic began almost 30 years later (September 29, 1907). Since Pirotsky did not have the funds to improve the design of the tram, his ideas were picked up abroad and in Russia by others. So, Karl Siemens carefully studied the work of Pirotsky, redrawn the schemes and asked him many questions; six months later, in Berlin, his older brother Werner Siemens made a report "Dynamo-electric machine and its use on the railways" (since 1881, their company began to produce cars, the design of which coincided with Pirotsky's project). This is not Pirotsky's only invention. He laid the first underground electrical cable in St. Petersburg for the transmission of electricity from the cannon foundry to the Artillery School in 1881. He was also the author of the project for a centralized underground city power grid, proposed a new design of blast furnaces and baking ovens. When the retired colonel died, he had no money: his furniture was mortgaged to pay for the funeral.

Monorail road

The first monorail (on wooden beam and horse-drawn - "road on pillars") was built in 1820 in the village near Moscow. Myachkovo (in limestone quarries) by Ivan Kirillovich Elmanov. A horse-drawn trolley moved along a beam, which was installed on small supports. To Elmanov's great regret, there was no philanthropist who was interested in the invention, which is why he had to abandon the idea. Two years later, the monorail track was patented on November 22, 1821 in England by Palmer. However, the monorail received serious development after 1898 almost simultaneously in England, America, France and Russia. Only 70 years later the monorail was built in Gatchina, St. Petersburg province. The experimental section of the suspended (monorail) electric railway, built according to the project of the engineer and hereditary nobleman Ippolit Vladimirovich Romanov, was operated in Gatchina since 1899. On January 19, 1901, the City Duma of St. Petersburg received a request from Romanov for permission to organize ten routes of the "electric omnibus". Romanov created batteries that were perfect for his time, which made it possible to technically solve the issue of building a monorail road with electric vehicles, but the project was not in demand by the authorities.

Crawler

The Russian peasant Fyodor Blinov (25.07.1831 (32), the village of Nikolskoe, Volsky district of Saratov province - 24.06.1902) was a barge haule, a fireman, a steamboat driver. On March 27, 1878, he applied for a patent for the "car with endless rails" invented by him - a prototype of a caterpillar tractor. He received the privilege (patent) No. 2245 in the fall of 1879. The world's first crawler tractor (steam-powered) was made by him at the end of the 1880s. In 1889 and 1896. as the inventor of the tractor, he was awarded medals at the Saratov and Nizhny Novgorod exhibitions. He refused to the Germans who asked Blinov to sell the "self-propelled gun" for the organization of mass production, but he was not supported in his own country. The Volgar newspaper wrote about the story of Blinov's self-propelled gun: “The trouble is that Russian inventors are Russians. We have no confidence in our own creative powers. "

Internal combustion engine

In 1887 Boris Grigorievich Lutskoy (Lutsky; 1865 in the village of Andreevka near Berdyansk, Taurida province - 1920). patented an internal combustion engine. He is responsible for the creation of the world's first vertical car engine. He studied at the gymnasium in Sevastopol, after graduating in 1882 he entered the Munich Polytechnic Institute. The author of gasoline engines for cars Daimler (Daimler-Lutskaya), he built engines for Russian warships. A stamped steel frame, breakaway magneto ignition, a T-shaped cylinder head, a 4-cylinder vertical engine block, a foot accelerator instead of a manual one, a radiator placed in front of the engine - this is just a small list of Boris Lutsky's inventions. An armored car with a gasoline engine was invented by Lutskaya in 1900 (before that there were armored steam engines). Took part in organizing the production and supply of Daimler-Lutskaya automobiles for Russia. In 1912, the magazine "Vozduhoplavatel" informed readers: "On February 24, in the afternoon at the airfield in Johannisthal ... aviator Girt made one and with a passenger very successful test flights on the greatest airplane in the world, built by the Russian inventor Boris Lutsky ... The device develops a speed of up to 150 km / h and resembles a huge bird in flight. Geert overtook all the other airplanes participating in the flights, which seemed motionless in comparison with the new device, today on this device.

Arc welding

Nikolay Benardos comes from Novorossiysk Greeks who lived on the Black Sea coast. He is the author of more than a hundred inventions, but went down in history thanks to electric arc welding of metals, which he patented in 1882 in Germany, France, Russia, Italy, England, USA and other countries, calling his method "electrohephaestus".
Benardos' method spread across the planet like wildfire. Instead of fiddling with rivets-bolts, it was enough to just weld pieces of metal. However, it took about half a century for welding to finally take the leading position among assembly methods. A seemingly simple method is to create an electric arc between the consumable electrode in the hands of the welder and the pieces of metal that need to be welded. But the solution is elegant. True, it did not help the inventor to meet his old age with dignity; he died in poverty in 1905 in an almshouse.

Incandescent lamp

Physics professor Vasily Petrov in 1802 discovered an amazing phenomenon - an electric arc (the Englishman Humphrey Davy did this six years later). Many scientists have tried to make this discharge burn for a long time. But only the engineer Alexander Lodygin (1847 - 1923) had the idea to pump air out of the flask, and a little later to replace the carbon wicks with tungsten ones, which are still used today. He even received a patent, including in the United States. But Thomas Edison turned out to be a more successful marketer.

Lodygin is the creator of the autonomous diving suit project

He improved the Lodygin bulb, patented it as his own in 1879, opened industrial production and trumpeted all over the world about his success. Lodygin was not up to challenging the championship. He was too keen on science, and then a revolution happened in Russia, and Alexander Nikolaevich, a White Guard officer, had to go abroad. In the States, he could not get a job and was forced to accept General Electric's offer to buy out his patent. Note that the American company bought the license from a Russian, not from its fellow countryman Edison. But for some reason he is considered the author of the incandescent light bulb.

The first Russian assault rifle

Vladimir Grigorievich Fedorov is the author of the first Russian automatic rifle, which can be safely called "automatic", since the rifle was able to shoot in bursts. The machine was created before the outbreak of the First World War. Beginning in 1916, the Fedorov rifle began to be used in hostilities.

As you know, the idea of ​​a parachute was proposed by Leonardo da Vinci, and several centuries later, with the advent of aeronautics, regular jumps from under balloons began: parachutes were suspended under them in a partially open state. In 1912, the American Barry was able to leave the plane with such a parachute and, importantly, he landed alive.
The problem was solved by who in what way. For example, American Stefan Banich made a parachute in the form of an umbrella with telescopic spokes that were attached around the pilot's torso. This design worked, although it was still not very convenient.

In 1911, a Russian military man, Kotelnikov, impressed by the death of the Russian pilot Captain L. Matsievich, which he saw at the All-Russian festival of aeronautics in 1910, invented a fundamentally new parachute RK-1. Kotelnikov's parachute was compact. Its dome is made of silk, the slings were divided into 2 groups and attached to the shoulder grips suspension system... The canopy and the slings were placed in a wooden and later aluminum satchel. Kotelnikov patented his invention in France on the eve of the First World War. Later, in 1923, Kotelnikov proposed a parachute pack made in the form of an envelope with honeycomb for lines. In 1917, the Russian army registered 65 parachute descents, 36 for rescue and 29 voluntary.

But besides the knapsack parachute, he came up with another interesting thing. He tested the deployment of the parachute, opening it while the car was moving, which literally stood rooted to the spot. So Kotelnikov invented a brake parachute as an emergency braking system for aircraft.

Mask

The first hose gas masks in the Russian Empire were used in the gilding of the domes of St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg, in 1838-1841. They were glass caps with a hose through which air was supplied, but they were not saved from poisoning, 60 craftsmen died. Apparently, there was no skin protection through which high concentration mercury vapors could be absorbed.

Mask with charcoal filter N. D. Zelinsky

In 1915, the chemist Nikolai Dmitrievich Zelinsky worked in the Petrograd Central Laboratory of the Ministry of Finance, where he had the idea of ​​using coal to protect light soldiers from gases. His activity was associated with the production of alcohol, in which coal was used to remove fusel oils. During tests, it was found that this rock has the ability to absorb volatile toxic compounds. The world's first filtering coal gas mask, invented in the Russian Empire by the Russian scientist Zelinsky, was adopted by the Entente army in 1916. The main sorbent material in it was activated carbon.

Periodic table of chemical elements

The periodic table of chemical elements (periodic table) is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on charge atomic nucleus... The system is a graphic expression of the periodic law established by the Russian chemist D.I.Mendeleev in 1869. Its initial version was developed by D.I.Mendeleev in 1869-1871 and established the dependence of the properties of elements on their atomic weight (in modern terms, on atomic mass).

Contrary to the legend, the scientist did not invent vodka, it was invented before him. The myth arose from the fact that in 1865 he defended his doctoral dissertation on the study of the chemical effects of the combination of alcohol with water.

It happens so: the opening seems to be in the air. Nevertheless, Dmitry Mendeleev (1834 - 1907) ordered the chemical elements known at that time according to the increase in atomic masses and published the table before Lothar Meyer. This fact spurred the German on, and a few months later he stamped his version in the German magazine "Liebigs Annalen". Dmitry Ivanovich replied: in December 1869 he presented to the scientific community an updated table, describing the probable properties of three elements that are not yet known. One of them, gallium, was discovered more than five years later, scandium and germanium even later.

“I’m ready to admit that I don’t have the same courage to predict. No one rejoiced more than me in their coincidence with reality, ”assured Lothar Meyer. But he zealously defended his right to authorship of the periodic table. To end the controversy, in 1882, the Royal Society of London awarded both of them with the gold medal Davy "for extremely important discoveries in any field of chemistry." But in Germany our primacy, of course, will never be recognized.

Electric motor

Boris Semenovich Yakobi, an architect by education, at the age of 33, while in Konigsberg, became interested in the physics of charged particles, and in 1834 he made a discovery - an electric motor operating on the principle of rotation of a working shaft. Instantly Jacobi becomes famous in academic circles, and among many invitations for further study and development, he chooses St. Petersburg University. So, together with Academician Emiliy Khristianovich Lenz, he continued work on the electric motor, creating two more options. The first was designed for a boat and rotated paddle wheels. With the help of this engine, the vessel was easily kept afloat, moving even against the current of the Neva River. And the second electric motor was the prototype of the modern tram and rolled a man in a cart on the rails. Among Jacobi's inventions, one can also note electroforming - a process that allows you to create perfect copies of the original object. This discovery has been widely applied to decorate interiors, houses and more. Among the achievements of the scientist is also the creation of underground and submarine cables. Boris Jacobi became the author of about a dozen designs of telegraph devices, and in 1850 invented the world's first direct-printing telegraph apparatus, which worked on the principle of synchronous movement. This device was recognized as one of the greatest achievements of electrical engineering in the mid-19th century.

Ilya Muromets multi-engine aircraft

It's hard to believe now, but a little over a hundred years ago, it was believed that a multi-engine aircraft would be extremely difficult and dangerous to fly. The absurdity of these statements was proved by Igor Sikorsky, who in the summer of 1913 flew into the air a twin-engine aircraft, called Le Grand, and then its four-engine version - "Russian Knight".
On February 12, 1914, the four-engine "Ilya Muromets" took off in the air at the training ground of the Russian-Baltic plant in Riga. There were 16 passengers on board the four-engine aircraft - an absolute record at that time. The plane had a comfortable cabin, heating, a bath with a toilet and ... a promenade deck. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the aircraft in the summer of 1914, Igor Sikorsky made a flight on the Ilya Muromets from St. Petersburg to Kiev and back, setting a world record. During World War I, these aircraft became the world's first heavy bombers.

Quad and helicopter

Igor Sikorsky also created the first production helicopter, the R-4, or S-47, which Vought-Sikorsky began producing in 1942. It was the first and only helicopter that took part in World War II, in the Pacific theater of operations, as a staff transport and for the evacuation of the wounded.
However, it is unlikely that the US military department would have let Igor Sikorsky boldly experiment with helicopter technology if it were not for the amazing rotary-wing aircraft of Georgy Botezat, who in 1922 began testing his helicopter, which was ordered by the American military. The helicopter was the first to actually take off from the ground and could stay in the air. The possibility of vertical flight has thus been proven.
The Botezat helicopter was called the "flying octopus" because of its interesting design. It was a quadrocopter: four propellers were placed at the ends of metal trusses, and the control system was located in the center - just like in modern radio-controlled drones.

The world's first tank

The world's first tank "All-terrain vehicle" was tested in Russia near Riga on May 18, 1915. More than 3 months remained before the tests described in encyclopedias as the world's first tank of the British "Lincoln No. 1". The machine was designed and built in the workshops of the Nizhny Novgorod Infantry Regiment stationed in Riga by a 23-year-old nobleman, universal engineer, inventor Alexander Alexandrovich Porokhovshchikov (1893-1942). Vehicle weight 3.5-4 tons, crew - 1 person, machine-gun armament, bulletproof booking. A 15 kW engine, a planetary transmission, a combined wheeled-caterpillar propeller (one caterpillar and two steerable wheels) ensured a maximum speed of 25 km / h. In the documents, the car is referred to as "self-propelled", "improved car", "self-propelled crew." In one of the articles Porokhovshchikov wrote: "Every Russian person should have one concern - serving the Motherland!"

The great Russian electrical physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov (03/04/1859, settlement Turinskie Rudniki, Perm province - 12/31/1905, Petersburg) at a meeting of the Russian Physicochemical Society on May 7, 1895 made a report on the communication system he invented without wires - radio - and demonstrated her work. Popov ended his message with the following words: "In conclusion, I can express the hope that my device, with further improvement, can be applied to transmitting signals over a distance using fast electrical oscillations, as soon as a source of such oscillations with sufficient energy is found."

A.S. Popov's activity, which preceded the discovery of radio, is research in the field of electrical engineering, magnetism and electromagnetic waves. Unfortunately, the discovery was not patented.

On March 24, 1896, Popov transmitted the world's first radiogram at a distance of 250 m, and in 1899 he designed a receiver for receiving signals by ear using a telephone receiver. This made it possible to simplify the reception scheme and increase the radio communication range.

Radio A.S. Popov

For his next major invention - a detector receiver with headphones - Popov received Russian privilege (Russian patent) No. 6066 in November 1901. A detector receiver with headphones was for a long time the most widespread due to its simplicity and low cost; under the name "telephone receiver of dispatches" the device received a large gold medal at the international exhibition in 1900 in Paris. Popov's receivers were widely used in Russia and France. In 1897 Popov discovered the phenomenon of radar and introduced radio to the fleet.

The first radio message, transmitted by A. S. Popov to the Gogland Island on February 6, 1900, contained an order to the icebreaker "Ermak" to go to the aid of the fishermen who had been carried away on an ice floe into the sea. The icebreaker followed the order and 27 fishermen were rescued. Popov implemented the world's first radio communication line at sea, created the first field army and civilian radio stations and successfully carried out work that proved the possibility of using radio in the ground forces and in aeronautics. In 1900, radio communication devices were successfully used in the rescue of the battleship General-Admiral Apraksin, which was in distress near about. Gogland. After the battleship was rescued, Admiral SO Makarov telegraphed Popov: "On behalf of all the Kronstadt sailors, I greet you with brilliant success." A year later, on June 2, 1896, in England, G. Marconi filed an application for the invention of equipment for communication without wires using electromagnetic waves. He was denied with reference to the publications of A.S. Popov.

Two days before his death, AS Popov was elected chairman of the physics department of the Russian Physicochemical Society. By this election, the Russian scientists underlined the enormous merits of A.S. Popov to the national science.

At the very time when Bell's phone was handed out in Munich with a categorical verdict “not suitable for long-distance communications, the limit is 10 km,” Pavel Golubitsky, a famous inventor and pioneer of domestic telephony, is testing a similar design in Russia. The distance covered by the device he developed is 353 km!

Pavel Mikhailovich Golubitsky was born on March 16 (28), 1845 in the Tver province. Graduated from the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University in 1870. On his estate Pochuevo, Golubitsky created the first telephone workshop in Russia, which even had a letterhead. The inventor also had a personal form: "Pavel Mikhailovich Golubitsky - the inventor of telephones."

Four people worked in the workshop, who made more than 100 devices in a few years. It was Golubitsky's team that developed the design of a microphone with carbon powder - this microphone is still alive in some devices. It's hard to believe, but thanks to Golubitsky, we can hold the phone in one hand - in the form of a tube, and not in two, as before, applying two mechanisms to the ear and mouth. The lever for switching the phone from the call mode to the conversation mode, the switch, which makes it possible to connect several telephone lines in pairs, the introduction of the telephone network on the railway - all these are the inventions of Pavel Mikhailovich.

They repeatedly tried to outbid Golubitsky's documentation and even an entire workshop, but he, not receiving any income from his hobby of his whole life, nevertheless invariably refused. In 1892, the workshop, probably as a result of arson, burned to the ground. At the same time, the senior master Vasily Blinov fell through the ground - along with the drawings. Only a few ready-made telephones survived, as well as technical documentation on patents and new developments.

TV

Boris Lvovich Rosing (1869-1933) - Russian physicist, scientist, teacher, inventor of television, the author of the first experiments on television, for which the Russian Technical Society awarded him the gold medal and the KG Siemens Prize. He grew up lively and inquisitive, studied successfully, was fond of literature and music. But his life turned out to be connected not at all with humanitarian areas of activity, but with the exact sciences. After graduating from the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University, BL Rosing became interested in the idea of ​​transmitting images over a distance. By 1912, BL Rosing was developing all the essential elements of modern black and white television tubes. His work at that time became known in many countries, and his patent for an invention was recognized in Germany, Great Britain and the USA.

Russian inventor B.L. Rosing is the inventor of television

In 1931 he was arrested in the "case of academicians" "for financial assistance to counterrevolutionaries" (he loaned money to a friend who was later arrested) and exiled for three years to Kotlas without the right to work. However, thanks to the intercession of the Soviet and foreign scientific community, in 1932 he was transferred to Arkhangelsk, where he entered the Department of Physics of the Arkhangelsk Forestry Institute. There he died on April 20, 1933 at the age of 63 from a cerebral hemorrhage. On November 15, 1957, BL Rosing was fully acquitted.

Television

"Information box" from which modern man sometimes he cannot tear himself away, invented by the Soviet physicist Vladimir Zvorykin. Vladimir was born into a merchant family in the city of Murom. Since childhood, the boy had the opportunity to read a lot and stage all sorts of experiments - his father encouraged this passion for science in every way. Having started his studies in St. Petersburg, he learned about cathode-ray tubes and came to the conclusion that the future of television lies in electronic circuits. Zvorykin was lucky, he left Russia on time in 1919. He worked for many years and in 1931 the scientist announced his work. In the early 30s he patented a transmitting television tube - an iconoscope. Even earlier, he designed one of the options for the receiving tube - a kinescope. A year later, the first twenty Soviet television sets were released in Leningrad. A little later, television broadcasting appeared, and "information boxes" began to be produced in the thousands. And then, already in the 1940s, he split the light beam into blue, red and green colors and got color TV. It is noteworthy that until 1967 the Soviet people were content with only black and white broadcasting, although Zvorykin had proposed the idea of ​​color television 35 years earlier. In memory of the great Soviet inventor, a monument to Vladimir Zvorykin and his invention, the first television, was erected near the capital's television center Ostankino.

In addition, Zvorykin developed a night vision device, an electron microscope and many more interesting things. He has been inventing all his long life and even in retirement continued to amaze with his new solutions.

Microwave oven

On June 13, 1941, the newspaper Trud described a special installation that used ultra-high frequency currents for processing meat products. It was developed in the laboratory of magnetic waves of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of the Meat Industry. Cooking the ham took only 15–20 minutes instead of 5–7 hours using the previous technology. The microwave oven was patented in the United States in 1946.

Kalashnikov assault rifle

Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov

The AK-47 assault rifle, which was mass-produced by the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant, brought its creator the fame that no other designer on the planet knew. Russian designer, general, creator of machine guns and machine guns Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov (born November 10, 1919, village of Kurya, Altai) was the 17th child in the family. His submachine gun is distributed in 55 countries, he is depicted on the emblems. The list of foreign copies of the AK-47 has at least 28 positions. It was produced under various names in Hungary, Germany, Israel, Romania, Finland, China, Poland, Yugoslavia, the Netherlands, Korea, Italy, Bulgaria, Egypt, India, Cuba, and the USA. The name of the American copy of the machine is characteristic: PolyTech Legend (Polytechnic legend). The Swiss make Kalashnikov watches, the British popular Kalashnikov vodka, the Arabs consider the name Kalash magical and give it to boys.

Atomic and hydrogen bomb

Academician Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov occupies a special place in the science of the twentieth century and in the history of our country. He, an outstanding physicist, has an exceptional role in the development of scientific and scientific-technical problems of mastering nuclear energy in the Soviet Union. The solution of this most difficult task, the creation of a nuclear shield for the Motherland in a short time in one of the most dramatic periods in the history of our country, the development of the problems of the peaceful use of nuclear energy was the main work of his life. It was under his leadership that the most terrible weapon of the post-war period was created and successfully tested in 1949. No room for error, otherwise - execution ... And already in 1961, a group of nuclear physicists from the Kurchatov laboratory created the most powerful explosive device in the entire history of mankind - the AN 602 hydrogen bomb, which was immediately assigned a quite appropriate historical name - “Tsar Bomb ". When this bomb was tested, the seismic wave resulting from the explosion circled the globe three times.

First man in space

Soviet designer Sergei Pavlovich Korolev worked on the creation of single-seat spaceships from 1958 to 1963. The Vostok spacecraft, created under his leadership, became the first project in the whole history that allowed launching a man into outer space.

On March 25, 1961, a test launch of the Vostok spacecraft took place with a dog Zvezdochka on board, as well as an astronaut's dummy, nicknamed Ivan Ivanovich. The tests were successful, the unit landed safely.

On April 12, 1961, the Russian cosmonaut Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin carried out the world's first manned flight into space on the Vostok spacecraft using the R-7 rocket (the first launch of the rocket was on August 21, 1957). The whole world flew around the winged Gagarin: "Let's go!" at the moment of launch from the Earth. Gagarin made a revolution around the Earth on the ship in 1 hour 48 minutes. All radio and television stations in the world broadcast flight details. The whole world recognized the call signs of Gagarin - "Kedr" and SP Korolev, who was in charge of the flight - "Zarya". Returning to Earth, Gagarin traveled to half of the countries the globe, and everywhere he was greeted as his own - flowers, smiles and exultant exclamations. But, no matter how boundless his fame was, he remained a modest man: six years later, in 1967, when the 9th Russian manned spacecraft was launched with V.M. Komarov, Gagarin performed the function of a backup. In 1968, Gagarin's hometown of Gzhatsk in the Smolensk Region was renamed the city of Gagarin.

Against the background of this worldwide fame of the Russian people, the Americans were shocked. After the epoch-making breakthrough into space of the Russians, who launched the first artificial Earth satellite (October 4, 1957), they set the goal of putting the first man into space. They had to catch up again. Almost a month later (May 5, 1961) after the Russians, they launched the first American into space. The second person in space after Gagarin was A. Shepard, who made a 15-minute suborbital flight. In fact, it was not a flight, but a "jump" into space without launching the spacecraft into the orbit of an Earth satellite. The real orbital space flight by the first American (J. Glenn) was completed only the next year - February 20, 1962. The Americans, proud of Shepard's achievement, renamed the cosmonaut's hometown to Speystown (Cosmograd). Unfortunately, Kosmograd never appeared on the map, although there were more reasons for this than the Americans. Since 1962, April 12 has become a state holiday of the USSR - Cosmonautics Day. Since 1968 it has been celebrated as the World Day of Aviation and Astronautics. In 2011, by the decision of the UN, April 12 was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight.

The first artificial Earth satellite

The first artificial satellite of the earth

In 1955, designer Sergei Pavlovich Korolev turned to the Central Committee of the CPSU with the initiative to launch an artificial Earth satellite into outer space. The satellite was launched into low-earth orbit on October 4, 1957. The spacecraft, called the simplest satellite-1 (PS-1), looked like a ball reaching 58 centimeters in diameter. Its weight was 83.6 kilograms. The design was complemented by four antennas (2.9 and 2.4 meters), which were necessary for transmitting signals, their functioning was carried out from the transmitter batteries. After 295 seconds from the moment of launch, the artificial Earth satellite, together with the main rocket unit, which weighed 7.5 tons, was in orbit, the height of which at perigee was 288 kilometers, and at apogee - 947 kilometers. At 315 seconds, the satellite separated from the rocket, and immediately the whole world could hear its call signs.

3 facts about the invention:

The satellite flew for 92 days, until January 4, 1958. He managed to complete 1440 revolutions around our planet.

The launch date is celebrated in the Russian Federation as the day of the Space Forces.

The United States managed to realize a successful launch of its own satellite only a year and a half after a similar launch in Russia.

Launching a ship to another planet

On November 16, 1965, the automatic interplanetary station "Venera-3" was launched, after three and a half months, for the first time in the world, it made a flight to another planet - Venus. The completion of the flight is another world achievement - the first landing on another planet on March 1, 1966. Scientific data on outer space and near-planetary space were obtained in the year of the calm Sun. A large volume of trajectory measurements was of great value for studying the problems of ultra-long-range communications and interplanetary flights. Magnetic fields, cosmic rays, low-energy charged particle fluxes, solar plasma fluxes and their energy spectra, cosmic radio emissions and micrometeors were studied. For the first time on another planet there was a pennant with the image of the coat of arms of the country - the Soviet Union.

Artificial satellite of Mars

With the help of the "Proton" launch vehicle, on July 12, 1998, the automatic interplanetary station "Phobos-2" was launched, which flew up to Mars and put into orbit an artificial satellite of Mars. At the stage of orbital motion around Mars, the plasma environment of Mars, the interaction of its atmosphere with the solar wind were investigated, the study of the satellite of Mars was carried out: unique scientific results on the thermal characteristics of Phobos were obtained.

Color photo

Color photography appeared at the end of the 19th century, but the images of that time were characterized by a shift in one or another part of the spectrum. Russian photographer Sergei Prokudin-Gorsky was one of the best in Russia and, like many of his colleagues around the world, dreamed of achieving the most natural color reproduction.
In 1902, Prokudin-Gorsky studied color photography in Germany with Adolf Mite, who by that time was the world star of color photography. Returning home, Prokudin-Gorsky began to improve the chemistry of the process and in 1905 he patented his own sensitizer, that is, a substance that increases the sensitivity of photographic plates. As a result, he managed to obtain negatives of exceptional quality.
Prokudin-Gorsky organized a number of expeditions across the territory of the Russian Empire, photographing famous people (for example, Leo Tolstoy), and peasants, temples, landscapes, factories, thus creating an amazing collection of colored Russia. Demonstrations by Prokudin-Gorsky aroused great interest in the world and pushed other specialists to develop new principles of color printing.

Ultrasound examinations (ultrasound)

The ability of ultrasound to penetrate metals without noticeable absorption was discovered in 1927 by the Russian physicist, professor at the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Sergei Yakovlevich Sokolov (08.10.1897, village of Kryazhim, Saratov province - 20.05.1957, Leningrad). He also used this phenomenon in 1928 to detect defects in metals. He was the first to develop designs for ultrasonic flaw detectors. Winner of two Stalin prizes for the invention of the ultrasonic flaw detection method and for the invention of the ultrasonic microscope, known to everyone from ultrasound. Founder of the science of acoustic holography.

Photosynthesis

Russian botanist, physiologist, professor Kliment Arkadyevich Timiryazev (05/22/1843, Petersburg - 04/28/1920, Moscow) described the process of photosynthesis in a green leaf of plants, discovered the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis, the importance of photosynthesis in plants as a primary source organic matter and energy necessary for the life of all organisms on Earth. In Moscow, at the Nikitsky Gate, there is a monument to Timiryazev. The Moscow Agricultural Academy, the Institute of Plant Physiology, streets in Russian cities, and the Academy of Sciences Prize are named after him.

Chromatography

Russian physiologist, biochemist, professor at Yurievsky (Tartu) and Voronezh Universities Mikhail Semenovich Tsvet (05/14/1872, Asti - 06/26/1919, Voronezh) - the founder (1903) of chromatography - a method of separation and analysis of mixtures, widely used all over the world. He died of hunger and was buried in Voronezh.

The theory of chemical chain reactions

Russian physicist and chemist, academician Nikolai Nikolaevich Semyonov (04.15.1896, Saratov - 09.25.1986, Moscow) created the theory of thermal explosion of gas mixtures and the general quantitative theory of chemical chain reactions, the theory of combustion of gas mixtures, and the thermal theory of ignition. For the development of the theory of chain reactions in 1956 Semenov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (together with Cyril Hinshelwood). N.N.Semenov is the author of the scientific discovery "The phenomenon of energy branching of chains in chemical reactions"Entered in State Register discoveries of the USSR under number 172 with a priority of 1962. Buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. In 1988, his name was given to the Institute of Chemical Physics.

Video recorder

The AMPEX company was founded in 1944 by a Russian émigré Alexander Matveyevich Ponyatov, who took three letters of his initials for the name and added EX - short for "excellent". At first, Ponyatov produced sound recording equipment, but in the early 50s he focused on the development of video recording.
By that time, there were already experiments in recording television images, but they required a huge amount of tape. Poniatov and colleagues suggested recording the signal across the tape using a rotating head unit.

By order of Ponyatov, birches were necessarily planted near any office - in memory of the Motherland

On November 30, 1956, the first recorded CBS news was broadcast. And in 1960, the company, represented by its leader and founder, received an Oscar for outstanding contribution to the technical equipment of the film and television industry.
Fate brought Alexander Ponyatov together with interesting people. He was a competitor to Zworykin, Ray Dolby, the creator of the famous noise reduction system, worked with him, and the famous Bing Crosby was one of the first clients and investors.

Personal Computer

Despite the fact that the USA is considered to be the country where electronic computers and other "smart" machines were invented, the first personal computer was invented in the USSR - this is a historical fact. Long before the American Steve Jobs founded the legendary Apple company, the Soviet scientist Isaac Brook, together with his young colleague Bashir Rameev, developed a unique project of a digital computer with rigid program control. In October of the same year, scientists presented the corresponding project to the USSR Academy of Sciences, and then started programming.

The name "computer", adopted in the Russian-language scientific literature, is synonymous with a computer. This invention changed the life of all mankind. The USSR was one of the first to create such a machine.

After some time, the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the introduction of advanced technology in National economy issued I.S. Brook and B.I. Rameev Copyright No. 10475 for the invention of a digital computer dated December 4, 1948. This was the first document in the history of our country related to information technology. I.S. Brook was the first to put forward and implement the idea of ​​creating small computers for use in scientific laboratories. Under his leadership in 1950-1951. the first in the country small digital electronic computer with the program M-I stored in the memory was created. The car was equipped with 730 vacuum tubes. Put into trial operation at the beginning of 1952, it turned out to be the only operating computer in Russia.
One of the first personal computers was made in Omsk. In 1968, the Omsk designer of the Scientific Research Institute of Aviation Technologies Arseny Gorokhov invented a device that he called the "programmable intelligence device". Gorokhov's intellectual device was designed in almost the same way as modern computers. He had a typewriter keyboard, a processor (which he called a communicator), a cathode ray tube (monitor). In 1968, Arseny Anatolyevich Gorokhov patented a personal computer in the USSR 8 years before Apple. In addition, Arseny Anatolyevich invented a plotter - a device that was supposed to create drawings, programs, and so quickly that there was nothing like that at that time in the design environment of those times!

A long time ago, 30 years ago, the Pentamino puzzle was popular in the USSR: it was necessary to place various figures consisting of five squares on a square lined field. Collections of problems were even published, and the results were discussed.
From a mathematical point of view, this puzzle was an excellent test for the computer. And so a researcher at the Computing Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences Alexei Pazhitnov wrote such a program for his computer "Electronics 60". But the power was not enough, and Alexey removed one cube from the figures, that is, made a "tetrimino". Well, then the idea came to make the figures fall into the "glass". This is how Tetris appeared.
It was the first computer game because of the Iron Curtain, and for many people the first computer game in general. And although many new toys have already appeared, Tetris still attracts with its seeming simplicity and real complexity.

White chocolate

White chocolate was first invented in Omsk! In 1942, a professor at the Siberian Institute of Agriculture and Forestry (now OmGAU) Yanush Zaikovsky even received the Stalin Prize for this. However, at that time, the sweet product that Janusz Stanislavovich invented had a different name - briquetting of powdered milk with sugar. The technology for making such milk was not mastered for fun. This product was used to support the forces of the wounded Red Army and soldiers who fought the Nazis during the Great Patriotic War. That is why the Siberian scientist was given the highest government award of that time, which was awarded for exceptional services to the country.

It is interesting that as soon as the war ended, the production of white chocolate was curtailed in the USSR, because the entire economy of the country was aimed at ensuring defense, and the interests ordinary people for the state were not so relevant, especially when it came to such "fun" as chocolate. In the West, on the contrary, the production of white chocolate was launched - in 1948 it was mastered by the Nestlé company. In our country, this delicacy, now imported, reappeared only in the 90s of the last century.

Nuclear power plant

Today, a huge percentage of the world's energy production comes from nuclear power plants. Few people know that nuclear power plants were also invented in the USSR. In 1951, the Soviet government gave Igor Kurchatov the task of doing research that would give mankind the opportunity to effectively use atomic energy. The scientist quickly coped with his work, and two years later the world's first nuclear power plant, which had been in operation for 48 years, started operating in Obninsk. April 29, 2002 at 11 hours 31 minutes By Moscow time, the reactor of the Obninsk nuclear power plant was permanently shut down, and for the last 13 years the nuclear power plant has been operating as a memorial industry complex.

On October 17, 1898, the world's first icebreaker "Ermak" designed by S.O. Makarov (born 01/08/1849) was launched in Russia, the shipbuilder was N.E. Kuteinikov (born 03/09/1845). Admiral Makarov made an Arctic voyage on the Ermak icebreaker in 1899 and 1901. In 1918 "Ermak" saved the Baltic squadron, providing its famous ice passage from Helsingfors to Kronstadt. Since 1932, he drove caravans along the Northern Sea Route, in 1938 he took off four Papanin residents from the breaking ice floe. During the Great Patriotic War, he took part in the evacuation of a military base from about. Hanko, under shelling and air strikes, drove warships and transports across the Baltic. "Ermak" was in service for an incredibly long time for an icebreaker - 65 years!

Helicopters of the "Mi" series

During the Great Patriotic War, Academician Mil worked in the evacuation in the village of Bilimbay, mainly engaged in improving combat aircraft, improving their stability and controllability. His work has received five government awards. In 1943, Mil defended his Ph.D. thesis "Criteria for aircraft controllability and maneuverability"; 1945 - doctoral: "Dynamics of a rotor with hinged blades and its application to the problems of stability and controllability of an autogyro and helicopter." In December 1947, M.L. Mil became the chief designer of the experimental design bureau for helicopter construction. After a series of tests in early 1950, a decree was issued to create an experimental series of 15 GM-1 helicopters under the designation Mi-1.

Aircraft of Andrey Tupolev

In the design bureau of Andrey Tupolev, more than 100 types of aircraft were developed, 70 of which in different years were produced in series. With the participation of his aircraft, 78 world records were set, 28 unique flights were performed, including the rescue of the crew of the steamship "Chelyuskin" with the participation of the ANT-4 aircraft. Non-stop flights of the crews of Valery Chkalov and Mikhail Gromov to the United States through the North Pole were carried out on airplanes of the ANT-25 model. In scientific expeditions "North Pole" by Ivan Papanin, ANT-25 aircraft were also used. Big number bombers, torpedo bombers, reconnaissance aircraft designed by Tupolev (TV-1, TV-3, SB, TV-7, MTB-2, TU-2) and torpedo boats G-4, G-5 were used in combat in Velikaya Patriotic War in 1941-1945. In peacetime, among the military and civil aircraft developed under the leadership of Tupolev were the Tu-4 strategic bomber, the first Soviet Tu-12 jet bomber, the Tu-95 turboprop strategic bomber, the Tu-16 long-range missile bomber, the Tu-22 supersonic bomber; the first jet passenger aircraft Tu-104 (built on the basis of the Tu-16 bomber), the first turboprop intercontinental passenger airliner Tu-114, short- and medium-haul aircraft Tu-124, Tu-134, Tu-154. Together with Alexey Tupolev, a supersonic passenger aircraft Tu-144 was developed. Tupolev's aircraft became the backbone of Aeroflot's fleet, and were also operated in dozens of countries around the world.

Plaster cast

During the Caucasian War in 1847, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov invented the world's first plaster casts. He used dressings soaked in starch, which proved to be very effective.

Artificial heart

In 1936, the great transplant surgeon of the USSR, Vladimir Demikhov, invented an artificial heart. It was an electric plastic pump. Demikhov conducted an experiment on a dog, replacing it with an electronic heart, with which the animal lived for several hours.

Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov

This was the first such experiment in world practice, which gave hope that after some time, doctors will be able to treat people with heart disease in this way. Over the decades, the scientist has perfected his technique, thanks to which surgeons managed to save thousands of lives. Today all over the world this, albeit the most complicated, but already an ordinary operation to implant artificial devices in the heart helps to keep sick people a full life for many years.

Since ancient times, humanity has dreamed of getting rid of pain. This was especially true of treatment, which was sometimes more painful than the disease itself. Herbs and strong drinks only dulled the symptoms, but did not allow serious actions accompanied by serious pain sensations. This significantly hampered the development of medicine. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, a great Russian surgeon, to whom the world owes many important discoveries, made a huge contribution to anesthesiology. In 1847, he summarized his experiments in a monograph on anesthesia that was published all over the world. Three years later, for the first time in the history of medicine, he began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia in the field. In total, the great surgeon performed about 10,000 operations under ether anesthesia. Also Nikolai Ivanovich is the author of topographic anatomy, which has no analogues in the world.

Eye microsurgery

Millions of doctors, having received a diploma, are eager to help people, dreaming of future achievements. But most of them are gradually losing their former fervor: no aspirations, the same thing from year to year. Svyatoslav Nikolaevich Fedorov's enthusiasm and interest in the profession only grew from year to year. Just six years after the institute, he defended his Ph.D. thesis, and in 1960, in Cheboksary, where he worked then, he performed a revolutionary operation to replace the lens of the eye with an artificial one. Similar operations were carried out abroad before, but in the USSR they were considered pure charlatanism, and Fedorov was fired from his job. After that, he became the head of the Department of Eye Diseases at the Arkhangelsk Medical Institute.

Svyatoslav Nikolaevich Fedorov

It was here that the "Fedorov empire" began in his biography: a team of like-minded people gathered around the irrepressible surgeon, ready for revolutionary changes in eye microsurgery. People from all over the country came to Arkhangelsk with the hope of regaining their lost sight - and they really saw their sight. The innovative surgeon was also appreciated "officially" - together with his team he moved to Moscow. And he began to create absolutely fantastic things: to do vision correction using keratotomy (special incisions on the cornea of ​​the eye), to transplant the donor cornea, developed a new method of glaucoma surgery, and became a pioneer in laser eye microsurgery.

When we hear the word "laser", we immediately imagine a fantastic sword from "Star Wars". In reality, lasers have long been used in everyday life, medicine and space. For the first time, people started talking about the laser thanks to the discoveries of the Voronezh scientist Nikolai Basov and his teacher Alexander Prokhorov.

It was they who, in 1955, began researching a quantum generator (an amplifier of microwaves using stimulated radiation, the active medium of which is ammonia). Such a device was called a maser. But at the heart of this invention, American scientists Charles Towns and Arthur Shawlov conducted similar experiments with light, not with microwaves, so their development is called a laser.

In 1960, the American physicist Theodore Meiman, based on the discoveries of Basov, Prokhorov and Townes, designed the first ruby ​​laser. Further, gas lasers have already been created. It was a breakthrough in science and technology. Indeed, the uniqueness of a laser is that it is capable of emitting light in much shorter pulses than conventional light sources. In this case, a colossal energy density is achieved in a laser beam, commensurate with the explosion of an air bomb. The laser beam can be easily cut a metal sheet... That is why the military had high hopes for the laser, but in the end this invention found more application in medicine and space.

This is a truly unique invention that scientists compare to the advent of radio and television. It is no coincidence that in 1964 Nikolai Basov, Alexander Prokhorov and Charles Townes won the Nobel Prize in physics.

The device is the progenitor of cellular communication

At the end of the 60s, on the basis of the Voronezh Research Institute of Communications, a device for mobile radiotelephone communications "Altai" was created, the predecessor of the cellular one. Altai was supposed to become a full-fledged telephone, which could be used in a car. To call, you just need to dial desired number, bypassing the conversation with the dispatchers. Today it seems primitive, but at that time "Altai" was a real know-how. Scientists have tried to make the Altai look like an ordinary device with a tube and buttons. For the first time automatic mobile communication began to be used in Moscow in 1965. At first, "Altai" appeared only in party cars. Not many knew about the invention. The list of subscribers was approved by the Soviet ministry.

A similar system in the United States was launched only a year later. And its commercial launch took place in 1969. And in the USSR, by 1970, "Altai" was installed in about 30 cities. Over time, the device was modernized. Especially "Altai" was widely used during the Moscow Olympics in the 80th year. For this sporting event, the Altai base station was installed at the Ostankino TV tower. All reports of sports journalists went through Altai. By 1994, Altai networks operated in 120 cities of the CIS. Since cellular communication became available, Altai has lost its credibility, but even today in some cities and towns it is possible to connect to the Altai network.

Soviet inventors can be confidently called some of the best in the world. And this is quite natural: the development and support of the scientific school in the USSR was one of the most important strategic priorities of the Soviet state. We, the inhabitants of the former USSR, can only be proud of our scientists, whose discoveries made it possible to bring the world civilization to a qualitatively new level... Of course, it is impossible to tell in one article about all Soviet scientists, inventors, designers, whose scientific discoveries changed the world.

How many people now know how many great discoveries and inventions Russian scientists have made: the law of conservation of energy - Lomonosov, radio - Popov, steam locomotive - Cherepanov, etc. It is true that Western researchers had time to patent or declare their successes before ... For example, Marconi was ahead of Popov with an application to open radio communications. However, Russia (and the USSR) has always been home to a huge number of pioneers.

The list below contains about 130 items. But this is only an insignificant part of the contribution of Russia, the Russian people to the world treasury of inventions, discoveries and developments. It does not take into account the huge contribution to culture, art and much of the social sciences. The list also does not list some of the most important developments, research and achievements, for example, such as the first manned flight into space, the invention of the Kalashnikov assault rifle, and much more.

But even such a cursory glance allows us to draw certain conclusions and gives reason to be proud of our country and the Russian people. And this is exactly what we should tell children about from childhood, in addition to reliable stories about Russian princes, tsars, heroes and commanders, as well as great musicians, artists, writers and poets.

Of course, the question arises, how much we ourselves know history, culture, are we familiar with the achievements, discoveries of our scientists and inventors? Let's start with ourselves, if we don't want to lose the future of our Motherland - our children, whose patriotism, like pride in our Fatherland, largely depends on us - parents, educators and teachers.

1. P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin - creators of the world's first light bulb

2. A.S. Popov - invented radio

3. V.K. Zvorykin - the world's first electron microscope, television and television broadcasting

4. A.F. Mozhaisky - the inventor of the world's first airplane

5. I.I. Sikorsky - a great aircraft designer, created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber

6. A.M. Ponyatov - invented the world's first video recorder

7.S.P. Korolev - designed the world's first spacecraft, the first Earth satellite

8. A.M. Prokhorov and N.G. Basov - the world's first quantum generator - maser

9.S.V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first woman professor)

10.S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky - the world's first color photography

11.A.A. Alekseev - creator of the needle screen

12. F.A. Pirotsky - the world's first electric tram

13. F.A. Blinov - the world's first tracked tractor

14. V.A. Starevich - three-dimensional animated film

15. E.M. Artamonov - invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, a steering wheel, a turning wheel

16.O.V. Losev is the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device

17. V.P. Mutilin - the world's first mounted construction harvester

18. A.R. Vlasenko - the world's first grain harvester

19. V.P. Demikhov - the first in the world to carry out a lung transplant and the first to create a model of an artificial heart

20. A. P. Vinogradov - created a new direction in science - the geochemistry of isotopes

21. I.I. Polzunov - the world's first heat engine

22. G.E. Kotelnikov - the first knapsack rescue parachute

23. I.V. Kurchatov is the world's first nuclear power plant (Obninsk), also under his leadership, the world's first 400 kt hydrogen bomb was developed, detonated on August 12, 1953. It was the Kurchatov team that developed the RDS-202 thermonuclear bomb (Tsar Bomba) with a record yield of 52,000 kilotons.

24. M.O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer, which put an end to the dispute between the supporters of direct (Edison) and alternating current

25. V.P. Vologdin - the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, has developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry

26. S.O. Kostovich - created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879

27. V.P. Glushko - the world's first electric / thermal rocket engine

28. V.V. Petrov - discovered the phenomenon of arc discharge

29. N.G. Slavyanov - electric arc welding

30. I.F. Aleksandrovsky - invented the stereo camera

31.D.P. Grigorovich - the creator of the seaplane

32. V.G. Fedorov - the world's first machine gun

33. A.K. Nartov - built the world's first sliding carriage lathe

34. M.V. Lomonosov - for the first time in science formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world began to read a course in physical chemistry, for the first time he discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus

35. I.P. Kulibin - mechanic, developed the project of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge, inventor of the searchlight

36. V.V. Petrov, a physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened an electric arc

37. P.I. Prokopovich - for the first time in the world invented a frame hive, in which he used a shop with frames

38. N.I. Lobachevsky - mathematician, creator of "non-Euclidean geometry"

39.D. A. Zagryazhsky - invented the caterpillar track

40.B.O. Jacobi - invented electroforming and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft

41. P.P. Anosov - metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient bulat

42.D. I. Zhuravsky - first developed the theory of calculating bridge trusses, which is currently used all over the world

43. N.I. Pirogov - for the first time in the world compiled the atlas "Topographic Anatomy", which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, plaster cast and much more

44. I.R. Hermann - compiled a summary of uranium minerals for the first time in the world

45. A.M. Butlerov - was the first to formulate the main provisions of the theory of the structure of organic compounds

46. ​​I.M. Sechenov - the creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work "Reflexes of the brain"

47.D. I. Mendeleev - discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, the creator of the table of the same name

48. M.A. Novinsky - veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology

49. G.G. Ignatiev - was the first in the world to develop a system of simultaneous telephony and telegraphy over one cable

50. K.S. Drzewiecki - built the world's first submarine with an electric motor

51. N.I. Kibalchich - was the first in the world to develop a scheme for a rocket flying vehicle

52. N.N. Benardos - invented electric welding

53. V.V. Dokuchaev - laid the foundations of genetic soil science

54. V.I. Sreznevsky - Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera

55. A.G. Stoletov is a physicist who was the first in the world to create a photocell based on an external photoelectric effect

56. P. D. Kuzminsky - built the world's first radial gas turbine

57. I.V. Boldyrev - the first flexible light-sensitive non-combustible film, formed the basis for the creation of cinematography

58. I.A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera

59 S.M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F. Freudenberg - created the world's first automatic telephone exchange

60. N. D. Pilchikov, a physicist, was the first in the world to create and successfully demonstrate a wireless control system

61. V.A. Gassiev - engineer, built the world's first phototypesetter

62. K.E. Tsiolkovsky - the founder of astronautics

63. P.N. Lebedev - physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids

64. I.P. Pavlov - the creator of the science of higher nervous activity

65. V.I. Vernadsky - natural scientist, founder of many scientific schools

66. A.N. Scriabin is a composer, for the first time in the world he used light effects in the symphonic poem "Prometheus"

67. N.E. Zhukovsky - the creator of aerodynamics

68. S.V. Lebedev - received artificial rubber for the first time

69. G.A. Tikhov is an astronomer who was the first in the world to establish that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as you know, this was confirmed when filming our planet from space.

70. N. D. Zelinsky - developed the world's first highly effective coal gas mask

71. N.P. Dubinin - geneticist, discovered gene divisibility

72. M.A. Kapelyushnikov - invented the turbodrill in 1922

73. E.K. Zavoisky - discovered electrical paramagnetic resonance

74. N.I. Lunin - proved that the body of living things contains vitamins

75. N.P. Wagner - discovered the pedogenesis of insects

76. Svyatoslav Fedorov - the first in the world performed an operation to treat glaucoma

77. S.S. Yudin - first used blood transfusion of suddenly dead people in the clinic

78. A.V. Shubnikov - predicted the existence and was the first to create piezoelectric textures

79. L.V. Shubnikov - the Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors)

80. N. A. Izgaryshev - discovered the phenomenon of the passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes

81. P.P. Lazarev - the creator of the ionic theory of excitation

82. P.A. Molchanov - meteorologist, created the world's first radiosonde

83. N. A. Umov - physicist, the equation of motion of energy, the concept of the flow of energy; by the way, he was the first to explain practically and without ether the delusions of the theory of relativity

84. E.S. Fedorov - the founder of crystallography

85. G. S. Petrov - chemist, the world's first synthetic detergent

86. V.F. Petrushevsky - scientist and general, invented a rangefinder for gunners

87. I.I. Orlov - invented a method of making woven credit notes and a method of one-pass multiple printing (Oryol printing)

88. Mikhail Ostrogradskiy - mathematician, O. formula (multiple integral)

89. P.L. Chebyshev - mathematician, Ch. Polynomials (orthogonal system of functions), parallelogram

90. P.A. Cherenkov - physicist, radiation Ch. (New optical effect), counter Ch. (Detector of nuclear radiation in nuclear physics)

91.D.K. Chernov - points of Ch. (Critical points of phase transformations of steel)

92. V.I. Kalashnikov is not the same Kalashnikov, but another who was the first in the world to equip river vessels with a steam engine with multiple steam expansion

93. A.V. Kirsanov - organic chemist, reaction K. (phosphorescence)

94. A.M. Lyapunov - mathematician, created the theory of stability, equilibrium and motion of mechanical systems with a finite number of parameters, as well as L.'s theorem (one of the limit theorems of the theory of probability)

95.Dmitry Konovalov - chemist, Konovalov's laws (elasticity of parasolutions)

96 S.N. Reformed - organic chemist, Reformed reaction

97. V.A. Semennikov is a metallurgist, who was the first in the world who carried out the bessemerisation of copper matte and obtained blister copper

98. I.R. Prigogine - physicist, P.'s theorem (thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes)

99. M.M. Protodyakonov - a scientist who developed the generally accepted scale of the fortress of rocks in the world

100. M.F. Shostakovsky - organic chemist, balm Sh. (Vinylin)

101. M.S. Color - color method (chromatography of plant pigments)

102. A.N. Tupolev - designed the world's first jet airliner and the first supersonic airliner

103. A.S. Famintsyn, a plant physiologist, was the first to develop a method for carrying out photosynthetic processes under artificial lighting

104.B.S. Stechkin - created two great theories - thermal calculation of aircraft engines and air-jet engines

105. A.I. Leipunsky - physicist, discovered the phenomenon of energy transfer by excited atoms and
molecules free electrons in collisions

106.D.D. Maksutov - optician, M. telescope (meniscus system of optical instruments)

107. N. A. Menshutkin - chemist, discovered the effect of a solvent on the rate of a chemical reaction

108. I.I. Mechnikov - the founders of evolutionary embryology

109 S.N. Vinogradsky - discovered chemosynthesis

110. V.S. Pyatov - a metallurgist, invented a method for the production of armor plates by the rolling method

111. A.I. Bakhmutsky - invented the world's first coal harvester (for coal mining)

112. A.N. Belozersky - discovered DNA in higher plants

113. S.S. Bryukhonenko - physiologist, created the first heart-lung machine in the world (auto-light)

114. G.P. Georgiev - biochemist, discovered RNA in the nuclei of animal cells

115. E.A. Murzin - invented the world's first optoelectronic synthesizer "ANS"

116. P.M. Golubitsky - Russian inventor in the field of telephony

117. V.F. Mitkevich - for the first time in the world proposed to use a three-phase arc for welding metals

118. L.N. Gobyato - Colonel, the world's first mortar was invented in Russia in 1904

119. V.G. Shukhov is an inventor who was the first in the world to use steel mesh shells for the construction of buildings and towers

120. I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky - made the first Russian round the world trip, explored the islands of the Pacific Ocean, described the life of Kamchatka and Fr. Sakhalin

121. F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev - discovered Antarctica

122. The world's first icebreaker of a modern type - the steamer of the Russian fleet "Pilot" (1864), the first Arctic icebreaker - "Ermak", built in 1899 under the leadership of S.O. Makarov.

123. V.N. Shchelkachev - the founder of biogeocenology, one of the founders of the doctrine of phytocenosis, its structure, classification, dynamics, relationships with the environment and its animal population

124. Alexander Nesmeyanov, Alexander Arbuzov, Grigory Razuvaev - creation of chemistry of organoelement compounds.

125. V.I. Levkov - under his leadership, hovercraft were created for the first time in the world

126. G.N. Babakin - Russian designer, creator of Soviet lunar rovers

127. P.N. Nesterov - was the first in the world to perform a closed curve in a vertical plane on an airplane, a "loop", later called "Nesterov's loop"

128. B.B. Golitsyn - became the founder of the new science of seismology

The Greatness of the Russian Spirit, or What the Russians Created

Once visiting my close friend, I was stunned by the incredible picture that opened up to me during a conversation with his young son, whose godfather I am. Formed as a result of the Russophobic and Russian-fighting policy of our state, and especially the ministry, allegedly, the picture of the worldview of our children. I will retell the very dialogue I had with an almost 11-year-old boy who impressed me so much.

Danila, that is the name of my godson, called me to the computer, on which he was playing some kind of game, to show me the magnificence of his game tank, on which he virtually fought. Looking at the tank, I praised him for his victories in the game and chided him for choosing the model "" for himself, which is American, and not one of our tanks, which in many respects exceeds the identical models of Western manufacturers. To this comment of mine, he replied that he liked American tanks. But I will not indulge in the comparative and descriptive characteristics of tank equipment, delving into the history of wars and the military industry due to taste preferences 11-year-old boy in a computer game. Therefore, shrugging my shoulders, returning to reading a book, I decided to remain silent.

However, already moving away from the table at which Danila was sitting, quite unexpectedly a historical fact about the tank came to my mind - the British. This is what I told my young godson. What I heard in response amazed me, made me come back and continue the conversation. And he told me the following. It turns out that everything in the world was invented by Americans and Europeans... That the Russians have never created anything and are not able to create anything. That all the best and necessary things were created by the Americans and Europeans, and the Russians just buy everything from them. And so on in the same spirit.

To my question, where did he get it from, and who told him that, he replied that everyone knows it, and everyone says so. I wondered who these "all" are, in the mind of an 11-year-old child: Kindergarten, school, TV, friends-comrades, their parents and other people's parents, and in general more adult people who, as if they know a lot, are trusted by children. Of course, I immediately began to remember the great Russian scientists and inventors, to list their endless merits. Mendeleev, Popov, Sikorsky, Pirogov and many others whom he could recall right away. The child listened to me with his mouth open, eyes wide with amazement, in which mistrust was slipping, and incredible interest.

He simply did not suspect all this! Which is what he told me at the end of the conversation. Leaving Danila in his bewilderment and the continuation of the games, I returned to reading. However, the text was not perceived, and in my head this conversation was going on. I was overwhelmed with feelings, I was indignant.

A few days later, in a conversation with my friend, Danila's father, I remembered this incident and related it to the parent of my godson. Summing up the conversation, I suggested that my friend should pay closer attention to his son and try to eliminate these flawed gaps in the worldview. As it turned out, my friend was sincerely amazed at my retelling, especially that the British invented the tank.

Of course, on the whole, he completely agrees with me. Moreover, he himself would like to eliminate the gaps in his knowledge, although, of course, he is well aware of the Russian Victories and the degree of his contribution to World culture and God bless them with tanks. Moreover, as a young man, he himself is directly related to Russian science and its contributions to history.

This is the premise of this article that I want to present to you, or rather that list of Russian Victories and Contribution to World Culture, which you will find below. If you know interesting facts from the history of inventions and discoveries made by representatives of the Russian civilization, if you follow new outstanding discoveries, as well as to preserve and accumulate such facts testifying to the Greatness of the Russian civilization, then join the ru_geniy community and share with with all this information. Together we will prepare the basis for educating future generations in the line of love and commitment to our people.

What the Russians have created

P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin (the world's first light bulb)

A.S. Popov (inventor of Radio)

V.K. Zvorykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and television broadcasting)

A.F. Mozhaisky (inventor of the world's first airplane)

I.I. Sikorsky (The great aircraft designer created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber)

A.M. Ponyatov (the world's first video recorder)

S.P. Korolev (the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, the first Earth satellite)

A.M. Prokhorov and N.G. Basov (the world's first quantum generator - maser)

S.V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first female professor)

CM. Prokudin-Gorsky (the world's first color photograph)

A.A. Alekseev (creator of the needle screen)

F. Pirotsky (the world's first electric tram)

F. Blinov (the world's first tracked tractor)

V.A. Starevich (three-dimensional animated film)

EAT. Artamonov (invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, a steering wheel, a turning wheel)

O.V. Losev (the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device)

V.P. Mutilin (the world's first construction harvester)

A.R. Vlasenko (the world's first grain harvester)

V.P. Demikhov (the first in the world to carry out a lung transplant, and the first to create a model of an artificial heart)

HELL. Sakharov (the world's first hydrogen bomb)

A.P. Vinogradov (created a new direction in science - the geochemistry of isotopes)

I.I. Polzunov (the world's first heat engine)

G.E. Kotelnikov (first knapsack rescue parachute)

I.V. Kurchatov (the world's first nuclear power plant)

M.O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky (invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer)

V.P. Vologdin (the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry)

S.O. Kostovich (created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879)

V.P. Glushko (the world's first electric / thermal rocket engine)

V.V. Petrov (discovered the phenomenon of arc discharge)

N.G. Slavyanov (electric arc welding)

I.F. Aleksandrovsky (invented the stereo camera)

D.P. Grigorovich (creator of the seaplane)

V.G. Fedorov (the world's first automatic machine)

A.K. Nartov (built the world's first lathe with a movable slide)

M.V. Lomonosov (for the first time in science formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world began to read a course in physical chemistry, for the first time discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus)

I.P. Kulibin (mechanic, developed the project of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge)

V.V. Petrov (physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; discovered the electric arc)

P.I. Prokopovich (for the first time in the world invented a frame hive, in which he used a shop with frames)

N.I. Lobachevsky (mathematician, creator of "non-Euclidean geometry")

YES. Zagryazhsky (invented the caterpillar track)

B.O. Jacobi (invented electroforming and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft)

P.P. Anosov (metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient bulat)

DI. Zhuravsky (first developed the theory of calculating bridge trusses, which is currently used all over the world)

N.I. Pirogov (for the first time in the world he compiled the atlas "Topographic Anatomy", which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, plaster cast and much more)

A.M. Butlerov (first formulated the main provisions of the theory of the structure of organic compounds)

THEM. Sechenov (creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work "Reflexes of the Brain")

DI. Mendeleev (discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, creator of the table of the same name)

G.G. Ignatiev (was the first in the world to develop a system of simultaneous telephony and telegraphy over one cable)

K.S. Drzewiecki (built the world's first submarine with an electric motor)

N.I. Kibalchich (for the first time in the world he developed the scheme of a rocket flying machine)

N.N. Benardos (invented electric welding)

V.V. Dokuchaev (laid the foundations of genetic soil science)

IN AND. Sreznevsky (engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera)