Modern apartments, as a rule, are equipped with individual switchboards. But the residents of old houses were so unlucky. The equipment is brought to staircase, and is designed for two, three or even four neighbors. The owners do not have the key to the shield. In the event of knocking out traffic jams or life-threatening situations (for example, fire), it is very difficult for them to get to the switch.

What is an electrical panel?

A modern switchboard in a residential or work space is a compact, convenient and externally aesthetic panel that is designed for modular mounting on this panel of special devices that serve to ensure the reception electric current from external and general high-voltage networks, as well as the distribution of current through the internal electrical network of an apartment, house or summer cottage.

The purpose of the switchboard is to control the admission of electricity to apartments, and take into account the amount of its consumption. In addition, he is responsible for telephone and Internet network devices.

General features of floor panels:

• they are old (found in houses built in the last century) and a new model (in modern buildings), their difference is in the internal structure;
• each of them has at least two, and more often three compartments: one of them contains electricity meters, and the other is responsible for devices operating from weak currents (Internet, telephone); any compartment is equipped with its own lockable door;
• the compartment with metering devices should be equipped with special windows, from which the indicators of the instruments are clearly visible;
• the material for the shield in the entrance can only be metal with a set of necessary properties;
• to install it, choose the place of the recess in the wall on the staircase;
• the doors open freely to an angle of 95 degrees;
• access for unauthorized persons to the dashboard device is limited with a lock, the key is kept by the electrician serving the apartment building.
• Types and types of electrical panels.

Surely, more than once they met abbreviations like: SHCHE, VRU, OSH, etc. on the boards. all these intricate letters hide the essence of the devices, which are known to those who directly serve them, and sometimes, even those who serve the panel boards, get so used to the abbreviation that they do not think about their purpose. So, let's begin to consider the types and types of switchboards from the main switchboard, the "king" of switchboards.

Main switchboard (MSB).

The main switchboard is designed for the input of power supply lines, electricity metering and distribution of power lines for objects. The device also serves to protect against short circuits and overloads in power supply networks. If we consider the hierarchy of electrical control rooms, then the main switchboard is at the highest level. Main

the switchboard is most often located on the territory of a transformer substation (TP), boiler houses, production facilities.

Introductory switchgear (ASU).

The device, which includes a complex of electrical automation and structures, is used to receive an input power cable, distribute power lines for ShchE, ShchK, ShchO, ASP, electricity metering, protection of lines from overloads and short circuits. Installed at the input of residential, public buildings as well as in industrial premises(workshops).

Emergency reserve input (ATS).

The ATS switchboard is equipped with special automation. The ATS switches the power supply from the main source to an additional one (generator) in the event of a breakdown of the main electricity supplier. After the failure is eliminated, the ATS will switch from the generator to the main line and after a few minutes the generator will be stopped. It is used in industrial, commercial, communal buildings, as well as in cottages.

Floor shield (SHE).

It is applied in residential and administrative buildings for the distribution of electricity to 1 - 6 apartments.

ShchE is divided mainly into three compartments:

• Distribution compartment (modular automation for groups of electrical circuits).
• Accounting compartment (electric meters).
• Subscriber compartment (telephone, intercom, TV, radio, etc.).

Apartment board (SCHK).

As a rule, it is located at the entrance to the apartment in the hallway area. The main purpose of the SCC is electricity metering, distribution of group power lines in the apartment, modular automation protects the electrical circuit from overloads and short circuits. ShchK are invoice and indoor installation, metal and plastic execution.

The apartment board is subdivided into:

• SCHKU - apartment accounting board.
• ShchKR - apartment distribution board.

Lighting board (OSH).

Lighting boards are installed in administrative, commercial and office premises, for infrequent operational switching on and off of automation. SCHO protects outgoing lines from overloads and short circuits.

Lighting boards are subdivided into:

• OShchV (lighting panel with a switch).
• USHCHV (recessed lighting panel with a switch).

Control panel (SCHU).

ShchU serves to control automatics, which are responsible for such mechanisms as: ventilation, heating, fire alarm etc. The parameters are adjusted manually.

How to open an electrical panel without a key yourself?

1. Check out the location and purpose of the driveway doors. There are usually three of them. There are two doors on the left: a horizontal one and a square one underneath. Behind the first of them there are automatic machines, and behind the second there are electric meters. On the right is one vertical door, behind which low-voltage devices are placed, for example, antenna amplifiers and splitters, telephone terminal blocks. Sometimes there are shields of a different configuration. 2
2. Examine the locks of each of the doors. If equipped with protruding plates rectangular section, you can open any of them using pliers. The horizontal position of the plate corresponds to the vertical position of the tongue (the lock is open), and vice versa, when the plate is located vertically, the tongue is in the horizontal position (the lock is closed). During major overhauls the front dash panels are sometimes replaced with new ones with locks similar to those used in mailboxes. In this case, tenants are most often given keys only to the door with automatic machines. Open and close it just like a letterbox.
3. When any of the doors are open, observe the following rules. Don't touch any metal objects inside the shield, even if you are sure that there is no high voltage on them - this may not be the case. Do not try to dismantle any items that do not belong to you. This even applies to the meter through which your apartment is connected - often it is the property of the power supply organization. Do not carry out any actions aimed at stopping or rewinding the meters, do not remove the seals from them. Do not turn off the machines through which other apartments receive electricity, except when it is necessary, for example, due to a fire or an electrical injury received by someone from the neighbors.
4. In the presence of electronic meters with the controls, you can, by opening the corresponding dashboard door, press the buttons located on them in order to find out the electricity consumption for the previous months, at different times of the day. Do this carefully so as not to touch nearby live parts. The procedure for controlling the counters using the buttons is described in its instructions. You cannot rewind or stop it from the keyboard. Don't press buttons on the neighbors' counters.
5. If it is necessary to repair the electrical wiring, open the door behind which the vending machines are located. Find two among them, marked with the same numbers as your apartment number. Having previously turned off computers and other devices that cannot tolerate sudden blackouts, check through which machine the chandeliers are powered, and through which sockets. V emergency the machines should be turned off immediately, without waiting for the computers to turn off.
6. Please note that the bell and the socket between the bathroom doors are usually powered through the same vending machine as the chandeliers. During the repair of the wiring, a person should stand next to the dashboard, making sure that no one comes to the dashboard and resumes the supply of electricity. Disconnect and enable the machines carefully so as not to touch their terminals and bare wires.
7. After completing work with the devices located in the dashboard, be sure to close all its doors and lock them with locks.

Preventive inspection of the electrical panel

Checking the operation of the floor panel should be carried out by a specialist from management company, in the list of which there is an apartment building, at least once a year.

Unfortunately, this rule exists only in words. In life, a master comes to a call only after a breakdown or an emergency, and you want to avoid both. Or, let's say you are purchasing an apartment and you want to assess the state of the wiring.

You can carry out a routine inspection yourself, the main thing is to comply with safety requirements.

For self-revision of the driveway, follow these step-by-step instructions:

1. Inspection of the external condition of the device. Everything is fine if it does not have serious cracks, chips and other defects, and the lock on the door is tightly closed with a key.
2. Assessment of the condition of internal devices. The machines must be labeled and the cables and wires are clearly and clearly labeled.
3. Serviceability of contact connections. For the junction of wires with metal, the following rules apply: check for rust; inspect bolted connections for the presence of a washer, and tighten the nut better. After that, pay attention to the wire connections to the automatic meters.
4. Work of panel switching devices. After all the contacts are checked, the nuts are tightened and the bolts are tightened, it is necessary to check the serviceability automatic devices... Return voltage to the electrical panel and turn on all automatic devices.

Then everything is very simple. Click the test button. Devices that continue to work are faulty and need to be replaced. Before testing, you need to make sure that the contacts do not come off, otherwise, the result will be unreliable.

Anton

Everything opens with a standard flap wrench. We have 2 types of them - one as for ancient locks with a beard and the second is simply a figuratively cut piece of iron. Both types are sold in household stores or from key hucksters in the market.

Konstantin

That's really really, there is no reception against scrap))))))) then those who will repair the shield will come to the forum.

Kolesnichenko Margarita

With a screwdriver or something that has a flat shape

Burglars open doors different ways, up to explosives. I’m not joking. The approach is the same here. Start with gentle ways and move on to rougher ones. Explosives are unlikely to be needed. To coarse should be attributed to the crowbar and drilling.

[email protected]

According to the idea, the key should be in the management company (in the housing office, for example)

Vadik

You can try to pour the solvent into the keyhole or unconcentrated acid. "Vdshka" is not sure what to cope with. Go to the housing office to complain. If there is an electrician in the same dashboard, then they must fix it on their own.

Yuri Morozenkov

Pliers

Olga Kuznetsova

I opened the key to the mailbox. Uncle from the Future ...

With a crowbar or a fitter :)))))) And just do it, just press the door in the place of the lock and pull it back by the middle…. once and done ... Just do not forget to close it back, otherwise it will be penalized :))))) Or you can turn the entire lock with a powerful screwdriver. ... but this is only if the tongue of the lock is rotary and not retractable….

conclusions

To answer the question: how to open the flap in the entrance without a key, you need to try the following method.

• In addition to the lock pick, a flat screwdriver is also suitable. It should be thin. We insert into the lock and try to turn. In most cases, it turns out with simple mechanisms.
• If it's a padlock, then you can try physical strength and crowbar. Padlocks can be easily opened with a mechanical lever or a pick. If further the question arises: how to open the electrical panel in the entrance without a key, then you just need to contact the specialists. Today there are companies that specialize in opening locks different types without a key and without damaging the locking mechanism.

Instructions

Check out the location and purpose of the driveway doors. There are usually three of them. There are two doors on the left: a horizontal one and a square one underneath. Behind the first of them there are automatic machines, and behind the second there are electric meters. On the right, there is one vertical door, behind which are placed low-voltage devices, for example, antenna amplifiers and splitters, telephone terminal blocks. Sometimes there are shields of a different configuration.

Examine the locks of each of the doors. If they are equipped with protruding rectangular plates, you can open any of them using pliers. The horizontal position of the plate corresponds to the vertical position of the tongue (the lock is open), and vice versa, when the plate is vertical, the tongue is in the horizontal position (the lock is closed). During overhaul, the front panels of the driveways are sometimes changed to new ones, where locks are installed, similar to those used in mailboxes. In this case, tenants are most often given keys only to the door with automatic machines. Open and close it just like a letterbox.

When any of the doors are open, observe the following rules. Do not touch any metal objects inside the shield, even if you are sure that there is no high voltage on them - this may not be the case. Do not try to dismantle any items that do not belong to you. This even applies to the meter through which your apartment is connected - often it is the property of the power supply organization. Do not carry out any actions aimed at stopping or rewinding the meters, do not remove the seals from them. Do not turn off the machines through which other apartments receive electricity, except when it is necessary, for example, due to a fire or an electrical injury received by someone from the neighbors.

In the presence of electronic meters with controls, you can, by opening the corresponding dashboard door, press the buttons located on them in order to find out the electricity consumption for the previous months, at different times of the day. Do this carefully so as not to touch nearby live parts. The order of controlling the counters using the buttons is described in its instructions. You cannot rewind or stop it from the keyboard. Don't press buttons on the neighbors' counters.

We mount the electrical panel ourselves

The importance of the electrical panel in the apartment in the power supply system of the house is extremely high. Wiring will not be able to function efficiently and fully without proper distribution of consumers electrical energy, and fire and electrical safety will be minimized in the absence of the necessary protection elements. Of course, it will be better if specialists will be engaged in laying wires and installing equipment, but with some study of this issue (this article will help you with this), you will be able to independently install the electrical panel with your own hands without much effort and cost by assembling a simple electrical circuit. The main thing is to figure out what power supply schemes are, what equipment you need to choose, how to calculate electrical loads, how to distribute them correctly and evenly.

General questions about electrical panels

At the moment there are two types electrical panels... The first - old and fading into oblivion - a panel with fuses (or plugs), which were disposable, and they had to be unscrewed for replacement, and modern devices equipped with systems of packet switches (automatic machines). Of course, it's better to use modern technologies, since they surpass outdated systems in terms of reliability, safety and durability, and they take up less space, but they are not repaired. In stores, you can buy shields with built-in circuit breakers, as well as empty "boxes" and already install the necessary equipment yourself.

An electrical panel in an apartment, the power supply scheme of which can be varied, and the number of consumers and their power may increase over time, should be selected with additional places for circuit breakers.

An introductory machine, usually capable of simultaneously turning off both the "phase" and "zero", should be selected based on total load apartments. The value of its current and protective characteristics is higher than that of auxiliary machines. As a rule, for two- and three-room apartments apartments will do an automatic machine for 32-40 amperes (about 7 kW), if the load is less, the machine can be taken for 25 or 16 amperes.

As for the auxiliary circuit breakers installed on the "phase", they are necessary to protect a separate room or device. Experts advise installing such an automatic machine for each consumer whose power exceeds 1.5 kW (heating tanks, washing machines etc). A table of approximate loads of electrical appliances is located below.

Table 1 - approximate capacities of household appliances.

RCD (Residual Current Device) - extremely useful device, if it is necessary to increase the level of electrical protection at times. They react to the slightest leakage of currents and voltages, instantly de-energizing the circuit. If there are bathrooms and children's rooms in the house, equipped with electrical appliances,.

RCD power distribution

Installation and construction of the shield

The electrical panel for apartment abb or legrand is of two types:

1. Closed (recessed into the wall).
2. Open (the shield is attached directly to the vertical surface).

The choice of installation type mainly depends on the type of wiring - if the wiring open type the installation of an overhead shield will be ideal - such a shield does not require special preparation of the place, fastening to the wall is carried out using ordinary dowels-nails or screws "self-tapping" (it all depends on the material of the wall).

If the wiring is of a hidden type (i.e. built into the wall), then the best option there will be a built-in shield installation. Here everything is more difficult, since you have to hammer the walls. The main thing is not to forget to make sure that the thickness of the wall allows you to install the shield. After creating a niche, it is coated with a fixing solution of gypsum or alabaster, and already a "box" is built into such a bed. It is more convenient to use a plastic shield. The upper part should contain input machines, under which the counter is located. It is secured with screws. The installation of the meter is carried out after the end of the work related to the wiring device. This is due to the filling.

The installation of the electrical panel should be carried out on a hard surface - in a place where it is easy to access and maintain.

According to the norms, the location of the shield, it is installed away from the water and gas pipelines. It should be located on a flat wall surface with an angle of inclination of no more than 1.5 degrees at a height of about 1.5 meters from the floor. If it is not possible to place the meter far from the places of potential damage, then it can be placed in a cabinet equipped with an observation window. Fastening of wires is allowed using bandage binding.

For wiring in the attic, it is necessary to leave a short wire, because it is not allowed to twist the wire into a coil. If you are editing electrical wiring on attic, the cable is placed in metal pipe with grounding.

As for the materials from which the shields are made, it can be either metal or heat-resistant plastic. The second option is more convenient in installation and operation, safer, and appearance its attractive.

So, we have dismantled the installation of the box itself, now we will figure out how the circuit of the electrical panel is arranged.

Basically everything electrical circuits shields are of the same type, but there are main factors by which they are collected, these include:

• the number of consumers of electrical energy;
• total power consumption of electrical energy;
• the power of each consumer;
• place of installation of the electrical panel;
• number of phases;
• the presence of a grounding conductor;
• the presence of a metering unit for electrical energy.

The voltage is supplied to the input automaton (it is better if it is two-pole) and goes to a single-phase electricity metering unit, from where it is fed to the RCD. Further, there is a phase splitting and direct distribution of loads using circuit breakers and additional RCDs. For example, there will be machines separately for lighting, for sockets and for powerful consumers.

The device of the electrical panel with a three-phase power supply system is similar, only the introductory machine, the RCD and the electric meter will be three-phase, and the entire system will be larger both in terms of dimensions and in the number of machines and connecting conductors.

We start the internal installation

Now let's figure out how to properly assemble the electrical shield. First and foremost, a din-rail is installed in the shield using self-tapping screws. From itself, it is a metal plate, to which all switching devices will subsequently be attached. To create the required length, it can be easily cut with a hacksaw for metal.

In addition to the din-rails, terminal blocks are attached to the shield body (in a different way, distribution busbars). Their role is to connect neutral conductors. If an apartment or house is of an old model and the entire system is performed only by a phase (3 phases) and a working zero (performed by a wire blue), one terminal block is enough. If the system is made according to the rules and there is an additional yellow-green conductor (protective zero or ground), then another bus must be installed. At the moment, there are tires on sale, the design of which allows them to be mounted on a din rail, like machines.

After mounting the DIN rails, we proceed to fixing the circuit breakers. Modern design will allow you to do this very quickly, just pull the latching device on the upper side of the machine with a flat screwdriver, put the machine on the DIN rail and remove the screwdriver. Removal is carried out in the same way.

Assembly instructions

The connection can be made in three ways:

1. With multi-wire copper wires with ferrules type NSHVI.
2. Make U-shaped jumpers from pieces of copper wire with your own hands.
3. With the help of special insulated busbars called combs. Such a bus is convenient in terms of installation and does not take up much space, plus several times it reduces the number of connecting wires.

Following actions:

What else do you need to know?

Installing an electrical panel and assembling it is not only the ability to correctly assemble circuits. You also need to know some of the nuances in order not to regret the time and effort spent later.

It should be recalled that it is necessary to assemble and install an electrical panel Legrand, ABB or equipment of another company strictly on a disconnected power line, after checking the absence of voltage.

To connect the assembled shield to the operating system, it is necessary to involve employees of the relevant organizations. For apartment buildings these are representatives of the HOA or ZhEK.

As a result, after the end of the entire assembly and connection process, you need to close or screw the cover and check your work by supplying voltage to the live parts of your shield.

Wiring diagram with three input phases
Single-phase circuit connectivity
Wiring diagram in the apartment

An unscheduled shutdown of electrical machines is a problem faced by almost every resident of an apartment and a private house, the owner of a summer house, country cottage... Most often, traffic jams fly out due to surges in the power supply network, short-term current overloads after turning on powerful household or construction instruments, closures. In order to restore the power supply, it is necessary to determine the reasons for the shutdown, start the electrical machine.

Knocked out the light in the apartment: what to do

Before you climb into the switchboard yourself, you need to figure out the reasons for the shutdown. So, if there is no light in the whole house and neighboring ones, then problems at the power plant, rolling power outages could become the reason for the shutdown. In this case, disconnect all electrical household appliances from the sockets (so that it does not burn out when high voltage is applied), and wait for the restoration of the power supply. If you live in apartment building of the post-war years of the twentieth century, (for example, in Khrushchev), then, most likely, safety plugs were knocked out in your apartment or electrical panel on the site.

In order to return the power supply, you must:

1. Exit to the landing;
2. Open the electrical panel;
3. Determine which of the plugs has flown out (this can be done visually: the white button on the black round plug will stick out from the body for a few cm);
4. Press the white button into the fuse body.

Some sites may have new electrical machines... If the pedals of the machine are down, then the plugs are knocked out. In order to return the light, it is necessary to move the pedals to the upper position.

What is it for and how to turn off the electricity in the apartment

During any electrical work, long-term departure of the owners or the occurrence of potentially dangerous situations connected with the quality of wiring, the apartment must be de-energized. This can be done from the landing.

So, in order to turn off the electricity in the apartment, you must follow these recommendations:

• If the plugs in the vending machine are old, ceramic, without buttons, to de-energize the apartment, it will be enough to simply unscrew them;
• If the traffic jams on the site are black, with buttons, you must press the small red buttons on all of them;
• If there is a new machine on the site, in order to de-energize the apartment, you will need to lower its pedals down.

After that, you need to check whether you have disabled your machine. Otherwise, when holding renovation works, you can get badly hurt.

Rather and it will be easier to control the shutdown using a special indicator screwdriver.

It is simple to work with such a tool: you just need to insert a screwdriver into an outlet and check whether the indicator on the tool lights up. If yes, then the apartment is not de-energized. Any outlet in your apartment is suitable for such a check.

How to de-energize an apartment from a staircase

Several groups of switches can be located in the apartment panel. One group can be responsible for the light in the rooms, the other for the current in the sockets. In order to de-energize the apartment in this case, it will be necessary to move all the machine's toggle switches to the lower position or find a common switch to which the phase and zero are connected. It is this switch that is responsible for bringing the electrics into the apartment. Such a switch is located under your group in the electrical panel.

In old houses, in addition to the main machine, it is necessary to turn off the switch, which is responsible for zero.

There is such a switch in the bottom panel. There are often two such switches on a standard staircase. You can logically determine which of them belongs to your apartment: the one that is closer to your apartment will be your switch.

In this case, it is necessary:

• Always check if the apartment has been de-energized (voltage in sockets) using an indicator screwdriver;
• Warn neighbors about possible outages;
• Disconnect household appliances from the outlet that require delicate handling (computer, refrigerator, washing machine);
• Do not touch the plugs in case of faults in the electricity meter: a broken electricity meter can be misleading, showing that electricity is not supplied;
• To continue repairs that require electricity, it is necessary to use special carrying cords with sockets connected to the vending machine wires. At the same time, such manipulations should not be carried out without a specialist.

In order that, if necessary, you can quickly find and turn off your machine, you can sign it. So, above the working group with a marker, you can write the apartment number.

Several ways to open the flap in the entrance without a key

The electrical panel is made of refractory material, is located at the entrance and, often, consists of two or three sections responsible for the machine, light metering devices and devices operating from weak currents. Each section has its own door, which can be locked with a key. This key can be held by the electrician who maintains the house, the concierge. Often, duplicates are removed from the main key, which are issued for each apartment. This is done so that, in case of unforeseen situations, residents can react quickly and not wait for an electrician. But what if the key was not given to you?

There are several ways to open the electrical panel without a key:

1. If the flap is protected by built-in small locks (like on mailboxes), you can use a female hairpin to open them. To do this, insert the pin with one leg into the upper part of the lock, the other into the lower one, and try to turn the mechanism. Any other thin but durable object can be used instead of a hairpin. The main thing is to act carefully so as not to break the object in the lock.
2. Simple mechanisms can be opened with a flat screwdriver. To do this, insert a screwdriver into the lock and turn it to the right.
3. Padlocks can be opened with a crowbar or pliers.

Before breaking into the flap, you can contact your neighbors. Often, tenants who have lived in the house for a long time have their own keys. In this case, after an emergency de-energization of the apartment, the flap must be closed. This will keep curious children and adults at home safe from injury.

If the plugs are knocked out, how to turn on the electricity (video)

Blackouts in old houses are common, because old electrical wiring and the machines themselves are not designed for modern electrical engineering. Therefore, quite often, while turning on a large number electrical appliances, machine guns knocks out. If your light turns off often, then you, like no one else, should know how to quickly turn on the machine. After all, there is not enough time to wait for electricians. Use the above tips and turn on the machines yourself quickly and safely!