This article is available in high resolution.

On these days, the whole world press recalls Nelson Mandela and the difficult path that he had to go. One of the most courageous fighters for human rights was the first in the history of the Black President South Africa and led the state from 1994 to 1999, and he spent 27 years in the jail for his active activities against the apartheid regime. The man of an incredible charm, he still became a legend during his lifetime.

Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 near Uttaths in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. At birth, he was given the name of the movie, which literally means "the branches of the trees", and translated from the local - "confusion, a disturbance of calm."

Nelson Mandela, 1961. (Photo AFP | Getty Images):

When he studied at school, African children were gave English names to make teachers easier to pronounce them. In those days it was a tradition among Africans. So Mandela began to call Nelson (in honor of the British Admiral).

Not far from Johannesburg, October 1990. (Photo Alexander Joe | AFP | Getty Images):

Later, he continued his studies at the College of the University of Fort Hare, where he received the Master of Arts Diploma. At that time it was the only higher educational institution in the country in which they had the right to learn Blacklock. True, in 1940, Nelson Mandela was excluded from college for participating in the student strike. During the training, he was fond of running and boxing.

Nelson Mandela after speaking from the balcony, June 16, 1990. (Photo AP Photo | Rob Croese):

In 1943, Mandela was influenced by radical and African ideas and for the first time took part in the mass protest. In the 1950s, he was already one of the most active fighters against apartheid in South Africa, he often arrested the police.

That's just one of the arrests. Nelson Mandela leaves at the police van, Johannesburg, South Africa, December 31, 1956. (Photo AP Photo):

Apartheid (africa. Apartheid) - "Return, separateness." Separate accommodation for representatives of different races or cultures, oppression of people on racial sign or skin color.

US President Bill Clinton and Nelson Mandela at the ceremony in honor of two leaders in Philadelphia, July 4, 1993. (Photo AP Photo | Greg Gibson):

By 1960, Mandela became the leader of the African National Congress (ANC). In 1961, the organization decided to move to an armed struggle against apartheid. Three years later, in June 1964, Nelson Maddela was arrested by South Africa and sentenced to life imprisonment.

In this car, eight people sentenced to life imprisonment for their political detensia. Among them and Nelson Mandela. The car leaves the Pretoria Justice Palace, June 16, 1964. (Photo AFP | Getty Images):

African women rally in South AfricaAugust 16, 1962. They demand to free Nelson Mandela from prison. (Photo AP Photo | Dennis Lee Royle):

Rally in the London Guide Park for the liberation of Nelson Mandela, July 17, 1988. (Photo AP Photo | GILL ALLEN):

The second wife of Nelson Winnie Mandela is studying congratulations on the 70th anniversary of a fighter with an apartheid who sits in prison. Johannesburg, July 18, 1988. (Photo Walter Dhladhla | AFP | Getty Images):

He spent in prison as many as 27 years. During his conclusion, Nelson Mandela acquired world fame.

February 11, 1994. Nelson Mandela looks out of the window of his former prison chamber. (Photo Reuters | Patrick de Noirmont):

He spoiled his eyesight on the vessels in the quarries. He was not allowed temporarily from prison even on the funeral of the mother and son. In 1985, he rejected the proposal of President South Africa Peter bots about the refusal of political struggle in exchange for freedom.

President of South Africa Nelson Mandela and US President Bill Clinton in Camera number 5 on Robben Island, where Mandela served 18 years old, March 27, 1998. (Photo Reuters):

During the crisis of the apartheid system, in 1990 Nelson Mandela was released from prison aged 72 years.

Nelson Mandela's released enters the Soweto football stadium in South Africa to say. He came to listen to 120,000 people, February 13, 1990. (Photo AP Photo | Udo Weitz):

Coming out to Freedom Mandel did not take revenge on his abusers for 27 years of take-off life, although he headed the Armed Wing of the African National Congress. Once on the will, he chose the path of the world.

Irish musician Bob Geldoph and Nelson Mandela in Johannesburg, July 15, 1991. (Photo AP Photo | John Parkin):

In 1993, he was awarded Nobel Prize The world for efforts to put an end to apartheid. (Photo Gerard Julien | AFP | Getty Images):

In 1994, the first nationwide elections with the participation of the African majority were held in South Africa, and Nelson Mandela became the first in the history of the Black President South Africa.

The rally of supporters of the future president in Durban, April 24, 1994. (Photo Reuters):

Nelson Mandelands throws his bulletin to the election urn in the presidential election, April 27, 1994. (Photo Reuters):

Helicopters at the inauguration ceremony of the first black president of Nelson Mandela Country in Pretoria, South Africa, May 10, 1994. (Photo AP Photo):

The ceremony of leading the oath of the president, May 10, 1994. (Photo AP Photo | David Brauchli):

Speech by the first black president of South Africa for bulletproof glass at the inauguration ceremony, May 10, 1994. (Photo Reuters | Juda Ngweenya):

In 1996, Nelson's dream was accomplished: under his leadership, a new South African Constitution was developed and adopted, which guaranteed all South Africans equal rights independently of the color of the skin, gender, religious beliefs.

For the power, Nelson Mandela did not keep himself and in the 1999 elections did not put his candidacy for the new post of President South Africa.

President of South Africa Nelson Mandela and Queen of Great Britain Queen Elizabeth II ride in a carriage to the Buckingham Palace during Mandela's state visit to the United Kingdom, July 9, 1996. (Photo Reuters):

"Nelson Mandela is a peaceful liberator of a confused South Africa" \u200b\u200b(The New York Times).

President of the South Africa on the second day of the Mandela State Visit in the UK, London, July 10, 1996. (Photo Reuters | Dan Chung):

For many years after he left the presidential post, Nelson Mandela's life was as contrasting as the whole South Africa. He lived on two houses: then in one of the most prestigious regions of Johannesburg, then in the poor village, where his ancestors lived. So now in the country in the same way: businessmen and bankers - on the one hand, the beggar of the peasants - on the other.

President of South Africa Nelson Mandela and Pope John Paul II listen to the State Anthem at Johannesburg International Airport during the first official visit of the Pope, September 16, 1995. (Photo Reuters):

President of South Africa Nelson Mandela and the first US Lady Hillary Clinton with his daughter (left) at a meeting in Cape Town, March 20, 1997. (Photo AP Photo | DOUG MILLS):

IN last years Due to illness, Nelson Mandela appeared on the public extremely rarely. But each of his birthday, the country continued to celebrate with a scope.

President South Africa Nelson Mandel welcomes the Cuban leader Fidel Castro in Durban, on September 2, 1998. (Photo Odd Andersen | AFP | Getty Images):

In early June 2013, Nelson Mandela fell into the hospital with a relapse of a pulmonary infection.

Little imitator near the hospital, July 14, 2013. (Photo Christopher Furlong | Getty Images):

Former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela and Michael Jackson in San City, South Africa, September 4, 1999. (Photo ADIL BRADLOW | AFP | Getty Images):

"The name of N.Mandel is inextricably linked by a whole epoch in the latest history of Africa" \u200b\u200b(V. Putin).

"Yes, I am an ordinary person" (Nelson Mandela)

Former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela posing with grandchildren in his home in South Africa, July 18, 2008. (Photo AP Photo | Themba Hadebe):

Former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela is waving a crowd on a football stadium during the closing ceremony of the World Cup in Johannesburg, July 11, 2010. (Photo Reuters | Michael Kooren):

Nelson Mandela celebrates his 94th birthday with his family, South Africa, July 18, 2012. (Photo AP Photo | Schalk Van Zuydam):

On the night of December 6, 2013, Ex-President South Africa Nelson Mandela died at the age of 95. (Photo Reuters | babu):

Charming global leader with impeccable reputation.

Nelson Rollahl Mandela (Spit Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela; July 18, 1918, Mfeso, near Umptat - December 5, 2013, Johannesburg). The 8th President of South Africa (the first black president) from May 10, 1994 to June 14, 1999, one of the most famous activists in the struggle for human rights during the existence of apartheid, for which 27 years was in prison. Laureate of the Nobel Prize of the World 1993.

Since 2004 - Delphic Ambassador for Youth (Delphic Ambassador for Youth) and an honorary member of the International Delphian Council. In July 2014, at home Nelson Mandela (in Umtat and Mfeso), as well as in East London, a special Delphic Summit was held, dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the victory of democracy in South Africa and the 20th anniversary of the International Delphian Council.

In South Africa Nelson Mandela is also known as Madiba (one of the clan names of the SPOS people). The most elderly and long-lived President of South Africa: I lived 95 years (at the time of the beginning of the presidency - 76 years old, at the time of completion - 81).

Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in the Mfeso, a small village near Uttath. His family belongs to the youngest branch of the district of the Dynasty Damps (subecadical community of the Spit), ruling in the region of Trankiy East Cape South Africa. On the motherboard had Koisan roots. His great-grandfather's line (died in 1832) was the ruler. One of his sons named Mandel was subsequently a grandfather Nelson (surname went from him). At the same time, despite the direct relationship with the representatives of the ruling dynasty, belonging to the younger branch of the genus did not give the rights to the descendants of Mandela to inherit the throne.

Nelson's father, Gadla Henry Mandela was the head of the village of Mfeso, nevertheless, after cooling relations with the colonial authorities, he was shifted from his office and moved along with his family to Czgun, while retaining, however, the place in the secret council.

Father Mandela had four wives who gave birth to him thirteen children (four sons and nine daughters). Mandela was born from his third wife named Nongapy Dosena and was named Holylala (translated from Kos Rolihlahla - "Disrupting branches of the tree" or in the conversational speech "Roller"). Holylala Mandela became the first in the family who went to school. There the teacher gave him the English name - "Nelson". According to the memories of Mandela, "On the first day at school, my teacher Miss Midnovan gave each of the students in the English name. At that time it was a tradition among Africans and, no doubt, was caused by a British bias in our education. On that day, Miss Mdingan told me that my new name is Nelson. Why it is, I do not have the concepts. "

At the age of nine, Mandela lost his father, who died of tuberculosis, and his official guardian was Regent Jongintaba. In his youth, visited the Methodist primary school, located near the Palace of Regent. At the age of sixteen, according to the tradition, he passed the initiation ceremony. Subsequently, he studied at the Institute of Clarkbery Institute, in which for two years instead of the last three received a certificate of junior secondary education (Eng. Junior Certificate). As a father's heir in the Secret Council in 1937, Mandela moved to Fort Beaufort, where he entered one of the Methodist colleges, which was completed by the majority of representatives of the ruling dynasty. At the age of nineteen, he became interested in boxing and running.

After enrollment in 1939, the University of the country, which had the right to study the dark-skinned residents and residents of Indian and mixed origin at the same time) Mandela began to study the Bachelor of Humanities. At the university, he met Oliver Tambo, who became another and colleague of his life. In addition, Mandela set close friendly relations with his nephew Kaizer Matanzima, who was the son and heir to Jongintab. However, after coming to power, Matanzima supported the Policy of the Bowel, which led to serious disagreements with Mandela.

At the end of the first year of graduation, Mandel took part in a boycott organized by the Executive Council against the Policy of the University's leadership. Refusing to take a seat in the student representative, despite the ultimatum by the leadership, and expressing his disagreement with the move of elections, he decided to leave Fort Her.

Soon after leaving the University of Mandela was notified by his regent about the upcoming wedding. In 1941, Mandela, in 1941, made a decision to escape to Johannesburg, who got a work at a work at one of the local gold mining mines. Having worked there for short time, he was fired from there with his boss, who learned about his shoot from the guardian. After the arrangement in the suburb of Johannesburg, Alexander, Mandela still contacted his guardian, expressing regret for his behavior. Subsequently, he managed to receive not only the consent of the guardian, but also financial assistance to continue his learning. Later, thanks to the help of his friend and Mentor Walter Sisulu, with whom he met in Johannesburg, Mandela got a clerk-senior to one of the law firms.

While working at the company he managed to get in absentia in 1942 the bachelor's degree in the Humanitarian Sciences in South Africa University, after which he began to study the right at the University of Withersland, where he met such future fighters with apartheid, like Joe Word and Harry Schwarz (In the Government of Mandela, the word will subsequently takes the post of Minister housing, and Schwartz will become Ambassador South Africa in the USA).

In Withersland, Mandela studied until 1948, but did not receive a lawyer's diploma for a number of reasons. At the same time, it was during this period of life Nelson found himself under the strong influence of liberal, radical and African ideas.

In 1943, he first took part in a mass event - protests against increasing buses in buses, and also began to attend the meetings of young intellectuals held on the initiative of the leader of the African National Congress (ANC). Meeting participants also became Walter Sisulu, Oliver Tambo, Anton Lembed and Ashley Mda. In April 1944, Mandela became a member of the ANC and, together with his like-minded people, took part in the creation of the youth league, in which he became a member of the Executive Committee. In the League Manifesto, whose activities were founded on the principles of African nationalism and self-determination, has rejected any opportunity to participate in advisory councils and in the Council of representatives of indigenous people. In general, the League took a more warlike position in relation to the official authorities of the country than the leadership of ANC, whose activities were subjected to a repeated criticism of connivance.

After the victory in the 1948 elections of the National Party of Afrikaner, who supported the politics of Apartheid, Mandela began to take an active part in the political life of the country. In 1948, he became the National Secretary of the Youth League Ank, in 1949 - a member of the National Council of the ANC, in 1950 - the National President of the Youth League Ank.

In 1952, Mandela became one of the organizers of the disobedience campaign conducted on the initiative of the ANC. At the same time, I developed the so-called "plan M", which was a guide on the activities of ANK underground in the event of prohibiting the authorities. In 1955, he participated in the organization of the Congress of the people, on which the Charter of Freedom was adopted, in which the basic principles of building a free and democratic society in South Africa were set out. The Charter of Freedom became the main program document ANC and other political organizations of South Africa, who fought against the apartheid regime.

In 1952, Mandela and his comrade Oliver Tambo created the first law firm under the leadership of Black-skinned - Mandela and Tambo, which provided free or cheap legal assistance to Africans.

Mandela presented a significant impact on the views and methods of political struggle of Mandela (in January 2007, Mandela took part in the International Conference in New Delhi, where the century was celebrated from the date of the introduction of Gandhi ideas about non-violence in South Africa).

On December 5, 1956, Mandela and 150 more people were arrested by the authorities with the presentation of accusations of state treason. The main point of the prosecution was the commitment of communism and the preparation of the violent overthrow of power. Result trialStrengthened from 1956 to 1961, it became an excuse for all accused.

In the period from 1952 to 1959, a new group of black activists called "Africanists", broke with the African National Congress, requiring more decisive measures against the national party regime and opposing cooperation with the Communist Party and political organizations of other racial groups of the South African population.

Ank leadership in the face of Albert Lutuli, Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu witnessed not only the growth of the popularity of Africanists, but also seen in their face the threat to their leadership. Subsequently, Ank strengthened his position through cooperation with small political parties, which presented the interests of the White, Mixed and Indian population, trying to enlist the support of a wider circle of the population than the Africanists.

The Africanists, in turn, criticized the clipstown conference of 1955, on which the Charter of Freedom was adopted, for those concessions to which the ANC went with a numerical composition of 100 thousand people to obtain one vote in the Union of Congresses. Four Secretary-General of the Five Organizations included in it were secretly members of the Restored South African Communist Party.

In 2002, the biography of W. Sisulu was published, in which, since Sisulu himself, it was stated that he was a member of the Communist Party since 1955, and since 1958, a member of its Central Committee.

In 2003, the Secretary General of the YACUP confirmed that the Secretary General of the ANC Walter Sisulu secretly joined YUKP in 1955. Thus, all five general secretaries were members of the Communist Party.

There is quite a lot of evidence indicating that in the late 1950s - early 1960s, Mandela was also a member of the South African Communist Party. A number of prominent figures of YACUP are talking about this with definition: Joe Matthews, the widow of the Duma NOCW, Brian Banting and some others. I. I. Filatova in the biographical article dedicated to Mandela, indicates that the facts testify to the support of the opinion that Mandela was a communist and, moreover, was a member of the Central Committee of the Jacpet. If this assumption is true, then all the initial leadership of the Umkonto Remove consisted of Communists.

In 1959, Africanists, thanks to the financial support of Ghana and political assistance from Lesotho, have formed a Pan-Spricane Congress under the leadership of Robert Sobawa and Leballo Potcheko.

In 1961, Mandela was headed by an armed wing of ANK, one of whose organizers he was, - "Untyo Vehoma" (translated from the language of Zulu - "Spear Nation"). As a result, they began the policy of explosions of government and military facilities, allowing partisan war in the event of its failure in the fight against apartheid regime. In addition, Mandela managed to attract money abroad and organize military training for wing members.

Ank Wolfi Member Kadesh explained the goals of the campaign in this way: "From December 16, 1961, we had to start enclosing the symbolic places of apartheid, such as passports tables, local world courts ..., post office and ... government agencies. But it was necessary to do so that no one would suffer, no one was killed. " In the future, Mandela responded about Wolf as follows: "His knowledge of warfare and his immediate combat experience was extremely useful for me."

According to Mandela, the armed struggle became the last tool. The years of growing repression and violence by the state convinced him that the non-violent struggle with the apartheid regime did not bring and could not bring the expected result.

Later, already in the 1980s, the "umkonto celence" launched against the apartheid government a large-scale partisan war, during which a lot of civilians suffered. According to Mandela, Ank in his struggle against the regime of apartheid also rudely violated human rights. For this, he sharply criticized those in his party who tried to remove statements on violations from the ANC in the reports that were prepared by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

Until July 2008, Mandela and the members of the ANC were prohibited from entering the United States (with the exception of the right to visit the UN headquarters in New York) without the special permission of US Secretary of State in view of the party's council for the former apartheid government of South Africa to terrorist organizations.

On August 5, 1962, Mandela, who was in the runs for seventeen months, was arrested on the road near the city of Hauvik in the province of Natal under unusual circumstances. Mandela was behind the wheel of the car, in which businessman Cecil Williams sat. Williams made documents for Mandela to David Mesmayy, and officially took him to work as a driver. In the police, South Africa did not guessed that in this car throughout South Africa, the commander of the Umkonto Commander can move. Mandela was imprisoned Johannesburg prison, and Williams managed to flee to England, and died in 1978. To a large extent, the success of the operation has become possible due to the assistance of the CIA of the United States, which transmitted the police of the South Africa information about his presumptive location. Three days later, the Court of Mandel was charged with the organization of workers' strike in 1961 and the illegal crossing of the state border. On October 25, 1962, he was sentenced to five years in prison.

On July 11, 1963, the police of South Africa was organized by a raid on the farm Lilislife in the suburb of Johannesburg - Rivoni. According to Denis Goldberg, one of Nelson Mandela's associates, MI-6 employees under the guise of ornithologists, armed with binoculars, led by observation. According to Goldberg, in 1963, a suspicious van was noticed near the farm - "We believe that in the town of Vans was a British intelligence agent. Everyone thought he was a ornithologist, because he climbed every day to a telegraph pillar with binoculars, but I think we were those birds that he watched. "

The result was the arrest of several prominent leaders of the ANC, including Goldberg, but Mandela was not on the farm, but the police seized his records and diaries. The detainees were presented four charges in organizing diversions, for which the death penalty was envisaged, as well as accusations of crimes equivalent to state treason. In addition, they were charged with the development of foreign troops to South Africa (this point of charges of Mandela is categorically rejected). Among the accusations with which Mandela agreed, cooperation with the ANC and YUACP in the use of explosives in order to destroy the objects of water and electric and gas supply to South Africa were numerically.

During his speech at the lawsuit on April 20, 1964, in the Supreme Court in Pretoria Mandela outlined the main reasons for the use of ANK violence as tactical weapons.

In his protective speech, he described how Ank used peaceful ways to deal with apartheid regime until a shot in Charpeville. Conducting a referendum, based on the results of South Africa, and the introduction in the country emergency Along with the prohibition of ACC, they convinced Mandela and his supporters in the fact that the only in a true way The struggle for their rights are sabotage acts. Other activities were equivalent to unconditional surrender.

In addition, Mandela stated that the developed manifesto of the Umkhonto We Sizwe armed wing was pursued by the purpose of failure of the National Party Policy. To help achieve this goal should have dropped the interest of foreign companies that would refuse to invest in the country's economy. At the conclusion of his speech, Mandela stated: "Throughout your life, I completely devoted himself to the struggle for the African population. I struggled both against the domination of "white" and against the domination "dark-skinned". I honored the ideal of a democratic and free society, in which all citizens live in harmony and have equal opportunities. This is the ideal for which I am ready to live and to which I strive. But if it is necessary, then for the sake of this ideal I am ready to die ".

All the accused, with the exception of Bernstein, were convicted, but on June 12, 1964, the measure of their punishment was changed to life imprisonment.

Mandela has served his term on Robben Island near Cape of Good Hope, from 1962 to 1990, where he stayed next eighteen of twenty seven years of imprisonment at 46664. Being imprisoned in a single prison camera, Mandela acquired world fame. On the island, he and other prisoners were engaged in compulsory labor on limestone career. All serving deadlines were divided into skin color, while the blacks received the smallest portions of food. Political prisoners kept separately from ordinary criminals and enjoyed a smaller number of privileges. According to the memories of Mandela, as a prisoner D-band, he had the right to one visit and one letter for six months. The coming letters often delayed or became unclear due to the actions of prison censors.

Being in the conclusion, Mandela studied at the University of London on Program absentee learning And subsequently received a bachelor's degree of legal sciences. In 1981, he was nominated for the post of honorary rector of the university, but lost the princess Anna.

In March 1982, Mandela, along with other audiors of the ANC (Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlangeni, and others) was transferred to Polsmour prison. Presumably, the main reason for these actions was the desire of the authorities to protect the new generation of black activists who served the punishment on the island of Robben, from the influence of these leaders. Nevertheless, according to Chairman of the National Party Kobi Koti, the purpose of this step was to establish contacts between the convicted and South African government.

In February 1985, President South Africa Peter Bota offered Mandela his exemption in exchange for "unconditional refusal of violence as political weapons." Nevertheless, Kotsy and other ministers recommended the bot to abandon their proposal, since, in their opinion, Mandela will never give up armed struggle in exchange for personal freedom. Indeed, Mandela rejected the initiative of the president, stating through his daughter: "What freedom is offered to me when people's Organization remains forbidden? Only free people can enter into negotiations. The prisoner cannot enter into contracts ".

In November 1985, the first meeting between Mandela and the Government of the National Party, when Kotsy visited the politician in the Cape Town Hospital after operating the prostate. In the next four years, another series of meetings took place during which the basis for future contacts and the negotiation process was created. Nevertheless, they did not lead to tangible results.

In 1988, Mandela was transferred to Viktor-Vister prison, where he stayed until his liberation. At this time, many restrictions were removed, as a result of Mandela's friends, including Harry Schwartz, who defended the interests of Mandela and his supporters during the Rivonian trial, received the right to meet him.

During the imprisonment of Mandela, local and international media had a significant pressure on the South African authorities, using the "Free Nelson Mandela!" Slogan in their publications! (translated from of English language - "Free Nelson Mandela!").

In 1989, the bot as President South Africa, after a heart attack, changed Frederick Willem de Clerk.

After signing by the latest White President of South Africa, Frederick de Clerk Declaration of the legalization of ANK and other movements against the regime of Apartheid Mandela was released. It happened this event broadcast live around the world, February 11, 1990.

On the day of his liberation, Mandela spoke with a speech before the nation.

He announced his interest in the peaceful settlement of disagreements with the White Population of the country, but made it clear that the Armed struggle of ANC did not come to an end when he stated: "Our appeal to the armed struggle in 1960, when an armed wing of ANK was created," Umkonto celence "was created, a purely protective step against violence by the apartheid regime. The factors that have made the necessary armed struggle still exist. We have no choice but continue started. We hope that a climate will soon be created, favorable to resolve problems in the framework of negotiations, so that there is no need for armed struggle. ". In addition, Mandela stated that his main goal remains to achieve peace for the dark-skinned majority of the country and providing him with the right to vote on both national and local elections.

Soon after his liberation, Mandela returned to the post of leader ANK, and in the period from 1990 to 1994 the party participated in the negotiation process on the abolition of the apartheid regime, which was the result of the first national elections on a general-handled basis.

In 1991, ANK held the first national conference after removing the ban on his activities in South Africa. On her Mandela was elected president of the organization. In turn, Oliver Tambo, who led the ANC in exile during the conclusion of Mandela, became the National Chairman.

In 1993, Mandela and De Clerk together were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Despite this, the relationship between politicians was often tense, especially after a sharp exchange of statements in 1991, when Mandela called de Clerk by the head of "illegal, discredited minority regime". In June 1992, after a massacre in Boipatong, the negotiations on the initiative of the ANC were interrupted, and Mandela accused the murders of the South African government. However, after another massacre, but already in Bisho, held in September 1992, the negotiation process was resumed.

Soon after the murder of the leader Ank Chris Hani in April 1993, there were concerns about the new wave of violence in the country. After this event, Mandela turned to the nation with the call to maintain peace of mind. Despite the fact that after the murder followed several reges, the negotiations continued, and according to their results, an agreement was reached, according to which, on April 27, 1994, democratic elections were appointed in the country.

At the parliamentary elections held in April 1994, Ank received 62% of the vote. On May 10, 1994, Mandela, who headed ANC, officially joined the position of President South Africa, becoming the first black resident of the country in this post. The leader of the National Party Frederick Willem de Clerk was appointed First Deputy President, and Tabo Mbeci is the second deputy in the government of national unity.

As president of South Africa since May 1994 to June 1999, Mandela has achieved international recognition for his contribution to the achievement of national and international reconciliation.

Over the years of his stay, Mandel has taken a number of important socio-economic reforms, pursued the goal of overcoming social and economic inequality in South Africa. Among the key measures of the period of its presidency can be allocated:

introduction in 1994 by free medical care for all children under the age of six, as well as for pregnant and lactating women who enjoy the services of public health care facilities;
the launch of the so-called "Program of Reconstruction and Development", which aimed at financing social and domestic services (industries such as housing and communal services and healthcare);
Increased costs of public benefits by 13% by 1996/1997, by 13% by 1997/1998, by 7% by 1998/1999;
the introduction of equality when paying benefits (including disability benefits, parental capital and pensions), regardless of racial affiliation;
Introduction of cash benefits for the maintenance of children of black inhabitants in rural areas;
a significant increase in the expenditures on the scope of education (by 25% in 1996/1997, 7% in 1997/1998 and 4% in 1998/1999);
Adoption in 1994 of the Law on the Return of the Earth, according to which persons deprived of ownership as a result of adoption in 1913 on the lands of indigenous inhabitants, had the right to demand the return of the Earth;
Adoption in 1996 of the Law on Land Reform, who defended the rights of land tenants living and engaged in agriculture on farms. Under this law, the tenants could not be deprived of land ownership without a court decision and to achieve 65 years;
Introduction in 1998 grants to support children aimed at combating childhood poverty;
Adoption in 1998 on the advancement of advanced training, which secured the mechanism for financing and implementing measures to improve the qualifications at the site of work;
The adoption of the Law on Labor Relations in 1995, which regulated the issues of labor relations at enterprises, including ways to resolve labor disputes;
Adoption in 1997 of the Law on Basic Working Terms of Employment, aimed at protecting the rights of workers;
The adoption of the Equality Act in 1998, having canceled discrimination on a racial basis for a device for work;
Connecting more than 3 million inhabitants to telephone networks;
Reconstruction and construction of 500 clinics;
Connecting more than 2 million inhabitants electric networks;
construction of more than 750 thousand houses in which 3 million people settled;
ensuring access to water with 3 million inhabitants;
introduction of compulsory education for African children aged 6-14 years;
provision of free food for 3.5-5 million schoolchildren;
Adoption in 1996 of the Law on Health and Security in mines, which improved working conditions for miners;
The beginning of the implementation of the National Policy in 1996 in the issue of providing medical preparations, which facilitated the population access to vital medicines.

From 28 to 30 April 1999, Nelson Mandela was in Russia with a state visit. Mandela and President of the Russian Federation was signed "Declaration on the principles of friendly relations and partnerships between Russian Federation And the South African Republic "Nelson Mandela awarded Yeltsin to the Order of Good Hope I Class. The Balkan themes became one of the main during the meetings. The positions of the heads of state agreed on the condemnation of NATO aggression against Yugoslavia, and Yeltsin was so fascinated that he even called Mandela with a famous and long-standing wrestler for the freedom of Yugoslavia, but immediately corrected the reservation. Later, Mandela visited the Red Square, Mausoleum of Lenin and Novodevichi Cemetery, where his countrymen were buried (member of the Comintern executive committee and two leaders of the Communist Party: John Marx and Moses Kotan).

Honorary member of more than 50 international universities.

After in 1999, Mandela left the post of President South Africa, he began to actively call for more complete coverage of HIV and AIDS problems. According to experts, in South Africa, about five million carriers of HIV and AIDS patients are more than in any other country. It remained until the end of the life, one of the oldest politicians of the twentieth century living on the planet.

When McGajo, the son of Nelson Mandela, died of AIDS, Mandela called to fight with the spread of this deadly disease.

He was a member of the Organization "Elders", created to participate in resolving conflicts around the world, including in areas such as Darfur and Kenya.

In 2011 during civil War In Libya and the intervention of Western countries, Mandela rose to the side: "Gaddafi is our head in everything. No African leader will have its weight, its significance and its attractiveness. This is a builder, creator; When I look at this, I understand that this man did for his own country despite the opposition of the West, the clouds of missiles who killed his children, he did not give way, he was fearless. This person will certainly holy. We must be able to speak "you" with God, for this you need to have this skill. He made from Libya not burdened by debts, a prosperous country that has invested in the economy of black Africa. Some of the leaders of Africa, hurried to freeze the deposits of Libyans (Gambia and others). Senegal acknowledged PNS, South Africa has not yet recognized the transitional council, but we know that Zuma is a fluger. They forgot that the African National Congress was supported by Gaddafi, when Nelson Mandela was an arrestant. Gaddafi is one of the rare managers who supported the Madiba, that is, Mandela. Why not heard it? Why do this person who listen in the West does not use his influence (its political weight) to end the suffering of the Libyan people? ".

Nelson Mandela died on December 5, 2013 at the 96th year of life in his house in the suburb of Johannesburg Houghton Estate in the family circle. On the death of Mandela announced President South Africa Jacob Zuma. Zuma said: "He quietly left for about 20 hours of 50 minutes on December 5 in the presence of relatives. Our nation has lost the Great Son. "

On February 2, 2014, a public announcement of Mandela will have been held. Condition was 46 million randov (4.13 million dollars). The inheritance also includes two houses in Johannesburg and the East Cape Province, income from written books. Dick, Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa Discaging Mosentek, summing up the testament said that "We consult the wills to families, always meaning those emotions that sometimes cause such an action. But everything went well. I do not think that any protests will be announced. The testament was presented properly, and also accepted and registered. " The terms of the testament can be challenged over the next 90 days. 1.5 million randoms and part of the deductions from future income are unsubscribed by the Mandela Foundation. Part of the revenue will be transferred to the African National Congress, for spending at the discretion of the party's management to disseminate information about the principles and policies of the ANC, with a focus on reconciliation policy. The nearest employees of Mandela will receive 50,000 random (5 thousand dollars) each. Four more educational institutions and several scholarship funds will also receive 100 thousand randoms.

Personal life Nelson Mandela:

He was married three times:

First marriage (1944-1958) with Evelin Mandela (1922-2004). Four children - sons: Madhib Temmekil Mandela (1945-1969; died in a car accident; the authorities did not allow Nelson Mandela then in prison, visit the funeral of the Son), Magcao Levany Mandela (1950-2005); Daughter: Makaziv Mandela (died in 1948 at the age of 9 months); Makaziv Mandela Pumla (r. 1954);

Second marriage (1958-1996) from Winnie Mandela (r. 1936). Two daughters: Zenani Dlamming (r. 1959); Zindzi Mandela (r. 1960);

The third marriage (1998-2013) with Grare Machel (r. 1945);

He had 17 grandchildren and 14 great-grandfathers. Mandela Zenani's greatness (1997-2010) died in a car accident after a concert dedicated to the opening of the World Cup South Africa.

What Nelson Mandela, Politician and President South Africa, you will learn from this article.

Nelson Mandela brief biography

Where was Nelson Mandela born?

Nelson Mandel appeared on July 18, 1918 in the village of Mfeso, in South Africa in the family of a member of the secret board of the tribe tribe. He had 3 brothers and 9 sisters. At birth, he was called Holylala, but when he went to school, the English teacher gave him a new English name. So Nelson Mandela appeared.

When he was 7 years old, the family moved to the village of Tsgun. And after 2 years, Nelson's father died. During training at school and College, Mandela was addicted to the run and boxing, which was engaged in until the end of his life. At 21, he was enrolled in the University of Fort Her, but the future president was held there only a year.

Mandela in 1941 moves to Johannesburg and is arranged first a guard at the mine, later the younger clerk in the legal office. Nelson in parallel with the work abandoned the South African University, having received the degree of bachelor of humanitarian sciences. After he entered the Faculty of Law at Withersland University, where he met his future ministers - Harry Schwartz and Joe's word. Back in his student years, he took an active part in the collections of intellectuals of the African National Congress and a variety of rallies. In 1948, Mandela took the post of chief secretary of the National Party of Afrikaner, later became the President of the Youth League in the African National Congress. The figure organizes a campaign on the disobedience of power and in 1955 convened the Congress of the Free People. So began his political career.

Nelson Mandela than famous?

Before the post of President South Africa he has to go a long way. He was the first to create a legal office providing free services for black and amounted to a list of the principles of the South African Society. The "Charter of Freedom", written by him, will become the main document during the non-violent struggle against the apartheid regime.

Realizing that he could not achieve anything peacefully, Nelson created a radical organization called "Umkonto celence". The members of the group organized the explosions of military and government objects. For organizing strikes Nelson Mandela in the fall of 1962, he was sentenced to imprisonment for 5 years. Soon he was nominated new accusations, and the sentence was replaced by life imprisonment. In prison statesman He was 27 years old. But it was during this time that he became a global celebrity - in the overseas press the slogans "Freedom Nelson Mandela" were published. Dark-skinned wrestler even managed to graduate in absentia by the University of London, receiving a bachelor's degree in legal sciences.

From the mid-80s, the government decided to compromise with Nelson Mandela: he was offered freedom if he refuses the fight against apartheid. But the figure did not agree. Only with the arrival of Frederick Villem de Clerk in 1989, the ban on the African National Congress was removed, and Mandela was released.

After leaving prison, he began the fight against the government. Thanks to his efforts in 1994, democratic elections were held the first in the history of South Africa. And Nelson Mandela, gaining large quantity Votes, became the first black president of South Africa.

For the presidential term, he achieved a lot - free education for children up to 14 years old, free medical care for pregnant women and children, increased subsidies for rural residents, introduced laws on land, equality in employment, on the level of employee qualifications. The Mandela Government spent large-scale work on electrification, telephones, the construction of a clinic, residential buildings and hospitals.

In 1999, Nelson Mandela retired and engaged in the fight against the spread of AIDS. It was mined open coverage of this problem in South Africa, which today is the leader in the number of deaths from this ailment.

The life of Nelson Mandela was filled not only by state activities. He wrote a number of publications and autobiography - "I am ready for death," "Long road to freedom," "Conversations with yourself", "The struggle is my life."

In the summer of 2013, the figure enters the hospital, the old prison pulmonary disease aggravated. Here he stayed until September. His condition was stably critical. In November, Mandela has significantly deteriorated the health and former presidents connected to the apparatus of artificial respiration. Despite the efforts of the doctors, the inevitable happened: the day, + when Nelson Mandela died on December 5, 2013. He was 95 years old.

Nelson Mandela's personal life

South Africa was married three times. He first married Evelin Makaziv in 1944. In marriage, 4 children were born - daughters Makaziv Mandela, Pumle Makaziva and Sons Magcao Levanya and Madiba Temkequil. They broke up in 1958. Winnie the second wife became Winnie, with which he was combined with marriage as a marriage in 1958. She gave birth to him 2 more daughters, Zinzi and Zenani. Grass Machel became the last companion of life. They got married in 1998.

The State and Political Worker of the Republic of South Africa (South Africa), the former President of South Africa (1994-1999) Nelson Mandela (Nelson Mandela) was born on July 18, 1918 near Umptat (Eastern Cape Province of South Africa).

His great-grandfather was the leader of the tribe. One of the sons of the leader, wearing the name of Mandel, became a grandfather Nelson. From his behalf and the last name was formed. At the birth of Mandela, he received the name of the movie, which means "branches of trees branches", and translated from the figurative language of fidget, confused, a severity violator. At school, where African children were given English names, so that teachers were easier to speak, Mandela began to call Nelson - in honor of the British Admiral.

Nelson Mandela studied at the Fort Hare College, from which in 1940 for participation in the student strike was excluded. He worked as a guard at the mine in Johannesburg, served in legal office in Johannesburg.
In 1943, Mandela began to study the right at the University of Withersland, where he would take place until 1948, but did not receive a lawyer's diploma. Later he studied at the University of London, but also not graduated from him. Nelson Mandela received a bachelor's degree in law only in 1989, in recent months its conclusion. While in prison, he studied in absentia at the University of South Africa.

In 1944, Nelson Mandela joined the Youth League of the African National Congress (ANC) and soon became one of its leaders. In the 1950s, he was one of the most active fighters against apartheid in southern Africa. He was repeatedly arrested the police.
Since the end of 1953, the Government of South Africa has banned Mandel to speak at public events for two years and resumed this ban for five years in 1956. Nelson Mandela was accused of state treason in 1956 and justified in 1961.

After the events in Charpeville (1960), when 67 Africans were killed as a result of the riots, the South African government banned the ANC. Mandela switched to an illegal position. In June 1961, the leaders of the ANC decided to switch to armed methods of struggle against apartheid. Ank military organization led by Mandela was formed. In June 1964, he was arrested by South Africa and sentenced to life imprisonment.

During his conclusion, Nelson Mandela acquired world fame. In South Africa and in other countries, the movement for its release has been launched. 18 years old he spent in prison on the island of Robbon (1964-1982), in 1982 he was transferred to a capetown prison in which he spent six years, after which he was hospitalized in connection with tuberculosis. In 1985, Nelson Mandela rejected the proposal of President South Africa Peter bots about exemption in exchange for refusal of political struggle.

In 1990, in the context of the crisis, the Mandela Apartheid system was released and in 1991 he headed the ANC.

In 1993, Nelson Mandela and President South Africa Frederick de Clerk were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to put an end to apartheid.

In 1994, the first nationwide elections with the participation of the African majority were held in South Africa, as a result of which Nelson Mandela became the first black President of South Africa.

In 1996, under his leadership, a new Constitution of the Republic of South Africa was developed and adopted, which guaranteed all South Africans equal rights regardless of racial affiliation, gender, religious beliefs or sexual orientation.
Staying the post of President of the country, Mandel in December 1997 left the post of leader Ank, and in the 1999 elections did not put his candidacy for the presidency of South Africa.

Departing from public affairs, Mandela.

Nelson Mandela is the author of several books, among which the prominent place occupy "there is no easy way to freedom" (1965), "I am ready to die" (1979).
He was awarded a lot of government awards of dozens of world countries (including the USSR, Russia, USA, Great Britain, Canada, India, etc.).

In November 2009, the UN General Assembly announced on July 18, the international day of Nelson Mandela in recognition of the contribution of the former President of South Africa to the world and freedom.

Former President South Africa Nelson Mandela.

Material prepared on the basis of RIA news and open sources

Winnie met Nelson in 1957. By this time, his name was known in South Africa. The position of the dark population in the country was deplorable, and the ideas of the struggle against apartheid found more and more sympathizing. The skin color was caused by daily humiliations - at work, on the street, in the store or in the hospital. It was possible to study the Africans only in several universities, they were prescribed on the bus to sit on specially designated places. In stores - stand in a separate queue. If the African came to the "toilet for whites", immediately flared the scandal. " Ambulance"Before the departure clarified the color of the patient's skin: in some cases, it was necessary to wait for the brigade for 6-7 hours. Intimate proximity between representatives of different races had the status of a criminal offense. It is worth mentioning and, perhaps, the most amazing legislative norm: Africans were deprived of South Africa.

Nelson Mandela to the moment of dating from Winnie headed the youth wing of the African National Congress - the oldest organization that represented the interests of the indigenous population. Future spouses rallied politics: in his youth Winnie joined the organization of the left sense and with heat was engaged social activities. A talented student was offered a grant for study in the United States, but she chose to stay in his homeland and settled by a social worker in the hospital.

Nelson divorced the first wife when she hit the religion

The wedding took place a year after the acquaintance, in 1958. For Nelson, it was a second marriage. The first one gave a crack when Wife Evelin entered the Society of Jehovah's Witnesses. All his time, she devoted to the "recruitment" of new supporters, the victim of religious agitation was the husband. As politician recognized, it was this who broke the boat of family happiness. Unlike Evelin, Winnie after the wedding quickly "politicized" and joined the ranks of the women's League of the African National Congress. Anything about honeymoon There was no speech: in the midst of the Court of Mandela. Politics accused of preparing the state version. In the morning he went to a court session, and in the evening she was engaged in legal practice. True, after charges in state treason, the clients did not rush to Mandela. And if you came, then the consultation was received with a practically gift - the firm specialized in the help of blacksm, in which, as a rule, there was no extra charge. So the money from the future president of South Africa was not a penny - the family existed on a modest earnings of Winnie as a social worker.

In 1958, parliamentary elections were held in South Africa. Africans, who in the country there were about 13 million, did not have election law. Mandela for days and nights organized manifestations, and his wife helped him in every way. At about this moment, politician was finally established in the idea of \u200b\u200ban armed struggle. "We had no alternative to violent resistance. We have already used all non-violent weapons, which was in our arsenal - speech, marches, strikes, - and all to no avail. All our attempts of the government met the railway, "writes Mandela in the book" Long Way to Freedom. " Winnie at that moment was engaged in legal aspects of the situation of women in South Africa. The position of her husband was separated entirely and completely.

At the beginning of the 60s, the politicians initiated the explosions of government facilities and combined tens of thousands of radically tuned Africans around him. In 1962, he was arrested, and two years later sentenced to life imprisonment.

Rally in South Africa, August 1962

Winnie was in a difficult position. On the one hand, all the black population of the country expected the continuation of Nelson's business from it. On the other hand, it was obvious that she risks in a large one. The government strengthened the policy of racial discrimination, for the slightest hint of political activities African could go to jail. The African National Congress was found illegal. The idea of \u200b\u200bequal rights of the "White" and "black" population caused so violent resistance from the current government that even international sanctions did not help change the situation. And yet Winnie took the risk. She continued her husband's legal activity, helping the blacks in the protection of their rights in the courts, did not miss any rally and promoted the struggle against apartheid. Mandela turned out several times under house arrest; was accused of preparing a terrorist act and a year and a half was sitting in prison, where she was tortured; After multidimious protests of the 1976 protest, when several hundred students were killed, she was skeiled in the town of Brandfort for 7 years. The possibilities of campaigning in this God forgotten place, of course, were limited. But Winnie did not give up.

The icon that distributed among the indigenous population

It is curious to trace how the tonality of her speeches changed over time. At first, the wife of odious policy was clearly carefully carefully and did not affect acute issues. Her performances concerned mainly the situation of dark-skinned women, educational opportunities for children, maximum - catastrophic incidence of AIDS in the country. But over time, Mandela realized that nothing serious was threatened with her. Her rhetoric has become much more aggressive. What is one speech on April 13, 1986! Then she approved the practice entitled "Necklace". For an innocent word - a sophisticated murder, the execution, which Africans were subjected to white-skinned residents of South Africa. Among the passers, they chose the victim and took into the slums. The neck was put on the tire, inside which was gasoline. Next, it was allocated. In his scandalous speech, Winnie said: "With the help of our necklies, we must free this country." The politician skillfully manipulated the sentiments of Africans, which were outraged by violent relocation in the early 80s. Nevertheless, this ill-fated performance caused serious damage to her reputation.

Winnie visited her husband in prison and at the same time he twisted the novel with a young lawyer

Starting since 1988, events unfold rapidly. Under the guise of the Winieu Football Club gathered around him a gang of bodyguards. Right in the house of Mandela, they killed a 14-year-old teenager Stompreti. The "mother of the nation" came up with Alibi, however, was accused of abducting the settlement and attack him. One member of the gang argued that Winnie herself had fallen with an unfortunate blow to a knife, but she managed to get dry out of the water. The court softened the sentence for lack of evidence, and instead of 6 years of imprisonment, Mandela discharged a fine. The degree of popularity of Winnie was rapidly, despite the scandal. Moreover, even white-skinned activists appeared in her support - they believed that Mandela was substituted by the government.

A member of the "Football Club" said that Winnie defeated blows with a knife

However, it is not known how career would be a career of our heroine if Nelson was not liberated in 1990. He began to actively "promote his wife (however, until he learned that she was twisted with a young lawyer). In 1993, the "mother of the nation" elected the head of the women's League of the African National Congress.

Literally a few days after Mandela became president, he appointed a deputy head of art, culture, science and technology. But here it was not without a scandal: in the first month of work, she paid 40% of the amount to its bodyguards, which 39 ministers and their deputies spent. In addition, Winnie presented a huge mansion as a gift. The donator, as it turned out, was engaged in smuggling diamonds. Mandela was charged with corruption, and after 11 months she left his post.

Infinite court cases and the divorce with Nelson did not break Winnie. In 1999 she was elected to parliament, but in 2003 she again appeared before the court. She was charged with 60 episodes of fraud and 25 theft. Together with its financial consultant Winnie "saw" the budget of the African National Congress. By the way, after these charges, Nelson stopped publicly advocated to support the ex-wife. Winnie was forced to leave politics. True, she managed to avoid prison - the court left in force only the sentence on one episode of fraud (3.5 years).

Mandela "saw" the budget of the ANC with its consultant

In 2007, Mandela was again elected by a member of the Executive Committee of the African National Congress. This is amazing, but the fact. Neither the scandalous story with the murder nor the accusations in the treasures could not dispel the charm of this political figure for Africans. Winnie is still a legend woman in South Africa.