Techniques for performing various carpentry operations are outlined, a description is provided hand tool, its adjustment and manufacture, it is told about the device of the device for carpentry. Recommendations are given on the artistic assessment of wood as an ornamental material, on the restoration of objects made of wood, their finishing (polishing, varnishing, marquetry, inlay). Examples of the manufacture of some products are given. The book uses the experience of the old masters of the art and furniture industry.

For a wide range of readers.

What This Book Is About 1

Joinery material 2

Tool 5

Woodworking with tools 15

Measurement work, drawing up measurement drawings 19

Layout work in nature 20

Joinery connections 21

Gluing and gluing 22

Fundamentals of artistic veneering of joinery 25

Finishing joinery 28

Restoration work 30

Manufacture of joinery 32

G. I. Kulebakin
Joinery

Published by the decision of the section of literature on technologists construction works editorial board of Stroyizdat.

Reviewer - Ch. specialist of the furniture and equipment sector of TsNIIEP for entertainment buildings and sports facilities E.S. Ustinov.

In our harsh and impetuous age, the age of glass and concrete, metal and polymers, a person especially sharply feels the craving for such a seemingly out-of-date, warm and always beloved material like wood. From the patriarchal antiquity and the knightly Middle Ages, methods of processing it have come down to us. Save experience the best masters of the past, the book of the candidate of architecture, a subtle connoisseur of carpentry and a wonderful craftsman Georgy Ivanovich Kulebakin will help to convey to the young the professional subtleties of handwork. It will be interesting both for craftsmen who are engaged in carpentry finishing of interiors of public buildings, and for those who devote their leisure time to the ancient and young, painstaking and wonderful carpentry art.

What this book is about

Woodworking is one of the first crafts that a person mastered. This material is malleable to the instrument, durable, lightweight and beautiful, therefore products made from it have long and firmly entered the life of people and enjoy their constant love.

Carpentry was born out of carpentry and construction with the advent of tools and techniques that make it possible to obtain smooth surfaces and precise details. The essence of carpentry is the ability to cleanly process and join together in a product pieces of wood obtained from a round tree trunk. The decoration appeared much later. In the beginning, joinery was carried out in natural wood- an array.

Today, joinery uses thick beams and planks that are strong enough, and very thin planks such as plywood veneer (a thin cut of wood) that require a load-bearing wooden base... Planks and bars go to hidden structure and for the front, visible parts of the product, veneer is used exclusively for facing. The surface of the boards and bars is processed by cutting, cutting, turning. Since the natural basis of the carpentry material has not changed - it is still the same wood, the principle of its processing has also been preserved, which means that the techniques of the old masters, who were fluent in hand tools, may well serve today's master, whose work is only facilitated by the use of mechanisms.

Carpentry, along with the ability to choose the material to give the bar the proper shape, also requires taking into account the constructive work of this bar in the product, based on the direction and shape of its fibers.

As you know, there are different types of wood that have different color, structure and strength of wood. Each breed has its own characteristics in processing and finishing. The carpentry art also consists in being able to determine the breed, to know its features - advantages and disadvantages, to be able to find in a piece of wood - a blank - the parts most suitable for the front details, to be able to connect different breeds together so that this connection is harmonious , beautiful and corresponding to the design characteristics of the product.

Wood lends itself different kinds finishing - dyeing, staining, varnishing, polishing. However, the possibilities of such finishing are different for different species: there is wood that easily accepts stain (color), there is wood that accepts poorly; some species are poorly polished, etc. An important section of the art of joinery is understanding the possibilities of wood finishing, its choice and the ability to perform this finish.

Any carpentry product consists of separate parts, one way or another connected with each other. The strength of the entire product depends on the strength of the connection of these parts. The master must be able to choose the type of bunch of parts, the shape and nature of their processing at the joints, as well as fastening materials.

The parts themselves, connected to the product, can have, with the same size and purpose of the product different thickness, width. So, the frame of the door can be wide or narrow, the legs of the stool - both thick and thin. The ability to determine the section necessary for a given place, taking into account not only work, but also beauty, is one of the main components of the art of carpentry. The master must have a sense of proportion and what is called the sense of wood.

The essence of wood processing, as it was said, has been preserved since ancient times practically unchanged: the tree is cut with a saw, its surface is smoothed with a plane, holes are made either with a drill, or with a chisel, chisel. Recently, hand-held machines have appeared in which the cutting parts are driven by a motor. This greatly facilitated the work on material procurement and, in addition, made it possible to increase the dimensional accuracy of the same type of parts and the speed of their manufacture. The master is required to be able to use manual machines in such a way that, in comparison with manual production, the possibilities of obtaining new forms of joinery products would not be limited, but, on the contrary, would increase. Shortly speaking, by hand machines the master must also masterfully wield both a chisel or a plane. There is, of course, no need to dwell on the necessity of owning a hand tool here.

Modern joinery production has been supplemented by several new types of joinery materials. First, it is trimmed valuable breed wood flat panel based on chipboard (chipboard) or joiner's panel, assembled from glued together wooden slats and clad on the outside with plywood veneer. Secondly, it is a paper or plastic film imitation material that replaces natural, and, thirdly, polyester and nitrocellulose varnishes, which make it possible to obtain a durable thick transparent layer of the surface finish of products. The ability to use these materials is a prerequisite for carpentry today.

Thus, the art of carpentry includes both a purely handicraft part - processing wood with a tool and connecting parts into a product, and a creative part - the ability to choose and combine breeds, feel harmony in joinery... This last is the most difficult, but the mastery of harmony is the main quality of a true master.

In connection with the development of mechanized methods of wood processing, the direct connection between the structure of a tree and its shape has been lost recently. Many artistic and logical false decisions appeared, such that it was impossible to make by hand (for example, transverse pasting of curved corners and edges of plates, long, bending parts), which are dictated mainly by the convenience of factory technology. You cannot imitate them. Therefore, one can understand the real logic of the structure of a wooden thing only by studying samples of folk furniture, furniture and joinery of past times. All details of peasant furniture and products of medieval master carpenters are made and connected in accordance with the true constructive work wooden element in the product. Outwardly, this is characterized by the direction of the fibers in the part, usually made of solid wood.

The study of the logic of constructing antique or folk furniture should not at all be accompanied by copying old forms. Although, on the other hand, it must be said that it is hardly possible to invent a table or cabinet that is fundamentally different in design: after all, the forms wooden furniture developed over many centuries.

Carpentry occupations are intensively spreading in various strata of the population - from craftsmen engaged in carpentry decoration of premises to public buildings, to home craftsmen. At the same time, the requirements for the quality of carpentry work are increasing. At the same time, the professional skill of workers engaged in carpentry finishing of interiors does not always correspond to the proper level. This is because the level of manual craftsmanship has declined: the old generation carpenters have left without sharing the secrets of their work, and the carpenters of furniture enterprises are too specialized. Many former unskilled carpenters now work as carpenters in construction.

It is impossible to obtain comprehensive information about the professional techniques of carpentry from carpentry textbooks, since the presentation of manual work in them is given in a very concise manner.

Carpentry Literature

1. Akishenkov SI Protection of lumber from cracking during drying. M., 1978.33 p.

2. Amalitskiy V.V., Lyubchenko V.I. Handbook of a young woodworker. M., 1974.

3. Bartashevich A.A., Antonov V.P. Furniture production technology and wood carving.
288 pages, 2001; Publisher: Higher School

4. Berlin MA Humidity measurement, 2nd ed., Revised. and add. M., 1973.400 p.

5. Biryukov V.A. Chamber drying of wood in electric field high frequency... M.-L., 1950.102 p.

6. Bobikov P.D., Lutherstein M.B. Plywood works. M., 1974

7. Bobikov P.D. Design of joinery and furniture products. M., 1980, 173 p.

8. Bobikov P.L. Artistic furniture manufacturing. M., 1982, 271 p.

9. Buglay B.M. Wood finishing technology. M., 1973.

10. Bulanin. V.D. Mosaic woodwork. 144 pages, 2001; Publisher: Olma-Press; Series: School of Mastery

11. Burikov V.G., Vlasov V.N. House carving, Moscow, 1994, 352 p.

12. Bukhtiyarov V.P. Equipment for finishing wood products. M., 1971.

13. Vakin A. T. Storage round wood... M., 1964.428 p.

14. Weber G.B. Modern furniture with your own hands; Translated from German -M., 1980, 78 p.

15. Gashkova AK Influence of humidity on the quality of joinery and construction products. M., 1974.80 p.

16. Ginzburg AS Fundamentals of theory and technology of DRYING food products. M., 1973.528 p. 7.

17. Hirsch M. Drying technique. Per. with him. M., 1937.628 p.

18. Glikin M.S. Decorative works on wood on machine tools, Moscow, 1999, 280 s

19. Deaf V. H. Prevention of warping of lumber during chamber drying. M., 1975.35 p.

20. Golenishchev A.N., Dobrynin S.V., Andreeva A.A. Drying and protective treatment wood.- M .: Lesn. Prom-th, 1984. - 80 p.

21. Gorshin S. H. Atmospheric drying of sawn timber. M., 1971. 295 p.

22. Grigoriev M.A. Industrial training for carpenters. M., 1979, 223 p.

23. Grigoriev MA Material science for joiners and carpenters. M., 1981, 169 p.

24. Grigoriev M.A. Industrial training of woodworking machine operators. M., 1982, 152 p.

25. Monetary P.M., Stiskin P.M., Tkhor I.E. Turning business. M., 1979.

26. Dmitrievskaya T.S. Furniture finishing with nitro lacquers. L. 1951

27. Zabozlaev B.S. Conditions safe work in finishing shops of woodworking enterprises. M., 1967.

28. Directory-reference of hand tools for construction. M., 1989.

29. Heinrich Gatsura. Furniture styles. 164 pages, 2001; Publisher: Moscow City Organization of the Union of Writers of Russia.

30. Kondrat'ev GM Regular thermal regime. M., 1954.408 p.

31. Konovalenko A.M. Furniture Restoration, St. Petersburg, 1998, 112 p.

32. Korotkov V.I. Woodworking machinery. M., 1986.

33. Krasnikov V. V. Conductive drying. M., 1973.288 p.

34. Kreidlin L.N. Joinery, carpentry and parquet work. M., 1997, 320 p.

35. Kreidlin L.N. Carpentry work. M., 1982, 127 p.

36. Kreidlin L.N. Carpentry. M., 1985, 174 p.

37. Krechetov I.V. Drying of wood. 3rd ed. revised M .: Lesn. prom-st, 1980.-432 p.

38. Krechetov IV Drying of wood with flue gases. M., 1961.270 s.

39. Krechetov IV Wood drying. M., 1972.440 p.

40. Krechetov I. V. Drying of wood. M.-L., 1949.528 p.

41. Krechetov IV Start-up and operation of a continuous gas drying plant of the Krechetov system. TSNIITEIlesprom. M., 1965.24 p.

42. Kraut F. and Meyer Fr. Carpentry and joinery work at interior decoration buildings. Floors, doors, windows, wall cladding and decoration, ceilings, stairs. 292 pages, 1901; Publisher: Publishing G.V. Golsten.

43. Krisher O. Scientific foundations of drying techniques. M., 1961.540 p.

44. Kuksov V.A. Joinery. M., 1960.

45. G. I. Kulebakin. Joinery. M., 1987.143.

46. ​​Kulikov IV Technology of manufacturing and repairing furniture according to the orders of the population. M., 1974.424 p.

47. Laschaver M.S., Rebrin S.P. Fiberboard finishing synthetic materials... M., 1970.

48. Lebedev PD Calculation and design of drying plants. M.-L., 1963.320 p.

49. Logacheva. L.A. The basics of woodcarver craftsmanship. 136 pages, 2001; Publisher: Folk Art

50 A. V. Lykov Drying theory. M., "Energy", 1968-472 p.

51. Lykov A. V. Heat and mass transfer (reference book). M., 1972.560 p.

52. Lyubchenko V.I., Druzhkov G.F. Handbook of a young machine operator of a sawmill and woodworking enterprise. M., 1985.

53. Matveeva T.V. Mosaic and woodcarving. M., 1981, 80 p.

54. Mikhailichenko A.L., Sadovnichy F.P. Wood science and forestry commodity science. M., 19883.205 p.

55. Mikhailov Yu, M. Drying with superheated steam. M., 1967. 198 p.

56. Muzalevsky V. I. Measurement of wood moisture content. M., 1976.120 p.

57. Nagorskaya I.A. Grinding and polishing equipment for finishing workshops, VNIPIEILesprom, 1971.

58. V.I. Nefedov. How to make furniture yourself. M., 1986, 192 p.

59. Nikitin L.I. Safety engineering in woodworking enterprises. M., 1982, 240 p.

60. Standards for chamber drying of sawn timber. M.-L., 1957.39 p.

61. Wood processing. Traditional technique. 432 pp., 1999; Publishers: AST, Geleos

62. Orlova Yu.D. Wood products finishing. M., 1968.

63. Perelygin LM Wood science. M., 1969.318 p.

64. Peich H. H., Tsarev B. S. Drying of wood. M., 1975.224 p.

65. Pesotsky AN, Yasinsky VS Designing of sawmill and woodworking industries. M., 1976.375 p.

66. Petrov A.K. Woodworking technology. M., 1974, 271 p.

67. Popov K.N. , Caddo M.B .. Construction Materials and products. 368 pages, 2001; Publisher: Higher School

68. Practical advice... Carpentry work. 208 pages, 2000; Publishers: AST, Harvest; Series: My profession

69. Prozorovsky N.I. Technology of finishing joinery. M., 1981, 288 p.

70. Pronin. L.A. Wood carvings and mosaics. 272 pages, 2001; Publisher: U-Factoria; Series: DIY

71. Prudnikov P.G., Goldberg E.E., Kordonskaya B.K. Handbook of furniture finishing Kiev: Tehnika, 1982

72. Anthers N. A. Drying of wood. Kiev, 1968.120 p.

73. Rivkin SA, Aleksandrov AA Thermodynamic properties of water and steam. M., 1975.79 p.

74. Rozov V.N., Savchenko V.F. Veneering of joinery and furniture parts and products. M., 1979, 175 p.

75. Guidance on Chamber Drying of Lumber. Ar-khangelsk, 1977.152 p.

76. Savchenko. V.F. Materials for facing and finishing of joinery and furniture products. 128 pages, 1999; Publisher: Academy (Moscow); Series: Profession

77. Safronenko V.M. Decor and wood protection. 32 pages, 2001; Publisher: Halton; Series: Master's Tips

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Provides data on wood and auxiliary materials, modern instruments, devices, mechanisms and woodworking machines, methods of connection wooden elements, data on manual and machine processing of wood in the manufacture wooden products and designs. Describes the production of joinery and carpentry in construction, modern organization of labor and workplace based on best practices. For workers in construction and installation organizations.

Adhesives and mastics.
Glutin (collagen) adhesives - mezdrovy (GOST 3252-80) and bone. Mezdrovy glue has the following brands: KME (extra), KMV (superior grade), KM-1, KM-2 and KM-3 (the numbers indicate the grade). Mezdrovy and bone adhesives are produced in tiles, crushed, granular, flake and galley (glue jelly). Prepare the glue as follows. Dry glue is placed in an oilcloth and poured with water room temperature, better boiled (fig. 1.6, table 1.22). The water should completely cover the glue. In this state, the glue is kept for 6 ... 12 hours until it swells completely. Then the glue is boiled, stirring occasionally, and it goes into solution. The working temperature of the flesh glue solution is 50 ... 70 ° С, bone glue - 40 ... 60 ° С. The period of use of the glue at the operating temperature is no more than 8 hours.

Casein adhesives. The main part is milk protein-casein (low-fat cottage cheese). Store the casein glue powder in a dry room at a temperature not exceeding 30 ° C. At 40 ° C, casein loses its adhesive properties. The shelf life of dry glue is 5 months.
To prepare the glue, casein powder is gradually poured into water at room temperature (16 ... 20 ° C), constantly stirring, in a weight ratio from 1: 1.7 to 1: 2.3 (depending on the desired viscosity) and stir periodically within an hour until a creamy mass is obtained. The viability of casein glues is 4 ... 6 hours. Casein glue is used in the manufacture of joinery boards and panels, window and door blocks.

Casein-cement glue (CC). Its composition: powder of casein glue-1000 g, Portland cement grade 400-750 g, water at room temperature - 2200 ... 2500 g. Portland cement is added to the solution of casein glue and mixed until a homogeneous mass is obtained. The viability of this glue is 4 ... 6 hours. Casein-cement glue is used in the manufacture of beams, girders, trusses, floors from superhard fibreboard. Casein-cement glue is medium water resistant, therefore, when used in wooden building structures it is protected from moisture by waterproof paint or varnish.

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