Ladder opening is a kind of window in inter-storey floors. From this review, you will learn about the types of openings for the stairs, the features of their calculation and the device.

4 types of outlook for stairs

For comfortable, safe movement, it is necessary to choose the optimal parameters of the staircase.

Constructive execution The lumen in the ceiling ending the rise may be the most different. It depends on the configuration of the stairs, design solutions. The form of the ceiling holes is classified as follows:

1. Rectangular. On the picture standard optionHis most often choose owners of private houses. Design and execution in this case is the least complex. The length of the opening varies depending on the configuration and size of the staircase march. The convenience of using the stair construction depends on the correctly selected parameters of the opening
2. Semicircular. Suitable for marching raises, and for screws. In our range there are also suitable stairs for this:
   Screw staircase "Prestige" - perfect option For small openings. Our company offers this product at a price of 73.691 thousand rubles.
3. Non-standard. Under this definition, all varieties of forms fall. The embodiment of them is usually caused not the impossibility of using standard solutions, but creative flight of the designer's fancy. Create an opening in the form of a trapezoid or a polyhedron is not easy, but if the result is most important, it is worth thinking over such an option.

   
   Create an open non-standard formlike 4 photos, not easy and die only by a specialist

Calculation of the size of the opening

The calculation of the area under the construction of a staircase opening has its own characteristics. When executing it, take into account the layout of the first and second floor. In advance, determine the site for the installation of the staircase and the boundaries are planned for the device. A lot of useful about the calculation of the ladder itself and the opening of it can be found when viewing this video:

If the staircase leads to the attic or in one room, then a rather open is a width of 0.6-0.7 m. When you need an output to the lounge, combining several rooms, then for convenient movement you need the width of the opening of at least 0.8 m.

Features of the calculations of the size of the opening in the ceiling are as follows:

1. First, it is necessary to design the staircase itself - to determine the number of steps, slope, geometry.
   

   It is not necessary to do without the calculation of such parameters:

   • span heights;
   • the widths of the stairs;
   • design lengths;
   • the height of the riser;
   • shorty depths.
2. Based on the height of the span and the size of the steps, determine which step step will turn out to be at the level of the upper floor. To do this, use a special algorithm:
   • determine the distance between the floor and the overlap, for which the overlap thickness is taken from the interval between the floor of the first floor and the second floor;
   • from the result, take consistently at one height of steps;
   • terminate the action when the result is less than 2 m, it denotes that the number of treated steps fit under the overlap, and the residue will be out of the opening.
3. If the rotary staircase is planned, the width of the opening is determined by the level of running turning steps, and the length is equal to the length of 2 march. Luke for a direct staircase will be great due to the lack of turning. For screw design The opening is equal to the circumference of the stairs.
   

   
   Direct staircase "Solo" from our company takes a lot of space and is intended for large openings. Price 70.858 thousand p.

Arrangement of staircase

Technology device opening different species overlaps differs in varying degrees of complexity

It is best when the location of the stairs is already taken into account in the project at home. Then the opening in the ceiling leaves in the construction process, but it happens that the project wants to change or decide to establish a staircase completely elsewhere, then everything has to do in the already mounted overlap.

The successful solution of the issue depends on the following 4 factors:

Decide with the parameters of the ladder will help this video:

Ladder opening in the wooden floor overlap in 4 steps

The easiest way to perform the opening in the floors of the tree, although there are nuances here. If the distances between each carriage beams enough for its device, then no problems arise, but if the places are not enough, the procedure is as follows:

1. Remove flooring and ceiling along the contour corresponding to the future of the way.
2. Cut 1 or 2 beams on the spot allotted under the opening, but no more, otherwise the overlap will lose the carrying ability.
3. Mounted pair beams, in size coinciding with the main. They are needed to attach more to them 2 to form the opening. To strengthen the design, transverse bars are added, the cross section of which is equal to the cross section of the main beams.
4. Connect all elements with a metal angular Profile and selflessness. If the opening is adjacent to the brick wall, then one side of the beam is attached to it.

Opening in a concrete plate

We go under the stairs in concrete overlap It is better to leave even during the construction of the house. In size, it will correspond to the standard reinforced concrete plate.

The staircase usually occupies a smaller area, so after equipment of the opening, the remaining space is concreted. Technological process Consists of 8 operations:

To make an invisible metal frame, it is mounted above with respect to the lower edge of the plate by 2-3 cm. When pouring a solution into a formwork, it will learn under the profile and hobs the frame. In order for the cement, there are short metal pins on the lower part of the profile, and the plaster grid is attached to them.

If, when designing a house, the issue of the device is lost under the staircase, it can be made independently using a powerful grinder, perforator and other auxiliary tool. Only to do it at the junction of the plates, otherwise you will weaken the overlap, and the consequences can be the most unpredictable.

You need to act according to the following scheme:

Since the slabs of the overlap must withstand the weight of the stairs and monolithic plotYou can only perform the opening method for narrow stairs. Under the broad massive stairs to arrange the opening of such a method.

To obtain an excellent end result required accurate calculationsCompliance with basic rules. The opening in the ceiling - the design is unsafe, so it should be approached with all seriousness. If you do not have experience, contact us. Our professional team will help you with advice, if necessary, execute calculations, select the optimal option of the opening for the stairs you like.

Going to make a wooden or metal staircase with your own hands you need to pay a lot of attention to calculations. Despite the seeming simplicity - the staircase is a very complex engineering design, each node of which should be thought out, and together they must create a single ensemble.

The metal / wooden staircase project should include accounting for its functional and decorative component. Make it will be the harder than the less you have experience in this kind. Since not every day we are calculated, then you need to paint in detail how to make the calculation of the stairs to the second floor of a private house. General principles Buildings wooden I. metal stairs they do not differ. As the saying goes, "the devil lies in the details." It is them and consider in detail.

It is worth noting that the arrangement of stairs in multi-unit or administrative buildings Regulated by many documents. The main of these GOST 23120-78 stairs marches, platforms and fences steel and SNiP IV-14-84 Collection of 1-14 stairs.

However, in private homes, the height of which is often limited to two floors, the owner is free in choosing a configuration. Although, of course, the basic rules for the construction of the stairs must be supplemented.

1 rule - choice of stairs location in the house

Make a straight staircase in accordance with the standards in a private house interferes with the limitations of space. Therefore, many owners give preferences complex designs: Marshaos stairs with a rotation or screw. Professionals put forward several recommendations as to where and how to place a staircase in the house so that she takes little space.

• locate the stairs better in that part of the house that the least uses. The staircase in the residential room creates certain inconveniences;

• provide free approaches to the stairs;

• staircases are preferable to running steps. Especially if independent construction is assumed;

• consider first more simple options, and then more complex;

• consider that the stairs need not only to walk, but also to bring / end out furniture, equipment. It must be convenient for all family members;

• if the space (place) under the stairs in the house is planned to be used, it is better to choose a closed design. And, on the contrary, the open staircase makes the space more spacious, so it is advisable to use in the rooms;

• consider the installation of a metal staircase in wooden house Can be made after the house gives shrinkage. Those., After 1-1.5 years. Otherwise, shrinkage at home will lead to a violation of the integrity of the structure.

• make sure that in the ceiling (overlapping) you can make an opening for the staircase for the attachment of the attic, the attic. For example, in monolith Plate The device of the staircase is creating significant difficulties.

How to reduce the size of the outlook for the stairs to the second floor?

Useful tips from experienced masters:

• 20% is possible if a staircase with 150 degrees has been installed;

• at 30% will help the installation of a ladder with two marches and a platform. Places savings are achieved due to the fact that the movement changes 180 °;

• by 60% by installing the stairs with the steps "Duck Step";

• 80% achieved by installing the screw staircase. In this case, the movement changes 360 °.

2 Rule - shape and types of stairs

In a private house there is an opportunity not so strictly follow standards and gta stories. However, the basic principles of the arrangement of the ladder must be observed, since the disregard of them may entail a decrease in the safety of this engineering structure.

Before proceeding to calculations, you need to know that there are two important factorsthat will affect the result.

First, it is a constructive feature.

From the point of view of the design, all stairs can be divided into three types:

• movie. Consist of separate marches. They, in turn, are divided into single-hour, two or more - multi-hour. In addition, the marching staircase can be straight, with a staircase or turning (running steps).

In private houses, a wooden and metal staircase with running steps is popular (with a rotation of 90, 180, 360 degrees).

• screw (spiral). In the stairs of this type of stage are spinled around the axis. They are comfortable when there is no indoors free space For march design. But the construction of the screw staircase is much more laborious and requires a more thorough calculation.

• folding. Refer to portable designs, so we miss them, since we will make the calculation for the stationary staircase.

Secondly, it is a form of a frame.

Metal frame I. wooden stairs Can be made in three versions:

• staircase on Kowras. The framework of the frame is one or two whole beams, on which the steps are stacked on top.

• staircase on the tutor. The frame consists of two supporting beams that are maintained from the side

• staircase at Bolzakh (from him. "pin"). Fastening steps is made directly to the wall.

3 Rule - calculation of the parameters of the ladder

Many users do not know what to take into account to calculate the ladder correctly. Professionals argue that accounting of the three main parameters will make the design safe, beautiful and convenient to operate.

The ladder parameters are shown in the picture

Height of stairs

The height is the distance from the floor of the first floor to the floor (not the ceiling) of the second. Often the staircase upper end rests on the first floor ceiling. For the convenience of moving over such a staircase, there is a lumen.

The distance from the stage to the ceiling can be calculated as follows: the growth of the highest family member is taken and 100 mm is added. The recommended value of the lumen (the working height of the stairs) is 2 m. This value must be constant throughout the march.

Note. Place the stairs to residential rooms One can only if the rooms of the first and second floors are heated. Otherwise, it should be placed in a non-residential room.

Length Ladder (Marsham Length)

For traditional marching design, the length of the staircase is equal to the length of the march or the sum of the length of the marches plus staircase Between them.

When calculating the length of the screw staircase or stairs with overtakers, the average march length is calculated. In this case, the measurement is performed at a distance of 50 cm. From the railing (edge \u200b\u200bof the span).

Width of the stairs in a private house

The width is the distance of the stairs from the wall or between two handrails. Recommended parameters are shown in the diagram.

Width of the marching staircase:

• 1.5 m. - elevated level comfort;

• 1-1.2 m. - Comfort zone;

• 0.8-1 m - allowing only for the marching staircase located along the wall;

• less than 0.8 m. It is appropriate only for auxiliary stairs.

Width of the march staircase with overtakers:

Width of the screw staircase:

• 1.4 m - comfort zone;

• 1.1 m - the minimum allowable width.

This is due to the fact that running steps narrow to central Element Stairs.

The angle of inclination of the stairs (steepness)

The angle of inclination determines the convenience of using the stairs. Too cool, the staircase allows you to save a useful space, haul makes movement more comfortable.

The type of stairs depending on the steepness is shown in Fig. It is clearly seen here, at what angle should be a staircase in a residential room.

Most comfortable option For movement is in the green area of \u200b\u200bthe drawing.

Material prepared for WWW.Site site

Note. At the angle of tilt over 45 °, you can only go back the stairs.

As practice shows, most often in the house apply combined options. To understand how an angle to put the handrail on the stairs, you need to hold a parallel between the base of the staircase (Kosoour, the guilty) and pave the handrail. Mathematically, this is a simple calculation of the angle on the Pythagorean theorem.

Number of stairs

The number of steps is not regulated and depends on the height of the stairs and the height of the sticking (risen). In two-post stairs, it is recommended to do the same number of steps in both marches, but in practice, the steps are distributed between marches of irregular.

Note. For apartment buildings, the number of steps is regulated and amounts to 9-11 steps.

The height of the sticky (the distance between the steps of the stairs)

The distance between adjacent steps of 150 mm is recognized most convenient for movement.

Note. For those who make the stairs with their own hands - an excess height is easy to remove, adjusting the height of the sticky between the last and the penultimate step or between the first and second.

Step staircase (width stage)

On the step of the stairs you need to rely on the full foot. Hence, optimal width Stairs of the stairs should be at least 230 mm. (35 size). The minimum permissible is 100 mm width. But frequent walking in such steps is fraught with injuries.

Note. If you increase the width of the step over 650 mm (the average length of the step of the adult), then when walking on such a staircase, you can get lost and stupid.

Increase the width of the stage by means of the stage. At the same time, the step should not hang over the previous one by more than 50 mm.

Note. Having calculated the width of the stairs, do not forget that the distance between the balusters should be within 100-150 mm. Otherwise, such a fence will be unsafe. In turn, the balasins are installed so that the aesthetics of the fence is maintained - one on the stage, two per step or otherwise.

Length Stairs Stairs

Stage length is determined by the design of the stairs. If two tents are used as the main constructive element - The length of the stage corresponds to the distance between them. If Kosur (one or two), then the length of the stage is determined by the customer.

4 Rule - accurate calculation of the size of the stairs

Since all parameters are related to each other, to calculate them, it is enough to have basic knowledge of geometry. We will show how to calculate the staircase on the example.

Example 1. Calculation of the length of the stairs and the width of the opening

In this case, the calculation is simple and suited to those who have a lot of free space in the room.

How to calculate the length of the stairs in the house

Determined as follows. The width of the ceiling overlap in 200 mm is added to the height of the room in 3000 mm. The resulting value is 3200 mm. We divide by 160 mm (recommended height of the approacon) we obtain the number 20. Those. The staircase will contain 20 steps.

Based on the fact that the recommended width of the stage is 300 mm - the length of the staircase should be 6000 mm (20 steps 300 mm). Or, if the stage is made by 50 mm, the length of the staircase will be 5000 mm (20 steps per 250 mm (300 mm - 50 mm)).

How to calculate the width of the ladder

It is determined as: from 3000 mm (the height of the room) is subtracted 1900 (the recommended value of the lumen). We get 1100 mm. This value is separated by 160 mm (height of the stage) and we obtain the number of steps over which the overlap can be located. Outcome of the calculation - 6,875, i.e. 7 steps.

The remaining 13 of the 20 steps should be located in the freezing zone free. Otherwise, walking under them will be uncomfortable. The width of the stage is 300 mm, then the width of the opening will be 13x300 mm \u003d 3900 mm.

Checking 1100 (overlapping width) + 3900 (width of the opening) \u003d 6000 (ladder length)

However, not everyone has the opportunity to leave 6 or 5 meters under the staircase. In this case, it is worth playing the width of the stage or the height of the sticky. And you can make a staircase with a turn or with the steps "duck step". Such structures are more complex, which means it will also be more complicated.

An example of a drawing of a metal staircase on one Kourow

Example 2. Calculation of the angle of inclination of the stairs and parameters of the steps

These calculations are more complex and can be performed by several methods. Among them are known as follows:

• computer method;
• danish method;
• lines lifting method;
• sweep method;

These methods combines the need for basic knowledge in the design of the design. The scheme of the stairs in graphical interpretation obtained by described above methods is shown in the figure.

• method of proportions.

Fits a newcomer in the design area and makes it easy to calculate, both marching straight and stairs with running steps or screws. After all, there is a feature, namely, the steps are narrowed to the center.

Calculation of a metal or wooden staircase with running steps 90 and 180 degrees by proportions is based on a uniform distribution of space on the rotary area. The calculation is performed in this way:

1. there is a sketch of stairs in a horizontal projection;
2. the line indicates the average length of the march. For convenience, stand out in the middle;
3. the line indicates the middle of the turn of the stairs. The place where the longest step will be located.
4. we apply to the middle line the value of the width of the steps. Thus, you can calculate their quantity. The calculation is carried out from the rotary line.
5. we define the points where the latest identical steps will end. There should be two such points - at the beginning and at the end of the stairs. In rare cases, the stairs begin or finish with running steps;
6. in a place where the step will have a minimum width (near one of the cososov, the taisles or the screw pipe, lay 50 mm from the rotary line. In the amount of 50 + 50 will give us 100 mm. What is the minimum permissible width of the stage;
7. we connect the applied points with previously designated points, which show the width of the stage and extend them to the opposite side (the second rower, the rigs or the rings of the screw staircase).
8. put the remaining steps. Approximate proportion of 1: 2: 3. One mm on a narrow part of the staircase is 2 mm on the midline and 3 on a wide part of the rotation.

Data from the sketch is transferred to the staircase blanks according to the scale.

The ladder scheme with running steps and turning 90 degrees is clearly represented in the drawings.

The staircase with running steps with a rotation of 180 degrees is calculated in the same way.

The scheme of the stairs with running steps with a rotation of 180 degrees is presented below

Such a method of calculation can not be called ultra-precise, but calculations sufficient to build the staircase with their own hands, you can get. If you do not trust him, you can contact a specialist or use the computer program.

Calculation of stairs at the parodes

The process is similar to the calculation of the stairs with running steps. The difference is only in the method of fastening. It is possible to fasten or without it.

Calculation of the screw staircase

The calculation of the staircase of the spiral type is performed similarly to the calculation of running steps. But in this case, you need to accurately determine the configuration. From the point of view of the design there may be four types.

Note. The spiral staircase is considered the most dangerous in terms of moving.

Drawings of screw stairs

Calculation of stairs duck step

This configuration is good because it takes a minimum of space, but in the manufacture and operation of such stairs are very troublesome. The staircase is set in the duck step in the event that the angle of the slope exceeds 45 degrees, and use potter stairs I don `t want. The peculiarity of this design is that only one leg is based on one step. However, despite this, the design of such a staircase is no different from the frame of the route. The difference is only in the form of steps.

Scheme of stairs stairs goose step

Note. According to the standard, the number of steps in the stairs duck should be odd. Moreover, the first stage is preferably to do on the right. This is explained by the fact that most users have a leading leg right. The maximum coming is also installed on the right.

Computer programs for calculating stairs

The software method allows you to create a 3D project, visualize the project and get a staircase drawing with an accurate indication of all parameters. Programs received the greatest distribution as:

• "Compass" (as practice shows, most craftsmen are familiar with this program);

• SolidWorks - allows you to create a design of different engineering structures, not only stairs;

• Consultec Staircon - makes it possible not only to create a project of the stairs, but to calculate the estimate for its construction. The total three-dimensional model allows you to get a complete picture of the future design.

5 Rule - detailed drawing or sketch

Calculation of the computer method or method of proportions already implies the presence of a drawing of the future staircase. However, even those who do a simple marshi stairs It is worth creating a sketch with sizes applied to it.

Note. On the sketch you need to apply not only the parameters of the stairs, but also indicate the main parameters of the room. For example, the presence and size of the window protruding the windowsill, columns or other objects that can be placed to change the configuration or parameters of the stairs during operation.

Prepared, therefore, you can start building the stairs with your own hands.

The opening of the staircase is the starting point with which the structure of the structure begins. Before performing work, it is recommended to define a plan in advance that takes into account such parameters as: overlap (wooden or reinforced concrete), desired view, dimensions, calculation of the intended load, etc. If it is assumed to install the staircase indoor with limited spaceYou can familiarize yourself with examples of work.

Types of openness

The opening under the stairs to the second floor is performed in various forms. Based on the configuration of the design and individual preferences in design, the following types of opening are distinguished:

• Round. It looks original and most suitable for screw type stairs. When choosing this work, it should be borne in mind that the upper steps will be directly under this circle. The outer diameter is determined, based on the size of the structure.
• Oval. This type of opening is preferable for row and marching stairs.
• Rectangular. Thanks to simple design, this species is the most common. The size of the opening under the stairs varies, based on what configuration has a march.
• Non-standard. The opening in the overlap under the staircase of this species can have any shape expressed in the creative approach when working on a design project. It is difficult to fulfill it, so professional professionals should be attributed to the design.

When choosing a type of opening, it should be mainly guided by security and comfort by selecting the optimal parameters.

Size definition

In order to determine which opening under the staircase is necessary, you should carefully consider the layout of the lower and upper floors. It is necessary to decide in advance with the permissible borders for the arrangement of the hole in the second floor and the basis for the organization of steps. In the event that the second floor is assigned to the attic or small room, that is, the ability to save space, highlighting 60-70 cm under the opening. If the second tier is spacious enough and has a lounge for several rooms, then the size of the opening can be increased: the width of 800 mm and above is allowed.

Operactions under the wooden staircase are planned based on the definition of the following indicators:

• height, i.e. determination of the distance from the floor of the first tier to the floor of the second tier;
• length, i.e. Determination of the distance horizontally from the narrow edge of the opening on the top tier to the approximate point of the start of the design on the lower tier;
• width, i.e. Determination of the length of future steps.

The opening under the staircase in the wooden floors to do is much easier than in reinforced concrete, you can familiarize yourself with them in more detail.

Rules of arrangement and registration of the opening

When installing the design, its type should be taken into account. For example, opening under screw staircase It takes into account its angle of rotation, diameter and height, the parameters are calculated using mathematical formulas. In mandatory, it is necessary to establish amplifying beams before dismantling. When arranging the foundation of the stairs can be removed outdoor coating. The work on the ceiling is carried out according to advanced circuits with alternate cuts of the beams. Standard design of the opening is to spit with light plaster, decoration is carried out taking into account individual preferences. The appeal to the profile company will help to solve the question of how to make an opening under the staircase safe and reliable, eliminating the likelihood of the possible collapse of the upper tier and creating a beautiful and unique interior.

Have questions? Find out everything about your future staircase right now!

One of the elements that withstands the entire load of the overlap is the beam. From how correctly its installation is made and the cost of the bearing opportunity is made, the integrity and durability of the overlap between the floors will depend on.

Made of wood beam, remains popular with overlap equipment between floors. But they are just like any construction material, endowed with their positive and negative qualities. Consider the characteristics.

The following features can be attributed to the positive characteristics of wooden beams:

1. The overlap beams made from wood are simple when used. Easy and quickly installed.
2. They have a relatively low weight, which entails a decrease in the total load on the base of the building.
3. Have a smaller cost compared to other materials.
4. Material for manufacture is in sufficient quantity.
5. May, if necessary, be quickly replaced.
6. Well suited for the construction of small private and cottages that have small spans.
7. Tree is an environmentally friendly material.

The disadvantages of this construction product include the following:

1. Require processing special fluids that have fireless characteristics And do not allow rotting material.
2. Have limited load.
3. The lack of their installation in premises with large spans.

Requirements for floor beams

When installing beams from a tree, you must necessarily perform a number of requirements. Violation or failure to comply with these requirements may result in negative consequences. Requirements define that:

• it is forbidden to use deciduous species of trees for the manufacture of beams. Manufacturing should be carried out only from coniferous rocks. Such wood has a significant margin of safety;
• wood from which the manufacture of beams will have to have humidity no more than 14 percent. In case of exceeding the specified value, the beam span can have a significant deflection;
• wood must be cleaned from the bark, processed with fireproof liquid, solution against pests and fungal diseases. It is forbidden to use wood materialwhich has diseases or defects;
• before the manufacture of beams, it is necessary to provide a building lift. During operation, it is leveled, the floor and the ceiling will remain smooth;
• alignment of beams must be carried out by installing under their ends impregnated in the resin cropping lumber. To handle the endings of the structures is not recommended;
• in addition to rectangular beams with a calculated cross section, one-piece log can be used. It must be suicide and have a certain diameter. It is much cheaper than the use of sawn timber. But, such logs before installation should be stored in a dry place at least a year.

Calculation of beams made of wood

Planning to mock wooden overlap, It is necessary to calculate the required number of beams and their dimensions.

To do this, it is necessary:

• know the distance between the walls to which they will be mounted;
• calculate the estimated load on the beams after they are installed;
• knowing the specified values, calculate the size of the cross section and the step of their installation.

Determination of the magnitude of beams

The magnitude of the beam is made of total values. These values \u200b\u200binclude:

• distance between the walls;
• the length of the beam, which will be built into the depths of the wall.

The magnitude of the span is determined by means of measuring accessories, such as roulettes. Depending on the material from which the wall (wood, concrete, brick, etc.) is made, the depth of laying of beams will depend.

If the building is brick, then the supply of wooden beams should be more than 10 cm. If the building is built of wood, then the Blood Power for the second floor makes specific grooves that have a depth of 6-10 cm. In the case when wooden structures are designed to become the basis for The rafter system, they must be longer than the flooding of the building, 5-7 cm.

Important!

The overlap of wooden beams should be from 2.5 to 4 m. The maximum length of the span should not exceed six meters. If the overlap exceeds this value, the structures of glued timber are installed.

Wooden beam load calculation

The load, as well as the magnitude of the beams, consists of the sum of several elements. This is the total mass of the elements of the span and the part of the interior, which will be located in the top floor room. Elements that are included in the overlap between floors can be attributed wooden beams, lags, insulation, outdoor and ceiling coating, vapor and waterproofing. Elements of interior refers to furniture, appliances. This also includes a possible number of tenants that will be constantly using the floor. Often, the calculation of loads is carried out by special institutions.

For self-calculation carrier ability Scheme is applied:

1. Overlapping attic room With a switcher. If minvat is used as a insulation, its own load lies within 50 kilograms on square meter. Snip standards indicate the regulatory load for overlapping within 70 kilograms per square meter and the storage margin for it with a coefficient of 1.3. The overall load is just calculated: 70 kg x 1,3 + 50 kg \u003d 130 kilograms per square meter.
2. The insulation is not the minvat, but the material with a lot of weight. Or with a binder used thick boards. In this case, the regulatory load increases to 150 kilograms per square meter. Accordingly, change total load: 150 kg x 1,3 + 50 kg \u003d 245 kilograms per square meter.
3. For the attic, the regulatory load will be 350 kg per square meter.
4. For beams that perform overlap function between the first floor and the second standard is 400 kg per square meter.

Calculation of the size of the section and steps of the beam mounting

Deciding with the magnitude of the load, which will fall on the beam and, having calculated its length, you can calculate the installation step and the size of the section (or diameter). These values \u200b\u200bare relative to each other and are designated on established standards:

1. The bay cross section is in the ratio of width and height, as 1 to 1.4. Depending on the load, the beam should have a width of 5 to 20 cm and a height from 10 to 30 cm. If a log is used for overlapping, the diameter of the section should be between 10 to 30 cm. In addition, there are special tables that give The exact dimensions of the section depending on the length and alleged loads.
2. When calculating the section, it is necessary to consider that the greatest deflection of the beams of overlapping between the floor and the attic should not be more than 1/200, and between the lower and second floor do not exceed 1/350.
3. Installation of beams is carried out in a step that lies between 30 to 120 cm. Basically apply the blocking step after every 60, 80, 100 cm. Often, the step is chosen in size insulating material. If the building is frame, then the step is carried out with regard to the location of the frames.

What is lags and the benefits of their use

Regardless of the material from which the floor covering will be performed, lags must be installed in the inter-bind space. What is it and what are they needed for? They can be called transverse beams. Lagges are set perpendicular to the main boyful overlaps. Serve to increase the stiffness of the overlap between floors and reduce the load. It is attached to the ceiling and flooring.

The advantages of using lag are obvious:

• simplicity and speed of installation;
• saving building materials;
• the finished design is immediately operated;
• have excellent thermal insulation and sound-simply characteristics;
• allow you to adjust the height of the floor covering;
• suitable for mounting communication lines;
• serve as a good ventilation element;
• distribute the load over the entire surface among the beams;
• relatively small cost;
• the possibility of fast I. quality repairs or replace individual parts.

Lags do it yourself

Production of lags are carried out by their BRUSEV Tree with rectangular cross section. The Lag section is in the ratio of width and height, as 2 to 3 or 1 to 2. in other words, the height of the lag should exceed its width of 1.5-2 times. For the production of lag, wood is often used cheap coniferous rocks. For example, pine or tree. The bar is cut to the required length and it turns out to be lag.

Important!

Wood for lag should be dried, without defects, processed by a special refractory solution, a liquid from pests and fungal diseases.

We put lags correct

Installation of lags must be carried out in the direction perpendicular to the direction in which the floor covering will be laid. It is important to correctly calculate the installation step in the lag. If the step is selected correctly, the strength of the floor cover will be high enough. But, with a smaller step, performing work and the cost of the material will be more expensive. If the laying step is big, the floor will be fed and creaked. To choose proper optionIt is necessary, first of all, to consider which thickness will be the floor covering. The thinner the coverage, the closer to each other the lag should be installed. If the thickness of the floor covering (boards) is about 2-2.5 cm, then the lag installation step must be within 30-40 cm. With an increase in the thickness of the coating to 5 cm, the pitch can be increased to 1 m.

Fastening Lag.

Lags are attached directly to the beam, to her side side. This makes it possible to spend their adjustment without applying additional linings. Their slope is checked by a special level. Having achieved the necessary position, the lags are attached with the beams of nails or screws.

In addition, the fastening of lags and beams with each other can be carried out using iron corners. One part of the corner with self-draws is mounted on the beam, lagows are attached to the second parts of the corners. In addition to the corners, brackets in the form of the letter n, which are in free sale can be used for lag mounting.

Output

When building their home or cottage, overlapping from wooden beams will be a good replacement overlap from concrete. Works on their installation can be performed independently, without attracting special equipment. The presence of lag in the inter-storey overlap will increase the stiffness of the overlap. Their presence will give the reliability of the whole design. If you calculate and execute it right, then inter-storey overlap on the wooden beams Will serve for a long time.

Inter-storey overlap in a house of aerated concrete

Wooden floors in the house from the bar: how not to do

Private country houses and cottages in two or more floors - For a long time they stopped seeing a wonder. This approach to planning its possessions allows the owners to achieve the maximum possible useful Square housing even on "modest" in size for construction sites. It is clear that the design of a building in several levels, and its construction is more complicated. In particular, in addition to conventional architectural and interior elements, characteristic of any homes, have to think through the creation of inter-storey transitions. The stairs play most often this role. And if we consider the statistics of individual construction, then the unconditional "leaders" are in popularity

Nowadays there is no shortage of ready projects stair structures. You can find on the Internet and special applications that conduct the necessary calculations. But it is quite possible to conduct an independent calculation of the wooden staircase to the second floor. Many this will be even more interesting and clearer, since during the calculation the owner of the house delves into many nuances of such a structure, trying on them to their possessions.

Let's step by step in this publication in the stages of the basic calculations of the stairs. You will make sure that everything is not so difficult.

Basic design elements of a wooden staircase

First of all, what are they there - wooden stairs on?

• The easiest option is a single staircase. Such structures are relatively simple in the calculations and installation, differ in high reliability and comfort in operation.

An essential disadvantage of such a staircase can be considered that it "eats" a very much useful area of \u200b\u200bthe room. A decrease in its size (it is meant - its projection on the floor plane) leads to an increase in raising-descent. What, in turn, makes the stairs inconvenient and even unsafe for movement, especially for children or for people with restrictions of physical abilities.

• If the space existing in the room does not allow you to accommodate the one-steer staircase, or it turns out too steep, it is divided into two or more marches, changing their direction to perpendicular or the opposite.

It is clear that the total length of the marches, at the same height of the lift and its steepness, will not be less. But this approach allows, so to speak, to optimize the space. For example, the stairs spans are located in the angular part of the room along the walls, and it does not lag around the room. Or under the inter-storey transition and allocate a small separate room, turning it into a compact staircase with the oncoming location of the marches.

• Ladders with two and more straight marchs may also differ. And this difference lies in the peculiarities of ensuring changes in the direction of movement. So, between the marches there can be a horizontal transition site. Another variant - marches binds a curvilinear area with a smooth change in direction, with steps of a characteristic trapezoidal form. Similar steps are called fat.

The staircase with a fattest site, of course, looks in the interior more elegant. And due to the fact that the rise nowhere is "not stopped", including on the turn, there is a winnings in the common dimensions of the structure. But the ladder is much more complicated in the calculations, design and installation, and in operation - is not so convenient and safe, as similar, but with a transition site. So it is better all its advantages and shortcomings to weigh in advance.

Prices for wooden stairs

wooden staircase

• The design allows you to place an interetrate transition literally "on the patch". And it is impossible to disagree with what such a staircase looks in the interior very vintage (sorry for the pun). But, however, this is its advantages and are limited.

But she has flaws - even debt. The complexity of calculations and installation largely limit the possibilities for independent creativity - the construction of such structures is still the lot of professionals. Especially since many models use curvilinear, curved parts, producing which own forces without special equipment And without knowledge of technology - and it is impossible at all. From the point of view of the convenience and security of moving along the screw steps - the staircase generally loses to all its "fellow". And yet - just imagine that you need to raise some kind of dimensional piece of furniture or household appliances to the second floor (or pull down)!

• FROM inner Steps can be closed by the bones of the risers (pos. 5). However, this element is not mandatory, and often the risers are not installed or in favor of imparting a visual ease design, or in order not to be created obstacles to leg it (this is characteristic of stairs with a pronounced large rim).

For the manufacture of risers use a bottle with a thickness of at least 20 mm (recommended - 30 mm). To be placed and attached to this item can be different, and it is necessarily taken into account in advance, since its position often affects the "working" width of the sticky.

Figure above, simply as an example, two different principles of compounds are shown with risers. It is obvious that on the left fragment, the position of the risk does not affect the width of the stage. But on the right, where the risers are installed in the selected grooves, you will have to make a sticking panel width that the design width does not decrease.

Stairs prices

• The first stage of the lower march (pos.6) can not differ anything from all the others. But sometimes its configuration varies (trying not to change heights at the same time), they make wider, with rounded edges, so as to facilitate the approach to the staircase march on the left or right side. Such a step is called friesova.

• Important elements of any wooden staircase is a fence design. This is the security, and an additional decorative "highlight" of an inter-storey transition. The basis for the installation of the fence becomes powerful columns (pos. 7), which should stand at the beginning and end of each march. In the transition site, such a column becomes common to both marches. If the approach to the staircase is made by a frieze, then the bottom pole can be shifted to the second or even third stage.

Between the columns, with an equal step, which should not be more than 150 ÷ \u200b\u200b180 mm, (pos. 8), forming a common balustrade. From the post to the post of railing (handrails) (pos.9), which in the course of the march is based on the top ends of Balyasin.

As a rule, the columns and bassins are given a beautiful configuration - the parts are pulled out on turning machine. The disadvantage in suggestions of such products is now no, and it is quite possible to order a set in the joinery workshop. There will also make a railing necessary form in cross section. Some recommendations for the forms and size of the design details of the ladder fence are clearly shown in the diagram.

By the way, it is the position of the fencing system that determines the width of the staircase march - it is calculated between the wall and the handrails, or between the handrails on both sides. Optimal from the point of view of convenience for intra-quarter stairs is the march of 900 to 1000 mm wide - not too wide, so as not to "eaten" the space, and it is quite convenient to move one person and transfer the objects of the situation. However, the upper boundary in width is not marked anywhere - this is at the discretion of the owners. And here minimum size - Strictly stipulated by the rules of fire safety. The staircase in any case is considered as one of the evacuation paths, and its width cannot be less than 800 mm.

It is clear that the stairs models can combine different elements, including those that were not shown on the proposed scheme. But since our article is intended for beginners ( experienced masters Already a long time knows all the subtleties of calculation and installation), it is better not to be sprayed, but to limit ourselves to the analysis of the most affordable options.

The principal device of the stairs is considered. You can choose the most acceptable type of design and proceed to calculate.

The main stages of the calculation of the wooden staircase

Stairs can be attributed to structures of elevated complexity, however, for this owner - there is nothing impossible. The main thing is that the design being created is convenient and secure in everyday use, differed by high reliability and durability. Plus, no one and ever, as a rule, does not discharge and the aesthetic component, as the staircase should fit well into the intended interior.

And begins to carry out calculations with the assessment of the place where it is planned to establish a staircase. From this directly depends the steepness of its lifting.

Calculations the main common linear parameters of the staircase design

Although within its home the owner of the Wain "Experiment", certain rules When creating the design of the stairs, in one way or another, you will have to stick. And, above all, it concerns the steepness of the staircase, that is, the angle between the direction of lifting and the horizontal plane.

The staircase must be convenient for use and safe. Therefore, there are certain boundaries of its steepness. So, the rise should not be too gentle - it is inconvenient for a person, and will take an overly much room indoors. Less than 20 degrees of slope in residential buildings The stairs are not done at all, but the permissible lower boundary of the steepness is still better to consider 24 degrees, although it is - somewhat little.

Most optimal The range is about 27 to 33 degrees - such marches are the most convenient and safe. But often in close conditions of the house, it is difficult to come to such values, and the stairs are made with a slope of up to 40 degrees. And the top. The critical boundary for the continuous use of the stairs to the second floor can be considered an angle of 45 degrees. But for individual family members and such a bias is already becoming quite difficult to overcome.

It is clear that the ladder is more common, the more space under its installation will be required. Therefore, it seems appropriate first step to evaluate the grumble steer and the size of the horizontal projection - as it will "fit" into the room space that can be allocated to its installation.

So, we consider the interdependence of the steepness of the stairs and the place necessary for its installation.

This dependence is expressed by a trigonometric ratio:

D \u003d.H /tG.a.

Below is an online calculator, which already contains this trigonometric function. And approach the fulfillment of the calculation, with a known lifting height (and it is calculated "from the floor to the floor", that is, taking into account the thickness of the overlap), you can double:

• It is planned to create a staircase with a precisely selected corner of the grumble. The calculation will show what place it will have to be highlighted in the room.
• The dimensions of the area under the stairs are strictly regulated - it is necessary to determine which angle will turn out from the march, and whether it will fall into the allowable range. For this calculation, it is worth only by varying the steepness in the input field, to achieve the output of the desired value of the projection length - all this will take a few seconds.

If the places for the one-step staircase are not enough (and most often it happens in a small private house), then it should be divided into two march, as mentioned above. In this case, for each of the marches, you can conduct your own calculation, changing the height of the transition site. But at the same time not forgetting that the angle of the slope is necessarily maintained by one for all marches. This is a tough rule, violate which is unacceptable!

Calculator for analyzing the interdependence of the slope of the stairs and the size of its horizontal projection

"Calculate the length of the horizontal projection of the stairs"

The angle of steepness stairs, degrees

After the value of the horizontal projection length is obtained, it is easy to calculate and the length of the march span. This parameter is necessary, for example, when ordering materials for the manufacture of Kosomrov (TETIV) and handrails of fences. It is clear that the workpieces should be with a margin - for an accurate climb at the place, but it is necessary to have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe calculated length, at least in order to ensure this stock.

The calculation is notes, as it obeys the Pythagora theorem known to everyone:

L \u003d √ (D² +.H²)

Prices for balusters

baluster

We simplify the task to the reader - at its disposal online calculator:

Stair flight length calculator calculator

Enter the requested values \u200b\u200band click
"Calculate the length of the staircase"

Lifting height (from floor to floor), meters

Length of horizontal projection, meters

Another important nuance that should immediately provide for the planning of the stairs. It is the opening in the overlap, through which the stairs will pass. Here you need to navigate the following:

• A man rising along the stairs should not risk hit head about overlapping or edge edge. Because of any point of the ladder before the overlap must be withstanding a safe distance. It is usually taken at least 2000 mm, but for people high heightthat make the staircase "for yourself" can be set and more.
• In order not to weaken the design of the overlap, the opening is better to position it so as not to resort to the complete dismantling of the beam or the clipping of its fragment with the subsequent installation additional support. That is, it is better to think over this question in advance.

Upon the scheme presented above, it is easy to establish the dependence of the length of the cut out of the opening (S) from the secure passage (V)and the corner of the grumble (but), taking into account the thickness of the overlap (P).

S \u003d (V +.P) / TG \u200b\u200bA

The same dependence, but "transformed into the appearance" of an online calculator:

Calculator calculating the length of the opening in the overlap

Specify the requested values \u200b\u200band click
"Calculate the required length of the opening in the overlap"

Safe height before overlap, meters

• The height of the stage should not be too small to not shoot down from the step. But at the same time, the height of the lifting of the leg with the subsequent transfer of the center of gravity and the commission of the step is to meet the normal ergonomics of the human movement, do not cause fast muscle fatigue. It is believed that optimal option This indicator should settle in the range from 150 to 180 mm. It is permissible for the marches with too gentle or steep angles of lifting to apply height from 130 ÷ 140 to 200 ÷ 210 mm, but comfort will definitely decrease from it.
• The width of the sticking should provide the highest formulation of the foot or soles of the shoes, but at the same time not to force a person to do too wide when moving to the next step. That is, the optimal is considered the range from 310 to 270 mm, with permissible varying up to 320 and 250 mm. True, if the calculated width is not sufficient, it can be "increasing." For this or are made oblique risers, or they are removed at all so that the barrier does not create for the leg, or what is most often practiced, coming is done with a sink above the bottom step.

1 - Staircase with straight rumbers;

2 - staircase with mowed inwards;

3 - staircase with protrusions come over the bottom steps;

4 - staircase without risers.

How to determine the optimal ratio of height and width of the stage? Virtually universally recommended to use the so-called "security formula"

2 h +.b \u003d 600 ÷ 640 mm

h. - Stage height:

b. - width sticky

600 ÷ 640 -approximate length of the middle step man.

The formula itself is definitely correct. But there are two nuances:

- The width of the step may be greater or less. It is no secret that there are very high families and, on the contrary, people with rising lower standards.

- The formula does not take into account the steepness of the staircase march. That is, it allows you to find the optimal ratio from a single value, but does not give a response, but how this one of the initial parameters should be.

Therefore, another algorithm can be considered more versatile and accurate calculationWhich takes into account the ergonomics of the human movement and puts the size of the steps into dependence also from the steepness of the stairs. You can implement this method graphically and mathematically.

Graphically calculation is made like this:

• The axes of the coordinate - x and y are drawn, respectively, length and height.
• On the axis x, the normal length of the person's step is deposited (naturally, in the selected scale). Each is free to carry out the calculation, conforming to the most acceptable value of this parameter. The points of these "steps" can be numbered - they are indicated in the diagram 1 ; 2 ; 3 etc .
• On the Y axis, segments of equal half of the step of step are postponed. It is believed that it is in such a height, anyone easily raises his leg, without a sense of discomfort and quick fatigue. These points are numbered 1V.; 2V.; 3V. and t...
• Now points with equal numbers can be connected to the auxiliary lines.
• The next step through the center of the coordinate is the line of the march of the staircase, that is, at an angle, which was obtained as a result of previously carried out calculations. Just for clarity, the diagram shows two options - for two stairs of various steepness.
• Marsh line intersection points with auxiliary lines will indicate the outer edge of the stage. From these points it is already easy to spend vertical and horizontal lines to draw the entire staircase profile.
• After that, it remains only to measure the resulting steps, and, knowing the scale of the scale, translate the obtained values \u200b\u200bto real.
• By the way, pay attention to the nuance. If you connect the point 1V. from 2 , 2V. from 3 etc., then the lines will be accurately through internal corner Stages.

As mentioned above, the same algorithm can be applied purely mathematically, not running to graphic buildings.

Let's try to enlarge one of the fragments of the scheme:

On the axis x, the length of the step is postponed, and on y - half of this length. It turns out right triangle With customs, one of which is twice as much more. This is possible only in a triangle, in which the angles (except directly) are equal to about 63 and 27 degrees (the indicators are actually not rounded, but it does not matter).

Knowing it, you can determine the length of the segment G, which connects the edges of the steps. Using the sinus theorem:

G / Sin 63 ° \u003d (0.5 × L) / sin (27 ° + α)

A segment found G -it is nothing but a triangle hypotenuse, whose customs are height ( h.) and width ( b.) Stages.

h \u003d g × sin α \u003d G × COS (90 - α)

b \u003d G × cos α \u003d g × sin (90 - α)

It is these trigonometric dependences that became the basis for the recommended calculator, which will perform calculations in a matter of seconds.