Preparation of the surface to filling. The workpiece is purified by metal brushes from dirt, oils, molding grounds, scale, the casting crust is cut into a chisel or removed the old file.

Fastening the workpiece. The processed blank is clamped in a vice-fired plane horizontally, 8--10 mm above the sponge level. The preparation with the treated surfaces is fixed, putting on the sponges soft material (copper, brass, aluminum, soft steel).

Opping. The position of the housing is considered correct if between the shoulder and elbow parts bent in the elbow of the right hand with a file installed on the sponges of the vice (starting position), an angle of 90 ° is formed. In this case, the body of the operating must be direct and deployed at an angle of 45 ° to the line of the axis of the pisse.

Position of the feet. At the beginning of the working stroke of the file, the mass of the body falls on right legWhen the center of gravity goes to the left foot. This corresponds to such a layout of the legs: the left is carried out (remove) ahead towards the movement of the file, the right leg is retrivened from the left for 200--300 mm so that the middle of its feet is against the heel of the left legs.

At the work of the file (from itself), the main burden falls on the left foot, and with the opposite (idle) go - on the right, so the muscles of the legs are alternately resting.

When the file is removed, the thick layers of the metal on the file are pressed with greater force, so the right leg is retrivened from the left back half step and in this case it is the main support. With a weak nagged on a file, for example, when finished or finished the surface, the foot feet are located nearby. These works as accurate often run sitting.

The position of the hands (staging of a file) is extremely important. The locksmith takes the right hand in the handle so that she rests on his hand palm, four fingers wrapped the handle from below, and thumb It was top. The palm of the left hand impose a few across the file at a distance of 20--30 mm from his sock. At the same time, the fingers must be a little bent, but do not hang; They do not support, but only press the file. Elbow left hand should be slightly raised; Right hand from the elbow to the brush - make a straight line with a file.

Coordination of efforts. When describing, it is necessary to comply with the coordination of pressure efforts (balancing). It is in the right increase in push right hand On the file during the working stroke while reducing the pressure with the left hand. The movement of the file must be horizontal, so push on its handle and sock must be changed depending on the position of the folding point of the file on the surface being processed. At the working movement of the file, the pressure is gradually reduced by left hand. Adjusting the pressure on the file, achieve a solid red surface without daving at the edges.

When weakening the pressure right hand and the reinforcement of the left may occur the surface of the surface; When the right hand is strengthened with the right hand and weakening the left - lasted back.

Press the file to the treated surface is needed at the work course (from yourself). During the reverse course, you should not tear off a file from the treated surface: it should only slide. The more coarse treatment, the greater the effort of the work during the work.

With pureform, pressing the file should be significantly less than when Chernov. At the same time, the left hand is pressed on the sock of the file not with palm, but only big finger.

Fluoring flat surfaces is a complex time-consuming process. Most often, a defect with a fission of such surfaces is deviation from flatness. Working in one direction, it is difficult to obtain a flat and clean surface.

Therefore, the direction of the movement of the file, and consequently, the position of the strokes (traces of the file) on the surface treated should vary alternately from the angle.

First, the lying is performed from left to right at an angle of 30--40 ° to the axis of the vice, then, without interrupting work, direct stroke; Finish the fusion of the oblique stroke under the same angle, only right to left. Such a change in the direction of the movement of the file provides the necessary flatness and surface roughness.

Control of the reduced surface. For control of the sculpting surfaces, test rules, calibrations, carbon and calibration plates are used.

The calibration ruler is chosen depending on the length of the surface of the surface, that is, the calibration line in length must overlap the test surface.

The quality of the surface of the surface is verified by the calibration line on the lumen. For this, the part is released from the vice and raise the eye; The calibration ruler takes the right hand over the middle and apply it to the edge perpendicular to the surface being checked.

To check the surface in all directions, the line at first attach to the long side in two or three places, then to a short (also in two or three places). And finally, on one and other diagonals.

If the lumen between the line and the surface being tested is narrow and uniform, it means that the plane is processed satisfactorily.

In order to avoid wear, the line should not be moved over the surface; Each time it needs to be lifted and rearranged to the right position.

Before you begin to describe the surface of the workpiece or part, prepare workplace. Merchant vice set to the growth of a medical doctor or tinsmith and reliably strengthen on plumbing workbench. Properly installed plumbing vices are considered to be such when a fist of the hand, put in the elbow on the sponge of the vice, rests in the chin. If the locksmith vice is strengthened on a plumbing workbench too high, it is necessary to put on the floor (right to the locksmith vestak) wooden shield or lattice. The billets and parts are clamping between luminosity sponges so that they focus on the surfaces of the plugs of the piscides to height from 4 to 8 mm. You should not pinch the workpiece and parts only by the edges of the sponges of plumbing vice, as the sponges are thrown and cannot hold them enough.

When the clamp in the locksmiths of the blanks and parts with full-processed surfaces, it is necessary to take into account that a notch on the sponges of plumbing vice can leave traces on the processed surfaces of the billets and parts, which leads them to marriage or requires additional fusion. To avoid when describing the marriage or additional fusion of blanks or parts, safety lips are put on the sponges of plugs, which are manufactured from low carbon steel, brass, aluminum, copper, zinc.

When describing the blanks and parts, it is very important that the worker has the right rack and holds it correctly. In fig. 39 shows the correct desktop desk and the correct position of the hands and file. Before filling, the worker becomes half a hand tools to them (left or right, depending on the need), i.e., turning 45 ° to the axis of the thish (Fig. 39, o, b). He put forward his left foot forward, and retains his right leg, so that the middle of her feet was against the heel of the left leg, and the distance between the heels should be no more than 200-300 mm. This position of the legs provides the greatest stability of the body when working.

Fig. 39. Manual Quality:
a - position of working when working, b - position of the legs of the working, in - a grip of a file with his right hand, g - position of the right and left hands when working, D - surface control of the test line

The file is taken into the right hand so that the rear end of the handle rests on the palm, the thumb was on top and was directed along the handle, and the remaining four fingers supported it from below (Fig. 39, c). With a tight grip of the handle of the file with his right hand created big number Points Support for fingers.

The file is put on the processed workpiece or on the part, then applied the left hand with the palm of the file at a distance of 20-30 mm from its end (Fig. 39, d). At the same time, the fingers must be semi-bent, and not fit, because otherwise they are easily painful about the sharp edges of the workpiece treated or part.

It is very important that both hands are in a certain position, that is, the right hand from the elbow to the brush was a straight line with a file, and the elbow of the left hand was raised. Such a position of both hands helps to maintain the correct position of the file and facilitates the adjustment of the pressure when moving along the processed surface of the workpiece or part.

When describing the surface of the workpiece or details, the file moves with both hands forward (from themselves) and back (on yourself).

The movement of the file forward is called the working stroke of the file, and the movement of the back - idle of the file.

At the work of the file, i.e., the movement of the file forward, it is pressed onto it with hands, but unequal and unevenly. At the beginning of the working stroke, it is necessary to push the file to the file more with your left hand, gradually relaxing the pressure left hand and increasing the pressure of the right hand. When the file comes to the middle, press left and right hands should be the same. As the file is moving forward, you increase the pressure of the right hand and weaken the pressure left. With idle after the file, i.e. move it back, it is not pressed for it, otherwise his teeth are quickly dump.

When describing, they make from 40 to 60 double movements of the file per minute.

For successful lying, it is necessary that the teeth of the file are always sharp, then each tooth will remove the metal layer of a certain value. The larger the teeth of the file, the greater the magnitude it removes the chips in one working stroke.

When describing, you retain the direction of the file strictly parallel to the surface of the surface: only on this condition is ensured to flow the surface without a break.

To achieve the accuracy of the surface of the surface, the file is promoted not to the end of the notches, i.e. so much so that the notch does not enter the edge of the treated surface when the file moves forward; With idling, the left hand should not go for the middle of the surface surface. This ensures surface leveling without a break.

During the flow, the processed surface of the workpiece or parts is checked for straightness of the calibration ruler (Fig. 39.5), which is put on the rebar on the treated surface, tip it up to 45 ° and look against the light. If the surface of the workpiece or the part is straightforward, then the rib of the line will be in all places to lay down and the lumen will be uniform.

Successful execution of the operation Looking depends on right choice The positions of the hull, legs and hands of the working, as well as from the uniformity of the pressure and movement of the file.

Detail when filling, as a rule, clamp in vice mounted on a plumbing workbench. If you have to clamp a product with trottered surfaces in vice, then in order to avoid leaving the dents from the sponge notches, the cats are used - the rugs made of soft metal applied to steel sponges. For clamping blanks of small size, handicrafts are used.

From the development of the right work skills, a decrease in fatigue, and, consequently, an increase in productivity of labor depends.

Hand position (staging of a file) It has extremely important. The locksmith takes the right hand with an outstanding handle so that her rounded end rests in the palm. The big finger of the right hand is located at the top, along the handle of the file, and the remaining fingers cover the handle from below (Fig. 109, a). The file is put on the processed item in a horizontal position, and the brush of the left hand is located at the other end of the file (Fig. 109, b). The end of the handle must rest in the palm without much voltage.

Fig. 109. Provisions when filling: a - right hand, b - left hand, in - body of work, g - legs

Position of the housing of the working also has great importance To reduce fatigue, and therefore, an increase in labor productivity. Working becomes the side of the vice at a distance of about 200-300 mm from the workbench.

The height of the vice should be such that when applying a hand with a file, a straight angle (90 °) between the elbow and the shoulder part of the hand was formed on the sponge of the vice. The correct position of the working shown in Fig. 109, in. When describing thin layers, when a special pressure is not required, the case must be kept directly by turning it around at an angle of 45 ° to the vise. Concerning feet positions then the left foot must be put at the workbench, and the right to push back and right about 200 mm. The angle between the middle lines of the steps is usually 60-70 ° (Fig. 109, g). With the work of the file (from yourself), a large load will be on the left foot, and with the opposite (idle) course it will switch to the right foot, so that the muscles of the legs will be rest alternately.

Great importance when describing Balancing (Fig. 110, a), which consists in the correct increase in the right hand to the file during the working stroke and the simultaneous decrease in the pressure of the left hand to achieve a constant horizontal position of the file during operation. In case of loosening the pressure of the right hand and the reinforcement of the left may occur ahead (Fig. 110, b). When the right hand is strengthened and weakening the left hand will turn back (Fig. 110, c).

Fig. 110. Balancing when filling:

a - Proper distribution of the force of pressure, b - the effort of the right hand, in - the effort of the left hand

When describing the stubble teeth, leave the tracks in the treated surface, called strokes.

The direction of the movement of the file, and consequently the position of the strokes, may be longitudinal, cross and circular. Working longitudinal oblique strochik(Fig. 111, a) It is difficult to get a clean surface and achieve high performance, so to obtain a high-quality surface and achieving higher performance should be poured cross Strochik (Fig. 111, b).

With such a processing, the part plane on the right left at an angle of 30-40 ° to the side of the vice, and when the plane is pile, in the same manner, will produce filling from left to right. This operation is repeated until the desired metal layer is removed.

Circular strokes (Fig. 111, c) remove the protruding parts of the metal.

Fig. 111. Technique of lying:

a - Longitudinal oblique stroke, b - cross-stroke, in circular strokes

When describing, you must follow the following rules:

1) The processed product is fixed in the vice in the horizontal plane so that it performs over the level of sponges of the vice by 8-10 mm. Higher position, especially thin parts, causes instability and vibration;

2) Thick layers of metal (allowance) to remove chisel. This will not only save time, but also save files;

3) use one side of the file, and the second to use only after the first;

4) not to touch the surface of the surface with the hand, since fat and sweat from hand create a slippery surface that is difficult to pour;

5) Use the files only by their purpose: you can not use soft metals (lead, tin, etc.), as well as coarse blanks to pour into personal files;

6) When describing small surfaces, the entire length of the file should be involved.

Operation is called the operation on the processing of metals and other materials with the removal of a small layer of metal with hand-made files or on machines.

Using a file, details are attached fit form And the dimensions, make a fit of parts to each other, prepare the edges of the parts for welding and perform other works.

Files are treated with planes, curvilinear surfaces, grooves, grooves, holes of any shape, surfaces located under different angles, etc.

Binding for filling is left small - from 0.5 to 0.025 mm. Accuracy of processing from 0.2 to 0.05 mm. In case of artistic metal processing, manual fooling, as one of the receptions, is given importable.

The file is a steel bar of a certain profile and length, on the surface of which there are notches that form sharply sharpened teeth (teeth), having a form of a wedge in cross section.

Made files made of steel U10A or U13A and after the occurrence are subjected to heat treatment. Alloy chromium steel SHH15 or 13x is allowed. Foods are subdivided on the size of notches, on the shape of a notch, along the length and shape of the bar, as intended.

Shells on the surface of the file form a teeth that remove the chips from the material being processed. The teeth of the files are obtained on pilon soldering machines with a special chisel, on milling machines - milling mills, on grinding - special grinding circles, as well as by rolling, stretching on stretched machines - broach and on severaging machines.

With each way of exposure, your tooth profile is cut. However, regardless of the method of receiving a notch, each tooth has the rear angle, the angle of pointing and the corner of cutting.

The smaller the notches for 1 cm of the length of the file, the larger the tooth. Distinguish files with single, i.e. A simple notch, with double, or cross, point, i.e. with rasp and arc.

Files with a single notch can take a wide chips equal to the length of the entire notch. They are used in filling soft metals - brass, zinc, babbit, lead, aluminum, bronze, copper, etc.

Files with a single notch are used when filling materials with minor cutting resistance, as well as non-metallic materials. Use them for sharpening drank, knives, for processing cork, wood.

Double files, i.e. Cross notch are used for fueling steel, cast iron and other solid materials with greater cutting resistance.

In the films with a double notch, the lower deep notch is flooded, the main, and on top of it - the top, shallow notch, auxiliary. It destroys the main bowl on a variety of separate teeth. Cross notch makes it easier to work, as it grinds more chips.

The distance between adjacent teeth of notches is called a step. The head of the main notch is more auxiliary step. As a result, the teeth are located on each other in a straight line, which makes up an angle of 5 degrees in a straight line, and when it moves, traces of teeth partially overlap each other, so roughness decreases on the treated surface, the surface is cleaned with a cleaner and smooth.

Raspile (point) notch is obtained by pressing metal with special triangular chisels, leaving, located in checkers, spacious recesses, contributing to the best placement of chips. Rashpils are treated very soft metals and non-metallic materials - rubber, leather, etc.

The arc notch is obtained by milling. The notch has large depressions between the teeth and the arcuate form, which ensures high performance and the increased quality of the treated surfaces.

Apply files with arc notch when processing soft metals - duralumin, copper, etc.

Files can be general purpose, Special purpose, Nadfili, Rashpili, Machine.

General destination files are designed for overlapping work. According to the number of notes (cut), 1 cm lengths are divided into six numbers - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Files with notch 0 and 1 (Draca) have the most large teeth and serve for coarse lying when it is required to remove a large layer of metal - 0.5 - 10 mm. Processing accuracy does not exceed 0.1 - 0.2 mm.

Files with notch 2 and 3 (personal) are used for finishing products with an accuracy of 0.02 - 0.05 mm. The removable layer of metal does not exceed 0.02 - 0.06 mm.

Files with notch 4 and 5 (velvet) serve for final finishing products. They remove a layer of not more than 0.01 - 0.03 mm with the accuracy of processing from 0.01 to 0.005 mm.

Types of files.

Files are divided into the following types:

A - flat,

B - flat strokes are used to focus out outer or internal flat surfaces, as well as for dumping slots and grooves;

B - square files are used to saw the square, rectangular and polygonal holes, as well as for filling narrow flat surfaces;

G - triangular files serve to form sharp centers as with outside Details, and in grooves, holes, grooves, for sharpening saw on a tree;

D - round files are used to saw round or oval holes and concave surfaces of a small radius;

E - semicircular files are used to process concave curvilinear surfaces of a significant radius and large holes (convex side); planes, convex curvilinear surfaces and corners of more than 30 degrees (flat side);

G - Rhombic files are used to focus the teeth of gears, disks, asterisks, for removing burrs from these parts after machining them on machines, as well as for filling the angles of over 15 degrees and grooves;

W - Handsome files are used for lying inner corners wedge-shaped grooves, narrow grooves, planes in triangular, square and rectangular holes, as well as in the manufacture of cutting tools and stamps.

Flat, square, triangular, semicircular, rhombic and hacksaw files are made with a naked and sliced \u200b\u200btooth. Humor files are manufactured by special order.

Special facilities are used for processing non-ferrous metals, alloys, products from light alloys, etc.

Faults for processing non-ferrous alloys, in contrast to laminating files of general purpose, have other, more rational for this particular alloy angles of notches and deeper and sharp notch, which ensures high performance and stability of the files.

Files are produced only with flat and stroke with notch N 1 and are intended for processing bronze, brass and duralumin. Such files are labeled with the letters of the CM on the shank.

General purpose files used for processing products made of light alloys and non-metallic materials have a small notch, when working is quickly clogged with chips and fail.

Apply files with a special holder, allowing to eliminate these disadvantages. These files have dimensions of 4x40x360 mm and a notch in the form of arc grooves to exit shavings with a significantly enlarged step compared to general-purpose drachers. Productivity of work with such files rises three times.

Diamond files are used for processing and finishing carbide parts.

The diamond file is a rod with a working surface and a cross section of the desired profile, which is applied by a thin diamond layer. Diamond coating on the working part is made by various grainability for pretreatment and final finishes.

Nerdfili are small files that are used for lectured, engraving, jewelry and other artistic work on metal, for sweeping in hard to reach places - holes, corners, etc. Nadfils have the same shape like plumbing files.

Made them of steel u12 or u12a.

The length of the superior can be 80, 120 and 160 mm.

Depending on the number of notches, which come for every 10 mm of length, the noodles are separated by six types: 1 - draracular, 2 - personal; 3 - 6 - velvet.

Over the shape of the section, the noodles can be round, semicircular, flat, oscillates, oval, hacksaw, square, tricoran, triangular one-sided, groove and rhombid.

Diamond noodles are used for processing carbide materials, different species Ceramics, glasses, etc.

When processing, the surfaces of the 9 - 10 classes of roughness are obtained.

The rashpils are designed to process soft metals (lead, tin, copper, etc.) and non-metallic materials (leather, rubber, wood, plastic masses), when ordinary files are unsuitable due to the fact that the notch is quickly clogged with chips and they stop cutting.

Depending on the profile of general purpose, it is divided into flat (stupid and sharp), round and semicircular with notch N 1 and N 2 and a length of 250 to 350 mm. Raspile's teeth have large sizes and spacious grooves located ahead of each tooth.

Fluinka can be made on machines with machinery (rods for envelope machines with reciprocating movement) and rotating (bordacles - shaped heads, disc and laminated) files.

Nozzle handles of files.

For the convenience of work, the file on his shank is planted wooden handle (Handle) made of linden, ash, birch, maple or extruded paper.

The surface of the handle must be smooth. The length of the handle must correspond to the magnitude of the file and conveniently placed in the palm of palm.

The hole diameter of the handle should not be larger than the width of the middle part of the shank of the file, and the depth of the opening must correspond to the length of the shank.

A hole for a file is drilled or burned, and so that the handle does not split, the steel ring is planted onto it. To put a file, its shank is inserted into the hole of the handle and, taking a file behind the naked part with the right hand, do not very much hit the head of the handle on the workbench or the hammer in the handle.

To remove the handle from the file, the left hand is wrapped with a handle, and with the right hand of the hammer are applied by two or three unscrews along the top edge of the ring, after which the file easily leaves the hole.

In the workplace, all files must be with planted handles. After a long use, a wooden heel can be inserted into the developed hole.

Rules and methods of lying

For specific work, the type of file is selected, its length and notches number.

The type of the file is determined by the form of the surface being processed, the length is sizes. FIRST FIRST 150 mm long more than size treated surface.

For filling thin plates, fit and conversion works take short files with a shallow notch.

When you need to remove a large allowance, work with a file with a length of 300 - 400 mm with a large notch. The notch number is chosen depending on the type of processing and size of the allowance.

For black processing, files are used with a notch N0 and N1. They remove the allowance of up to 1 mm.

Cutting processing is made with a file N2.

For the processing of personal files, allow the allowance to 0.3 mm.

For the final leveling and finishing surfaces, nn 3, 4, 4, 5 are taken with a layer of metal to 0.01 - 0.02 mm.

Billets made of high hardness steel is best painted with a notch with a notch N 2.

Non-ferrous metals are treated with special files, and in the absence of general purpose files N 1. Personal and velvet files for leveling of non-ferrous metals are unsuitable.

Before filling, it is necessary to prepare the surface, clearing it from the oil, molding mixture, scale, casting crust, etc. Then the part is clamped in a vice-fired plane horizontally about 10 mm above the sponges of the vice.

The workpiece with the treated surfaces is fixed, putting on the sponges of the vice of the ribs from the soft material - copper, brass, aluminum.

When describing a thin part, it is fixed on a wooden bar with wooden plates, which provide fixedness of the part.

When describing it is necessary to monitor the correct coordination of the movements of the hands and the effort transmitted to the file. The movement of the file must be horizontal, therefore, the knobs on the handle and sock of the file should be changed depending on the position of the feeding point of the file on the surface being processed.

When the file moves, the pressure is gradually reduced with left hand. Adjusting the appendix on the file, achieve a smooth-fused surface without dumps along the edges.

In the case of weakening the pressure of the right hand and the reinforcement of the left can occur the surface of the surface.

When the right hand is strengthened and loosening the left will turn back. Press the file to the treated surface is necessary at a working course, i.e., when the file is moving from itself.

During the reverse course, the file is free without pressure, but it does not need to be broken from the part so as not to lose the supports and not change the position of the file.

The smallest a notch, the smaller the pressing force should be.

The position of working at the time of lying in relation to the workpiece is important.

It should be located on the side of the vice at a distance of about 200 mm from the workbench so that the housing is direct and rotated at an angle of 45 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the thish.

When the file moves from itself, the main load falls on a slightly rendered left foot, and with the opposite - idling during the right. With a weak nagged on a file when finishing or finishing the surface, the foot feet are located nearly nearby. Such works as accurate, more often run sitting.

The position of the hands (the grip of a file) is important. It is necessary to take a handle in my right hand for the handle so that it rests on the palm of the hand, while four fingers capture the handle from below, and the thumb is placed on top.

The palm of the left hand impose a few across the file at a distance of 20 - 30 mm from his sock.

Fingers should be slightly bent, but do not hang; They do not support, but only press the file. Elbow left hand should be slightly raised. The right hand from the elbow to the brush should be a straight line with a file.

When processing small parts with a file, as well as when working with a large finger, the left hand is pressed on the end of the legille, the rest of the fingers are maintained from below.

The index finger of the right hand is put on the feet or a file. With this position of the hand, the pressure is minimal, the chips are removed very thin, and the surface is brought to desired size Without danger, go for a marking line.

Surface leveling is a complex time-consuming process. Most often, the defect when working on the surface is non-plane.

Working in one direction, it is difficult to get the right and clean surface.

Therefore, the movement of the file, the position of its strokes, traces on the treated surfaces should change, i.e. Alternately with angle at an angle.

First, the lying is performed from left to right at an angle of 30-40 degrees to the axis of the vice, then, without interrupting the work, a straight touch and finish the fusion of the oblique gear under the same angle, but to the right left. Such a change direction The direction of the file movement makes it possible to obtain the necessary flatness and surface roughness.

The process of lying must be constantly monitored.

The item needs to be checked quite often, especially at the end of the fusion.

For control, use calibin rules, calibrations, coal, calibrations.

The calibration line is chosen depending on the length of the test surface, i.e. The calibration line in length must overlap the verified surface.

Check the quality of the surface of the surface of the calibration line is produced on the lumen. For this, the item gets out of the vice and raise the eye. The calibration ruler takes the right hand over the middle and apply the edge of the test line perpendicular to the surface being checked.

In order to check the surface in all directions, first put the line on the long side in two or three places, then in short - also in two or three places and, finally, on one and other diagonals. If the lumen between the line and the surface being tested is narrow and uniform, it means that the plane is processed satisfactorily.

When controlling the line does not move over the surface, and each time is taken from the surface being checked and rearranged to the desired position.

If the surface should be solved especially carefully, the accuracy check is made using a test plate on the paint. In this case, a thin uniform layer of paint (blue, Surik or soot, diluted in oil) is applied to the working surface of the test plate tampon.

Then the calibration plate is applied to the surface surface, there are several circular motions, then the slab is removed.

The paint remains for insufficiently processed (protruding) places. These places are aligned additionally until the surface with a uniform paint layer over the entire surface is obtained.

A stagnicircle can be checked by the parallelity of the two surfaces by measuring the thickness of the part in several places.

When describing the planes at an angle of 90 degrees, their mutually perpendicularity is checked by a plumbing kit.

The control of the outer corners of the part is carried out by the inner angle of the file, depending on the lumen.

The correctness of the internal angles in the product is tested by an outer angle.

Fluink concave surfaces. First, on the workpiece, the required outline of the part is placed.

Most of the metal in this case can be removed by cutting with a hacksaw, attaching a triangle shape in the workpiece, or by drilling. Then the face is filled with a face and spill the protrusions by a semicircular or a round drakeer to applied risks.

The section profile of a semicircular or round file is chosen in such a way that its radius is less than the radius of the fusion surface.

Not reaching about 0.5 mm from risks, the drake file is replaced with personal. The correctness of the sawing form is tested according to the template "on the lumen", and the perpendicularity of the reduced surface to the end of the billet - the coal.

Fuling convex surfaces

Opping of convex surfaces is made as follows. After the marking of the knife, the corners of the workpiece are cut off, after which it takes a pyramido-shaped form. Then, with the help of a dracket, a metal layer is removed, not reaching risks of about 1 mm, after which the metal layer at risk is carefully removed by the personal file.

Fuling cylindrical blanks.

The cylindrical rod is first poured into a square, the side of which is equal to the diameter plus allowance for subsequent processing. Then the squares are filled with an eight-margine, from which the sixtegranger is obtained by filling, further filling the corners of the faces.

A uniform rounding of the surface in the process of fusion is achieved by continuous turning of the workpiece.

The metal layer in the preparation of four and eight faces is removed by the drake file, and the octahedron and the sixtegranger are filled with a private file.

Processing control is made by a caliper in several places.

Fluink small details

Small parts Press into manual vice and, the openers of them about the workbench, rotate with the left hand on themselves at the work course, i.e. When moving a file forward, and from myself at idle.

At the same time, the file or the feet hold the right hand with an elongated forward index finger And they carry out pressure.

Fuling thin plates is impossible by conventional techniques, as they are bent, they will impenet and they are getting diluted.

You should not clamp a plate between two wooden straps, because while the wrist of the file is quickly clogged with wooden sawdust.

It is best to apply special sliding steel tempered frames. They consist of two planks, between which the processed item is clamped, connected motionless on cylindrical pins, and clamping in vice.

Processing is carried out before touching the file of the upper plane frame, which allows you to do without controlling the correctness of the solidification by a special ruler.

Fuling over the copier (conductor) is the most productive for billets that have a curvilinear profile.

The copier (conductor) is a device, the operating surfaces of which are processed according to the contour of the processed part with an accuracy of 0.5 to 0.1 mm, hardened and ground.

The workpiece is inserted into the copier to be described and climb into the vice with it. After that, fuse the protruding part of the workpiece to the level working surface Copier. In the manufacture large number identical details from thin sheet material In the copy, you can fix several billets.

Finishing surfaces. The choice of the method of finishing and the sequence of transitions depend on the material being processed and the quality requirements of the surface, its state, design, part size and the allowance, which can reach 0.05 - 0.3 mm.

Manual sweeping with grinding skurt. In cases where high processing accuracy is required, the surface after lying is subject to final finish velvet stalls, linen or paper grinding sand and abrasive bars.

When finishing surfaces wooden bars With a grinding skin pasted on them. In some cases, the skins strip are applied to a flat file, holding the ends when working with hand.

For the finishing of curvilinear surfaces, the skirt is screwed up on a mandrel into several layers. Cleaning leads first with rude skins, then thinner. Manual stripping is a low-performance operation, it requires high time costs.

Splitting is the treatment of holes in order to give them the desired form.

Processing of round holes is made by round and semicircular files, trigger holes - triangular, hacker and rhombic files; Square - square files.

Preparation for sawing begins with marking and increasing laying rinks, then drilled holes at the point risks and cut the armies formed by the drilling.

The best is the markup of the polished grinding sand metal surface. When sawing, one hole is drilled when the prugis is small; And in large rubs, two or more holes are drilled in order to leave the smallest allowance for sawing.

Large jumpers are difficult to remove from a drilled armhole, but it is impossible to have holes and too close to each other to avoid squeezing, which can lead to drill breakdown.

When sawing in the billet of the square hole, the square is placed first, and in it the hole, then drill the hole with a drill, with a diameter of 0.5 mm less than the sides of the square.

IN drilled hole Four angle of angle with a square file, not reaching 0.5 mm to marking wrappings, after which the hole is cut to the laying in the following sequence: first two opposite sides, then the rest, after which the hole is adjusted for the required size.

When sawing, a triangle contour of the triangle is placed in the harvesting of the triangled hole and the hole is drilled in it, without touching the laying triangle wrapping. Then B. round hole Singing three angle and consistently saw the sides, not reaching 0.5 mm to the marking risks, after which the sides of the triangle are adjusted. It is necessary to work strictly straightforward to work a triangular file to avoid submooling the sides.

Processing accuracy check insert.

When fitting, you should ensure that the liner entered into the sawn hole freely, without skew and tight.

Food care

Increasing the service life of the file is ensured by the right departure.

Files are preserved in an anti-corrosion grease, which you need to remove before work, flushing the tool with a brush in pure gasoline or, a notch with chalk, which will absorb fat, and then a rigid brush in the direction of the rows of the rows of the grinds is removed.

When working with a file, it is necessary to comply with some rules: you can not be powered by files - due to fragility, they can give cracks and break.

Should not put the files on metal or stone, concrete surfaces and items, as this can lead to the tempering of the teeth.

Store Files on wooden stands In a position that does not give them the opportunity to come into contact with each other.

To protect against corrosion, you need to not allow moisture, acids, evaporation on stagnation files. Dark color It suggests that the file was oxidized or badly hardened. The new file has a light gray color.

Files must be protected from oil and emery dust; The grilled files do not cut, but slide, so you should not wipe the file with your hand, so there is always a fatty film on hand; Emery dust scores the teeth's depressions, damages them, the file after exposure to abrasives does not cut poorly.

In order to protect the files of soft and viscous metals from clogging with chips before work, chalk should be grave.

To avoid premature wear of the files before filling the blanks, the surfaces of which are covered with rust, it is necessary to remove rust with a rust with a metal brush.

It is impossible to handle materials with a file, the hardness of which is equal to or exceeds its hardness. This can lead to a blur or coloring of the teeth, so when processing the surfaces of the remnants of the melted borax, casting crust, scale, the stickers are removed by the emery or a stamped edge of the old file and only after that they begin to diffilize.

Files must be applied only by appointment; The new file is better to handle soft metals first, and after some blunt - solid metals.

All this allows you to increase the shelf life of the file.

From time to time, the file is cleaned from chips and sawdust, tapping a wristband about the workbench.

Clean the file with a cord brush with a steel pile. Move the brush along the notches, in the files with a double notch - along the main notch. A metal rod with a flattened end is inserted into the brush handle, which serves to remove those particles that are stuck after cleaning with a wire brush.

In the absence of brushes, the stubble teeth is purified by scrapers from aluminum, brass or other soft metal.

Solid steel or copper wire for this purpose is not suitable, as the steel spoils a notch, and the copper is emotsed to the teeth.

Ground files clean first wood coal, rubbing along the rows of notches, and then brushed or washed in a solution of caustic soda and brushed.

The washed files wash in kerosene or gasoline.

To clean the files from wood, bone, ebonite and plastic chips, they are lowered by 15 minutes in hot water, then cleaned with a steel brush and dried.

Old files can be updated if they lower them for 10 minutes in a 10 percent solution of sulfuric acid, rinse in running water, clean the steel brush, rinse again in the solution of caustic soda, rinse in hot water, wipe and dry.

In glassware, dissolve in 750 g of distilled water of 90 g of boras, to this solution, carefully stirring, add 400 g of finely jeroty copper sulfite and 350 g 30 percent gray acid. In the thus prepared, the liquid is lowered a well washed file and hold 20 minutes. Then rinse warm water And dry.

Clean the file in the following way: first clean it with a metal brush, wash with water with soap, then a weak solution of caustic soda (10 g of soda on 200 ml of water) and to withstand 10 minutes in a solution consisting of 10 parts 20 percent nitric acid, 30 parts 20 Percentage sulfuric acid and 70 parts of water. After chemical treatment Wash file hot water And immerse yourself in the haired lime.

To categoriarity: Sanitary work

Metal Quality

Operating is called the removal of the surface layer from the metal parts using cutting tool - Food.

Fuling is made to obtain a certain shape, accurate dimensions, smooth straight or curvilinear surface, for fitting parts to each other, the formation of outer and internal angles, treatment of holes, refractors.

Small parts are lying in the vice set in the workshop, and large ones on the site of the workpiece and assembly of them.

The file is a steel hardened bar with nice on working surfaces properly located small teeth. A knife notch can be single at the corners of 70-80 ° to the edge of a file and a double (cross). With a double notch, the bottom is performed at an angle of 55 °, and the upper-at an angle of 70 °. The alarm of the tooth of the files is 70 °.

Ferry teeth are cut from the surface of the metal a small layer in the form of chips. Files with a single notch are cut off a wide chips, and with a double notch - small.

Fig. 1. Classification of files: a - by type of notches, b - in shape; 1 - Draca, 2 - personal, 3- velvet, 4 - flat, 5 - semicircular, 6 - square, 7 - triangular, 8- round

Files are separated by: on the size of notches (number), in length and shape (Fig. 1).

Depending on the purpose, files are used with a notch of various size: Draca (No. 1) with a large notch, personal (№ 2) with a smaller notch and velvet (No. 3, 4, 5, and 6) with a very small notch.

Drackers are used for preliminary, rough, coarse processing; Personal - finishing, finishing and velvet - for final, accurate processing.

Drachemy files in one working stroke, depending on the hardness of the metal, can be removed with a layer with a thickness of 0.05-0.1 mm with an accuracy of processing up to 0.2-0.5 mm; Personal - 0.02-0.06 mm thick and with an accuracy of processing up to 0.02 mm; Velvet can handle the surface surface with an accuracy of 0.01-0.005 mm.

Files have the following parts: The nose is the end of a notched part of the file, the body is a working shelter part, the heel-not-nailed part of the body of the file and the shank - part of the file, to which the handle is worn.

Files produce a length of 100 to 450 mm. Food size should be selected according to the value of the surface being processed. The file must be 150 mm longer than the surface of the surface.

Depending on the type of surfaces of the surfaces of products and on the nature of the work, files are used with a profile of various shapes: flat, semicircular, square, triangular and round. Flat files are used to focus the outer and internal flat surfaces, exterior and internal curvilinear surfaces of convex shape, flat surfaces, through holes rectangular shape; semicircular - for filling the curvilinear surfaces of a concave form, to cut off roundings in the corners; Square - for filling the slots and rectangular holes; triangled - to drink corners and triangular shape holes; Round - for drinking round and oval holes.

Fig. 2. Pneumatic File: 1 - Working Tool, 2 - Head, 3 - Motion Converter, 4 - Reducer, 5 - Electric Motor

A wooden handle round shape with thickening in the middle is on the shank of a file with a wooden handle. The handles are made of solid rocks: birch, maple, beech. The surface of the handle should be clean and smooth. So that the handle is not split when the head is on the file and when working, the steel ring is put on it.

To increase productivity during metal processing, pneumatic and electrical files are used.

The pneumatic file (Fig. 2) consists of a working tool, heads for its fixing, motion converter, gearbox and engine.

Stroke length 12 mm, the number of double strokes per minute of 1500.

- Metal Quality