Freshwater reserves on Earth: approximate volumes, the problem of lack of water, interesting facts. Water reserves in Russia

Date: 2016-04-07

Life on our planet originated precisely from the water, the human body is 75% of the water, so the question of reserves fresh water On the planet is very important. After all, water is a source and stimulant of our life.

Fresh is considered that water that contains no more than 0.1% salt.

With that, it doesn't matter in which state it is: liquid, solid or gaseous.

Worldwater reserves

97.2% of the water, which is located on the planet Earth belongs to the salted oceans and seas. And only 2.8% is fresh water. On the planet, it is distributed as follows:

2.15% of water reserves are frozen in the mountains, icebergs and Ice Covers of Antarctica;
0, 001% of water stocks is in the atmosphere;
0.65% of water reserves is in rivers, lakes.
From here it takes a person for his consumption.

A small part of it still turns out again in the ocean, but most of the snow and rain falls on the continent, and then falls into the lakes, rivers and groundwater.

Fresh water consumption in different parts of the planet

Even such a small percentage of available freshwater could cover all the needs of humanity, if its reserves were evenly distributed on the planet, but this is not the case.

The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has allocated several territories, the water consumption level exceeds the volume of renewable water resources:

Arabian Peninsula.
For public needs, fresh water is used here than available in available natural sources. The water is exported here with the help of tankers and pipelines, the coat of desalination procedures are carried out.
Under voltage there are water resources in Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.
It consumes almost 100% renewable water resources. More than 70% of renewable water resources mined Iran.
Freshwater problems also exist in North Africa, especially in Libya and Egypt. These countries use almost 50% of water resources.

The greatest need is not those countries where drought are often, but those where the high population density.

World Winter Market

You can see it using the table below. For example, Asia has the largest area of \u200b\u200bwater resources, and the smallest Australia. But at the same time, every resident of Australia is provided drinking water 14 times better than any resident of Asia.

And all because the number of Asia population is 3.7 billion, whereas in Australia there are only 30 million.

Freshwater use problems

Over the past 40 years, the amount of pure fresh water at the rate of one person decreased by 60%.

Agriculture is the largest consumer of fresh water. To date, this sector of the economy consumes almost 85% of the total amount of fresh water used by man. The products that were raised with the help of artificial irrigation are much more expensive than that that has grown on the soil and irrigates the rain.

More than 80 countries of the world are lack of fresh water.

And, every day, this problem is increasingly sharpened. Water deficit even causes humanitarian and government conflicts. Improper use of groundwater leads to a decrease in their volumes. Every year, these reserves are depleted from 0.1% to 0.3%. Moreover, in poor countries, 95% of water cannot be used for drinking or in food due to a high level of pollution.

The need for clean drinking water increases every year, but its number - on the contrary, it only decreases.

Almost 2 billion people are limited to water use. According to experts by 2025, almost 50 countries of the world, where the number of residents will exceed 3 billion people, will be scented with the problem of water deficiency.

In China, despite the large amount of precipitation, half of the population does not have regular access to drinking water in sufficient volume.

Groundwater, like the soil itself, resumes too slow (about 1% per year).

The question of the greenhouse effect remains relevant. The climatic state of the Earth is constantly worsening due to the constant allocation into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide. This causes an abnormal redistribution of atmospheric precipitation, the emergence of droughts in those countries where they are not enough to be, falling out snow in Africa, high frosts in Italy or Spain.

Such anomalous changes may cause a decrease in the level of crop yields, increasing the level of plant disease, reproduction of the population of pests and various insects.

The planet ecosystem loses its stability and cannot adapt to such a quick change of conditions.

Instead of results

At the end we can say that on the planet the Earth is sufficient stocks of water resources. The main problem of water supply is that these reserves are distributed on the planet unevenly. Moreover, 3/4 of fresh water reserves are in the form of glaciers, to which it is very difficult to access.

Because of this, in some regions, fresh water deficiency is already observed.

The second problem is the pollution of the existing available water sources of human activity (salts of heavy metals, oil refining products). Clean water that can be used without preliminary cleaning It can only be found in remote environmentally friendly zones. But the densely populated regions, on the contrary, suffer from the impossibility of drinking water from their scant stocks.

Go back to water resources

The countries of the world are provided with water resources extremely unevenly.

The following countries are most provided with water resources: Brazil (8 233 km3), Russia (4,508 km3), United States (3,051 km3), Canada (2 902 km3), Indonesia (2,838 km3), China (2,830 km3), Colombia (2 132 km3), Peru (1 913 km3), India (1 880 km3), Congo (1,283 km3), Venezuela (1,233 km3), Bangladesh (1,121 km3), Burma (1,046 km3).

Most water resources per capita are in French Guiana (609,091 m3), Iceland (539,638 m3), Guyana (315,858 m3), Suriname (236,893 m3), Congo (230 125 m3), Papua New Guinea (121 788 m3), Gabone (113 260 m3), Bhutan (113 157 m3), Canada (87 255 m3), Norway (80 134 m3), New Zealand (77,305 m3), Peru (66 338 m3), Bolivia (64 215 M3), Liberia (61 165 m3), Chile (54,868 m3), Paraguay (53,863 m3), Laos (53,747 m3), Colombia (47 365 m3), Venezuela (43 8463), Panama (43,502 m3) , Brazil (42,866 m3), Uruguay (41,505 m3), Nicaragua (34 710 m3), Fiji (33,827 m3), Central African Republic (33,280 m3), Russia (31,833 m3).

Less than all water resources per capita are in Kuwait (6.85 m3), United Arab Emirates (33.44 m3), Qatar (45.28 m3), on the Bahamas (59.17 m3), in Oman (91.63 m3), Saudi Arabia (95.23 m3), Libya (3 366.19 foot).

On average on Earth, each person accounts for 24,646 m3 (246,00000 liters) of water per year.

Few countries of the world rich in water resources can boast that they have "at their disposal" river basins, not separated by territorial boundaries. Why is it so important? Let us take the biggest influx of Obi - Irtysh (part of the drain of which they wanted to move to the Aral Sea). The source of Irtysh is on the border of Mongolia and China, then the river for more than 500 km flows through the territory of China, crosses the state border and about 1,800 km through the territory of Kazakhstan, then Irtysh proceeds about 2,000 km through Russia. Russia has not yet flows into Ob.

What country belongs to 20% of stocks of full fresh water on Earth?

Let's see how things are concluded with strategic "water independence" in the world.

The map presented to your attention above illustrates the percentage of the volume of renewable water resources entering the country from the territory of neighboring states, from the total volume of water resources of the country (a country with a value of 0% does not "receive" water resources from the territories of neighboring countries; 100% - All water resources come from outside the state).

The map shows that the most dependent on the "supplies" of water from the territory of the neighboring countries are the following states: Kuwait (100%), Turkmenistan (97.1%), Egypt (96.9%), Mauritania (96.5%) , Hungary (94.2%), Moldova (91.4%), Bangladesh (91.3%), Niger (89.6%), Netherlands (87.9%).

Now let's try to spend some calculations, but first we will make a rating of countries by water reserves:

10.

Congo (1,283 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 29.9%)
11. Venezuela (1 233 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 41.4%)

Now based on this data, we will make our rating of countries, the water resources of which are least dependent on the potentially possible reduction in cross-border flow caused by the water fence by the countries located above the course:

Brazil (5,417 km3)
2. Russia (4 314 km3)
3. Canada (2 850 km3)
4. Indonesia (2 838 km3)
5. China (2,813 km3)
6. USA (2 801 km3)
7. Colombia (2 113 km3)
8.

Peru (1 617 km3)
9. India (1 252 km3)
10. Burma (881 km3)
11. Congo (834 km3)
12. Venisuela (723 km3)
13.

Bangladesh (105 km3)

Below is a map of world stocks of fresh groundwater. The blue areas on the map - the territory are rich in groundwater, brown - zones where the lack of underground freshwater is felt.

In arid countries, water is almost completely taken from underground sources (Morocco - 75%, Tunisia - 95%, Saudi Arabia and Malta - 100%).

In the Equatorial and South Africa, business with raising waters is much better. Pouring tropical rains contribute rapid restoration Groundwater reserves.

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The countries of the world are provided with water resources extremely unevenly. The following countries are most provided with water resources: Brazil (8 233 km3), Russia (4,508 km3), United States (3,051 km3), Canada (2 902 km3), Indonesia (2,838 km3), China (2,830 km3), Colombia (2 132 km3), Peru (1 913 km3), India (1 880 km3), Congo (1,283 km3), Venezuela (1,233 km3), Bangladesh (1,121 km3), Burma (1,046 km3).

The volume of water resources per capita by the countries of the world (m3 per year per capita)

Most Water Resources per capita are in French Guiana (), Iceland (), Guyana (), Suriname (), Congo (), Papua New Guinea (), Gabone (), Bhutan (), Canada (), Norway ( ), New Zealand (), Peru (), Bolivia (), Liberia (), Chile (), Paraguay (), Laos (), Colombia (), Venezuela (43 8463), Panama (), Brazil (), Uruguay (), Nicaragua (), Fiji (), Central African Republic (), Russia ().

Note!!!
The least of all water resources per capita are in Kuwait (), United Arab Emirates (), Qatar (), on the Bahamas (), in Oman (), Saudi Arabia (), Libya ().

On average on Earth, each person has () water per year.

The share of cross-border runoff in the total annual stock rivers of the countries of the world (in%)
Few countries of the world rich in water resources can boast that they have "at their disposal" of river basins, not separated by territorial boundaries.

Why is it so important? Let us take the biggest influx of Obi - Irtysh (part of the drain of which they wanted to move to the Aral Sea).

The source of Irtysh is on the border of Mongolia and China, then the river over the territory proceeds throughout the territory of China, crosses the state border and about the territory of Kazakhstan, then the Irtysh flows around the territory of Russia until he flows into Ob.

According to international agreements, China can take half the annual Irtysh's annual flow for its needs, Kazakhstan half of the fact that remains after China. As a result, this can strongly affect the fullness of the Russian plot of Irtysh (including hydrophurenergoresours). Currently, China annually deprives Russia 2 billion km3 of water. Therefore, the water supply of each country in the future may depend on whether the origins of the rivers or the sections of their locomotive outside the country are.

Let's see how things are concluded with strategic "water independence" in the world.

Share of cross-border flow in the total annual stock rivers of the countries of the world

The map provided to your attention above illustrates the percentage of the volume of renewable water resources entering the country from the territory of neighboring states, from the total volume of water resources of the country (a country with a value of 0% does not "receive" water resources from the territories of neighboring countries; 100% All water resources come from outside the state).

The map shows that the most dependent on the "supplies" of water from the territory of the neighboring countries is the following states: Kuwait (100%), Turkmenistan (97.1%), Egypt (96.9%), Mauritania (96.5%) , Hungary (94.2%), Moldova (91.4%), Bangladesh (91.3%), Niger (89.6%), Netherlands (87.9%).

In the post-Soviet space, the situation is as follows: Turkmenistan (97.1%), Moldova (91.4%), Uzbekistan (77.4%), Azerbaijan (76.6%), Ukraine (62%), Latvia (52, 8%), Belarus (35.9%), Lithuania (37.5%), Kazakhstan (31.2%), Tajikistan (16.7%) Armenia (11.7%), Georgia (8.2%) , Russia (4.3%), Estonia (0.8%), Kyrgyzstan (0%).

Now let's try to spend some calculations, but first to make rating countries on water reserves:

Brazil (8 233 km3) - (cross-border flow share: 34.2%)
2. Russia (4,508 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 4.3%)
3. USA (3,051 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 8.2%)
4. Canada (2 902 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 1.8%)
5.

Indonesia (2 838 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 0%)
6. China (2,830 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 0.6%)
7. Colombia (2 132 km3) - (Share of Transboundary Stream: 0.9%)
8. Peru (1,913 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 15.5%)
9. India (1 880 km3) - (cross-border flow share: 33.4%)
10. Congo (1,283 km3) - (cross-border flow share: 29.9%)
11.

Venezuela (1,233 km3) - (share of cross-border drain: 41.4%)
12. Bangladesh (1 211 km3) - (Transboundary Stream Share: 91.3%)
13. Burma (1,046 km3) - (Share of Transboundary Stream: 15.8%)

Now based on this data, we will make our rating of countries, the water resources of which the least depend on the potentially possible reduction in cross-border flow caused by the water fence by the countries located above the flow.

Brazil (5,417 km3)
2. Russia (4 314 km3)
3. Canada (2 850 km3)
4. Indonesia (2 838 km3)
5. China (2,813 km3)
6.

USA (2 801 km3)
7. Colombia (2 113 km3)
8. Peru (1 617 km3)
9. India (1 252 km3)
10. Burma (881 km3)
11. Congo (834 km3)
12. Venisuela (723 km3)
13. Bangladesh (105 km3)

In conclusion, I would like to note that use river Water It does not boil only to one single water fence. Do not forget, also about the transboundary transfer of pollutants, which can significantly worsen the quality of river water areas of the river located on the territory of other countries below the flow.
Significant changes in the volume of flow of rivers cause cuttings of forests, agricultural activities, as well as global climatic changes.

Below is a map of world stocks of fresh groundwater.

The blue areas on the map - the territory are rich in groundwater, brown - zones where the lack of underground freshwater is felt.

To countries, with large groundwater reserves include Russia, Brazil, as well as a number of Equatorial African countries.

Note!!!
The shortage of clean fresh surface water causes many countries to actively use groundwater.

In the European Union, 70% of all water used by water consumers is taken from underground aquifers.
In arid countries, water is almost completely taken from underground sources (Morocco - 75%, Tunisia - 95%, Saudi Arabia and Malta - 100%)

Underground aquifer layers occur everywhere, but not everywhere they are renewed. So in North Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula, they filled with water about 10,000 years ago, when the climate here was more wet.
In the Equatorial and South Africa, business with raising waters is much better.

Pouring tropical rains contribute to the rapid restoration of groundwater reserves.

19. World Water Resources

The concept of water resources can be interpreted in two meanings - wide and narrow.

IN wide sense - This is the entire volume of water of the hydrosphere enclosed in rivers, lakes, glaciers, seas and oceans, as well as in underground horizons and in the atmosphere.

It is quite applicable to the definitions of a huge, inexhaustible, and this is not surprising. After all, the global ocean occupies 361 million km2 (about 71% of the entire Planet Square), and on glaciers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, rivers account for another 20 million km2 (15%). As a result, the total hydrosphere is estimated at 1390 million km3. It is easy to calculate that with such a total volume per resident of the Earth now accounts for about 210 million m3 of water. Such a number would have enough for the supply of a major city for a whole year!

It is necessary, however, take into account the possibility of using these huge resources.

After all, from the total volume of 96.4% contained in the water hydrosphere, it is necessary to share the world ocean, and from the water bodies of land the greatest number Waters contain glaciers (1.86%) and groundwater (1.68%), the use of which is possible, but mostly difficult.

That is why, when they talk about water resources in the narrow sense of the word, they mean suitable fresh water, which make up only 2.5% of the total volume of all water of the hydrosphere.

However, this indicator has to make substantial adjustments. It is impossible not to take care that almost all freshwater resources are "canned" either in the glaciers of Antarctica, Greenland, mountain areas, in the ice of the Arctic, or in groundwater and ice, the use of which is still very limited.

Lakes and reservoirs are much wider, but their geographical distribution does not differ by widespread. From here it follows that the main source of ensuring the needs of humanity in fresh water was and remain river (channel) water, the share of which is extremely small, and the total volume is only 2100 km3.

Such a number of freshwater people already lack themselves for life.

However, due to the fact that the duration of conditional moisture rotation for rivers is 16 days, during the year the volume of water is resumed on average 23 times and, therefore, river flow resources purely arithmetic can be estimated at 48 thousand.

km3 / year. However, in the literature, a number of 41 thousand km3 / year prevails. It characterizes the "water packs" of the planet, but reservations are also necessary. It is impossible not to take into account that more than half of the channel water flows into the sea, so that resources of such water are actually available for use, according to some estimates, do not exceed 15 thousand.

If we consider how the full river runoff is distributed between major regions of the world, it turns out that 11 thousand falls on foreign Asia.

kM3, for South America - 10.5, to North America - 7, on the CIS countries - 5.3, in Africa - 4.2, on Australia and Oceania- 1.6 and foreign Europe - 1.4 thousand km3 . It is clear that the river systems are first of all behind these indicators: in Asia - Yangtze, Ganges and Brahmaputra, in South America - Amazons, Orinoco, Parana, in North America - Mississippi, in the CIS - Yenisei, Lena, in Africa - Congo, Zambezi.

This fully applies not only to the regions, but also to individual countries (Table 23).

Table 23.

The first ten countries in the size of freshwater resources

Such water availability of the world and its regions is shown in Figure 19. Analysis of this figure suggests that with a medium-level 8000 m3 / year, the indicators above this level have Australia and Oceania, South America, CIS and North America, and below - Africa, foreign Europe And Foreign Asia.

This provision with water supply of regions is explained by both the total size of their water resources and the population of their population. No less interesting analysis of the differences in the water availability of individual countries (Table 24). Of the ten countries with the greatest water availability, seven are within the equatorial, subequatorial and tropical belts and only Canada, Norway and New Zealand - within moderate and subarctic.

19. Provision of river flow resources on major regions of the world, thousand m3 / year

Table 24.

Countries with the greatest and lowest security of freshwater resources

To imagine real water availability, it is necessary to take into account the size of water intake, water consumption.

World water consumption in the twentieth century. Grew as follows (in km3): 1900 - 580, 1940 - 820, 1950

- 1100, 1960 - 1900, 1970 - 2520, 1980 - 3200, 1990 - 3580, 2005 - 6000.

Top 20 countries in fresh water reserves!

These overall water consumption indicators are very important: they indicate that during the XX century. World water consumption increased by 6.8 times.

Already, almost 1.2 billion people do not have access to clean drinking water. According to the UN forecast, universal access to such water can be secured: in Asia - by 2025, in Africa - by 2050 the structure, i.e., the nature of water consumption is equally important. Nowadays, 70% of fresh water consumes agriculture, 20% - industry, 10% is coming to satisfy utility domestic needs. This ratio is quite understandable and natural, but from the point of view of water saving is quite unprofitable, first of all, because it is in agriculture (especially in irrigated agriculture), irrevocable water consumption.

According to the calculations, in 2000, irretrievable water consumption in agriculture of the world amounted to 2.5 thousand km3, while in industry and municipal farmWhere wider is the current water supply, respectively, only 65 and 12 km3. It follows from all over, firstly, in our days, humanity uses a rather significant part of the "water soldering" of the planet (about 1/10 of the total and more than 1/4 really affordable) and, secondly, the irrevocable water loss make up more 1/2 of its total consumption.

It is not by chance that the highest rates of shower water consumption are characteristic of countries with irrigated agriculture.

The record holder here Turkmenistan (7000 m3 per person per year). It is followed by Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Pakistan, and others. All these countries are already experiencing a significant shortage of water resources.

In Russia, the total river stock reaches 4.2 thousand km3 / year, and, consequently, the provision of resources of this runoff based on one inhabitant is 29 thousand.

m3 / year; This is not a record, but quite high indicator. The overall fence of fresh water in the second half of the 1990s. Due to the economic crisis, there was a tendency to some decrease.

In 2000, he was 80-85 km3.

The structure of water consumption in Russia is as follows: 56% goes to production, 21% - for economic and drinking needs, 17% - on irrigation and agricultural water supply and 6% - on other needs.

The same applies to individual economic regions of the country. Thus, in the Central, Central Chernozem and Volga region, water availability per inhabitant is only 3000-4000 m3 / year, and in the Far East - 300 thousand m3.

The general trend for the whole world and its individual regions is a gradual decrease in water availability, so finding various ways to save water resources and new water supply routes are being searched.

More than 98% of all the water resources of the Earth are salted water of the oceans, seas, etc. The total amount of freshwater on Earth is equal to 28.25 million km3, or about 2% of the total hydrosphere. The main part of freshwater is concentrated in glaciers whose water is still very small. The proportion of the rest of fresh waters suitable for water supply is 4.2 million km3 of water, or only 0.3% of the volume of the hydrosphere.

The hydrosphere plays a huge role in the formation of the natural environment of our planet. It also affects atmospheric processes (heating and cooling of air masses, saturation of their moisture, etc.).

Atmosphere (greek. ATMOS  Par)  Gas Sheath Earth, consisting of a mixture of various gases, water vapor and dust (Table 6.3, according to N. Reimems, 1990). total weight The atmosphere  5,15  1015 t. At an altitude of 10 to 50 km, with a maximum concentration at an altitude of 20-25 km, there is a layer of ozone, protecting the Earth from excessive ultraviolet irradiation, disastrous for organisms.

Table 6.3.

The composition of the atmosphere

The atmosphere is physically chemically and mechanically affects the lithosphere, adjusting the distribution of heat and moisture. Weather and climate on Earth depend on heat distribution, pressure and water vapor content in the atmosphere. Water steam absorbs solar radiation, increases air density and is the source of all precipitation. The atmosphere supports various forms of life on Earth.

In the formation of the natural environment of the Earth, the role of the troposphere (the bottom layer of the atmosphere to the height is 8-10 km in Polar, 10-12 km in moderate and 16-18 km in tropical latitudes) and to a lesser extent of the stratosphere, the area of \u200b\u200bcold rarefied dry air is thick about 20 km. The meteoric dust continuously falls through the stratosphere, volcanic dust is thrown into it, and in the past and products nuclear explosions In the atmosphere.

Global vertical and horizontal movements of air masses occur in the troposphere, in many respects the water cycles, heat exchange, transboundary transfer of dust particles and contamination.

Atmospheric processes are closely related to the processes occurring in a lithosphere and aquatic shell.

Atmospheric phenomena include: precipitation, clouds, fog, thunderstorm, ice, dusty (sandy) storm, squall, blizzard, hoarfrost, dew, frost, icing, polar shine, etc.

The atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere closely interact with each other. Almost all surface, exogenous, geological processes are due to these interaction and pass, as a rule, in the biosphere.

Biosphere The external sheath of the Earth, which includes part of the atmosphere to a height of 25-30 km (to the ozone layer), almost the entire hydrosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere about 3 km. A feature of these parts is that they are inhabited by alive organisms that make up the living matter of the planet. The interaction of the abiotic part of the biosphere  air, water and rock, and organic Biots, caused soil formation and sedimentary rocks. The latter, according to V. I. Vernadsky, carry traces of the activities of the ancient biospheres that existed in past geological era.

19. World Water Resources

The concept of water resources can be interpreted in two meanings - wide and narrow.

In a broad sense, this is the entire volume of water of the hydrosphere enclosed in rivers, lakes, glaciers, seas and oceans, as well as in underground horizons and in the atmosphere. It is quite applicable to the definitions of a huge, inexhaustible, and this is not surprising. After all, the global ocean occupies 361 million km2 (about 71% of the entire Planet Square), and on glaciers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, rivers account for another 20 million km2 (15%). As a result, the total hydrosphere is estimated at 1390 million km3. It is easy to calculate that with such a total volume per resident of the Earth now accounts for about 210 million m3 of water. Such a number would have enough for the supply of a major city for a whole year!

It is necessary, however, take into account the possibility of using these huge resources. After all, the total volume of 96.4% contained in the water hydrosphere is among the world's ocean, and from the water bodies of sushi, the greatest amount of water contains glaciers (1.86%) and groundwater (1.68%), the use of which is possible, but more Part is very difficult.

That is why, when they talk about water resources in the narrow sense of the word, they mean suitable fresh water, which make up only 2.5% of the total volume of all water of the hydrosphere. However, this indicator has to make substantial adjustments. It is impossible not to take care that almost all freshwater resources are "canned" either in the glaciers of Antarctica, Greenland, mountain areas, in the ice of the Arctic, or in groundwater and ice, the use of which is still very limited. Lakes and reservoirs are much wider, but their geographical distribution does not differ by widespread. From here it follows that the main source of ensuring the needs of humanity in fresh water was and remain river (channel) water, the share of which is extremely small, and the total volume is only 2100 km3.

Such a number of freshwater people already lack themselves for life.

However, due to the fact that the duration of the conditional moisture turnover for the rivers is 16 days, during the year the volume of water in them is resumed on average 23 times and, therefore, river flow resources purely arithmetic can be estimated at 48 thousand km3 / year. However, in the literature, a number of 41 thousand km3 / year prevails. It characterizes the "water packs" of the planet, but reservations are also necessary. It is impossible not to take into account that more than half of the channel water flows into the sea, so that resources of such water are actually available for use, according to some estimates, do not exceed 15 thousand km3.

If we consider how the full river runoff is distributed between major regions of the world, it turns out that 11 thousand km3 accounts for foreign Asia, 10.5 to North America - 7, on the CIS countries - 5.3, in Africa - 4.2, Australia and Oceania- 1.6 and foreign Europe - 1.4 thousand km3. It is clear that the river systems are first of all behind these indicators: in Asia - Yangtze, Ganges and Brahmaputra, in South America - Amazons, Orinoco, Parana, in North America - Mississippi, in the CIS - Yenisei, Lena, in Africa - Congo, Zambezi. This fully applies not only to the regions, but also to individual countries (Table 23).

Table 23.

The first ten countries in the size of freshwater resources

Figures characterizing water resources can not yet give a complete picture of water availability, since the provision of total runoff is made to express in specific indicators - either by 1 km2 of the territory or by one inhabitant. Such water availability of the world and its regions is shown in Figure 19. Analysis of this figure suggests that with a medium-level 8000 m3 / year, the indicators above this level have Australia and Oceania, South America, CIS and North America, and below - Africa, foreign Europe And Foreign Asia. This provision with water supply of regions is explained by both the total size of their water resources and the population of their population. No less interesting analysis of the differences in the water availability of individual countries (Table 24). Of the ten countries with the greatest water availability, seven are within the equatorial, subequatorial and tropical belts and only Canada, Norway and New Zealand - within a moderate and subarctic.

Fig. nineteen.Provision of river flow resources on major regions of the world, thousand m3 / year

Table 24.

Countries with the greatest and lowest security of freshwater resources

Although according to the above-hand indicators of the water availability of the whole world, individual regions and countries, it is quite possible to imagine its overall picture, yet such security would correctly be called potential. To imagine real water availability, it is necessary to take into account the size of water intake, water consumption.

World water consumption in the twentieth century. Grew as follows (in km3): 1900 - 580, 1940 - 820, 1950 - 1100, 1960 - 1900, 1970 - 2520, 1980 - 3200, 1990 - 3580, 2005 - 6000. These general water consumption indicators are very important: they indicate that during the XX century. World water consumption increased by 6.8 times. Already, almost 1.2 billion people do not have access to clean drinking water. According to the UN forecast, universal access to such water can be secured: in Asia - by 2025, in Africa - by 2050 the structure, i.e., the nature of water consumption is equally important. Nowadays, 70% of fresh water consumes agriculture, 20% - industry, 10% is coming to satisfy utility domestic needs. This ratio is quite understandable and natural, but from the point of view of water saving is quite unprofitable, first of all, because it is in agriculture (especially in irrigated agriculture), irrevocable water consumption. According to the calculations, in 2000

Distribution of water resources on the planet

irrevocable water consumption in the agriculture of the world amounted to 2.5 thousand km3, whereas in industry and utilities, where broadening water supply is used wider, respectively, only 65 and 12 km3. It follows from all over, firstly, in our days, humanity uses a rather significant part of the "water soldering" of the planet (about 1/10 of the total and more than 1/4 really affordable) and, secondly, the irrevocable water loss make up more 1/2 of its total consumption.

It is not by chance that the highest rates of shower water consumption are characteristic of countries with irrigated agriculture. The record holder here Turkmenistan (7000 m3 per person per year). It is followed by Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Pakistan, and others. All these countries are already experiencing a significant shortage of water resources.

In Russia, the total river stock reaches 4.2 thousand km3 / year, and, consequently, the provision of resources of this runoff based on one inhabitant is 29 thousand m3 / year; This is not a record, but quite a high indicator. The overall fence of fresh water in the second half of the 1990s. Due to the economic crisis, there was a tendency to some decrease. In 2000, he was 80-85 km3.

The structure of water consumption in Russia is as follows: 56% goes to production, 21% - for economic and drinking needs, 17% - on irrigation and agricultural water supply and 6% - on other needs. It is easy to calculate that in general in Russia, the total water intake is only 2% of the shared river flow resources. However, this is the average, and in separate river basins it reaches 50-75% or more. The same applies to individual economic regions of the country. Thus, in the Central, Central Chernozem and Volga region, water availability per inhabitant is only 3000-4000 m3 / year, and in the Far East - 300 thousand m3.

Date: 2016-04-07

How many fresh water remains on the planet?

Life on our planet originated precisely from the water, the human body is 75% of the water, so the question of fresh water reserves on the planet is very important. After all, water is a source and stimulant of our life.

Fresh is considered that water that contains no more than 0.1% salt. With that, it doesn't matter in which state it is: liquid, solid or gaseous.

Worldwater reserves

97.2% of the water, which is located on the planet Earth belongs to the salted oceans and seas. And only 2.8% is fresh water. On the planet, it is distributed as follows:

2.15% of water reserves are frozen in the mountains, icebergs and Ice Covers of Antarctica;
0, 001% of water stocks is in the atmosphere;
0.65% of water reserves is in rivers, lakes. From here it takes a person for his consumption.

In general, it is believed that sources of fresh water are endless. Since the process of self-healing is constantly being occurring as a consequence of water circuit in nature. Every year, as a result of evaporation of moisture from the world's ocean, a huge supply of fresh water is formed (about 525,000 km3) in the form of clouds. A small part of it still turns out again in the ocean, but most of the snow and rain falls on the continent, and then falls into the lakes, rivers and groundwater.

Fresh water consumption in different parts of the planet

Even such a small percentage of available freshwater could cover all the needs of humanity, if its reserves were evenly distributed on the planet, but this is not the case.

The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has allocated several territories, the water consumption level exceeds the volume of renewable water resources:

Arabian Peninsula. For public needs, fresh water is used here than available in available natural sources. The water is exported here with the help of tankers and pipelines, the coat of desalination procedures are carried out.
Under voltage there are water resources in Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. It consumes almost 100% renewable water resources. More than 70% of renewable water resources mined Iran.
Freshwater problems also exist in North Africa, especially in Libya and Egypt. These countries use almost 50% of water resources.

The greatest need is not those countries where drought are often, but those where the high population density. You can see it using the table below. For example, Asia has the largest area of \u200b\u200bwater resources, and the smallest Australia. But at the same time, every resident of Australia is provided with drinking water 14 times better than any resident of Asia. And all because the number of Asia population is 3.7 billion, whereas in Australia there are only 30 million.

Freshwater use problems

Over the past 40 years, the amount of pure fresh water at the rate of one person decreased by 60%. Agriculture is the largest consumer of fresh water. To date, this sector of the economy consumes almost 85% of the total amount of fresh water used by man. The products that were raised with the help of artificial irrigation are much more expensive than that that has grown on the soil and irrigates the rain.

More than 80 countries of the world are lack of fresh water. And, every day, this problem is increasingly sharpened. Water deficit even causes humanitarian and government conflicts. Improper use of groundwater leads to a decrease in their volumes. Every year, these reserves are depleted from 0.1% to 0.3%. Moreover, in poor countries, 95% of water cannot be used for drinking or in food due to a high level of pollution.

The need for clean drinking water increases every year, but its number - on the contrary, it only decreases. Almost 2 billion people are limited to water use. According to experts by 2025, almost 50 countries of the world, where the number of residents will exceed 3 billion people, will be scented with the problem of water deficiency.

In China, despite the large amount of precipitation, half of the population does not have regular access to drinking water in sufficient volume.

Water distribution on earth

Groundwater, like the soil itself, resumes too slow (about 1% per year).

Such anomalous changes may cause a decrease in the level of crop yields, increasing the level of plant disease, reproduction of the population of pests and various insects. The planet ecosystem loses its stability and cannot adapt to such a quick change of conditions.

Instead of results

The second problem is the pollution of the existing available water sources of human activity (salts of heavy metals, oil refining products). Clean water, which can be used without preliminary cleaning can be found only in remote environmentally friendly zones. But the densely populated regions, on the contrary, suffer from the impossibility of drinking water from their scant stocks.

Water resources include all suitable surface and underground water of the Earth. Water is necessary to maintain organic life on Earth, human existence, its economic activity. The water factor has a great influence on the placement of social production. To water branches with orientation on large sources of water supply include many industries (electric power industry, black and non-ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper, chemical industry, etc.), agriculture (drawback, cotton growing, etc.). Water resources - exclusively important factor Not only for explicitly water bodies, but also for the development of cities, meet the household needs of the population.

Especially great the needs of people in fresh water, the reserves of which on Earth are limited. Common stocks of water on Earth, forming its hydrosphere (oceans and seas, rivers, lakes, swamps and reservoirs, groundwater, glaciers and snow, soil moisture, and atmospheric pairs) are estimated at 1,386 million cubic meters. km. Of these, 96.5% of water resources fall on the salted waters of the World Ocean and 1% - on salty groundwater. The remaining 2.5% of the hydrosphere volume and make up fresh water resources on the globe.

However, their number is significantly less (only 0.3% of the volume of the hydrosphere), since polar ice As a source of fresh water, almost yet is not yet used.

Thus, despite the presence of huge water resources on Earth, their number suitable for direct practical use (fresh water) is very limited.

Among the few sources of freshwater are the main rivers. Water resources of rivers are renewable, inexhaustible, in contrast to underground freshwater, whose reserves are exhausted. The number of annually renewable water resources is estimated by the size of the river flow, depending on the ratio between precipitation (falling out in the form of rain and snow to the surface of the river basin) and evaporation of the moisture.

Water resources of rivers (river flow resources) are estimated at 47 thousand cubic meters. km per year, and the medium-sized river runoff (flow of the population) is about 8 thousand cubic meters. m / year.

More than half of the resources of fresh water from the river flow of the Planet falls on Asia (13,190 cubic meters per year), where such major land rivers, like Yangtze, Iravad, Mekong, Gang, Brahmaputra, and South America (10,380 cc Year) With its greatest river (in terms of flow, basin, extension and width) Amazon. The other half of the sum of the flow of rivers is distributed among themselves North America (5 960), Africa (4,225), Europe (3 110), Australia and Oceania (1,965 cubic meters / year). Australia and Oceania are in this list, at the same time, the highest availability of water per inhabitant (83 thousand cubic meters. M / year), and Asia's leading medium water supply is the lowest average of water supply per capita - 4.5 thousand cubic meters. m / year. In South America, this figure is 34 thousand cubic meters. m / year, in North - 15, in Africa - 6.5, in Europe — b kin. m / year. Water availability is significantly different in the countries of the world. Russia has considerable resources of freshwater. The total volume of its river runoff is estimated at 4,220 cubic meters. km / year, which is about 10% of the total drain of all rivers of the world. According to this indicator, following Brazil, Russia exceeds all countries of the world. Water availability of Russia per capita (28.5 thousand cubic meters. M / year) is more than three times higher than the average. Water resources within the country are distributed extremely unevenly - about 70% of its total surface runoff falls on weakly-shaped, economically weak-based areas of Siberia and the Far East and only 30% - to the densely populated and the most needy areas of the European part and the Urals.

The distribution of water on earth and its cycle. Water balance

The worst of all are provided with central water (Lipetsk, Belgorod, Kursk and Voronezh region) and the Southern (Rostov, Astrakhan regions, the Republic of Kalmykia, etc.) areas of the European part.

There are about 120 thousand in Russia.

rivers (over 10 km long), most of them belong to the Northern Icetic Pools (Northern Dvina, Pechora, Ob with Irtysh, Yenisei, Lena, Indigirik, Kolyma, etc.), Pacific (Amur, Anadyr, Penjina, etc.) and Atlantic (Don, Kuban, Neva) Oceans. One of the largest and most long-water rivers of Russia - Volga belongs to the inner flow pool and flows into the Caspian Sea. A significant amount of freshwater is enclosed in reservoirs (of them - fraternal, Krasnoyarskoye, Zeysk, Ust-Ilimskoye, Samara, among the largest in the world) and lakes (Baikal - the deepest lake in the world, Ladoga, Onega, Taimyr, etc.). Russia rich and fresh groundwater resources, the operational reserves of the explored deposits of which are 27.3 cu. km / year, of which 80% are located in the European part.

In general, in the world, water consumption is continuously growing and in 2000 amounted to 4780 cubic meters. km, i.e. approximately 10% of the total amount of freshwater resources (total annual flow rate) of the planet. The main consumers of water in the world are agriculture (69%), industry (21%), utilities (6%) and reservoirs. At the same time, the share of water used in rural and communal services is constantly increasing.

About 100 cubic meters are used annually in Russia. km of fresh water (in the USA - 550 cubic meters. km), or about 2.4% of its total annual volume of river flow. In the structure of water consumption, in contrast to the medium-level, industry plays the leading role (55%), low share agriculture (20%) and high communal sphere (19%).

In recent years, in many countries of the world, the lack of water resources, not related to their exhaustion, but with a qualitative deterioration of natural surface water - their pollution as a result of use in everyday life and in production. The volume of polluted surface waters is so great that the problem clean water Global acquired.

⇐ Previous12

The purpose of wars of the second half of the XX century, as many analysts consider, was the desire to control resources, mainly hydrocarbon. Somehow the shadow remained such an important component of the life of human society as fresh water. It would seem that there is no sense to fight because she - she opened the crane and use. Unfortunately, not all nations are admitted to this great good. And soon, literally in a few decades, it may generally come the disaster thirst for a non-plane scale.

How much water on earth

Water on earth a lot, more than two thirds of the surface of the planet are covered with it. The total amount of it is an impressive figure of 1386 million cubic kilometers. The trouble is not in quantity, but in quality. Freshwater stocks around the world - this is only a forty part of the total mass (approximately 35 million cubic meters), everything else for drinking and use in different sectors of consumption (agricultural, industrial, domestic) is unsuitable due to the high content of the cook salt (HCl ) And other impurities.

In addition, it should be noted that only a hundredth part of all reserves is considered to be easily accessible. The rest of the rest requires serious labor and material costs for prey, cleaning and delivery to the consumer.

But it is not yet trouble: when proper use These resources and their rational resumption of even existing volumes would be enough for a long time. The fact is that fresh water in the world is distributed unevenly, its reserves are spent, that is, decrease, and the population of the planet is growing. Currently, about six and a half billion people live on the planet, at the same time, according to the most modest forecasts, by 2050 it will exceed 9 billion. Already, a third of the world population is experiencing an acute lack of water.

Geopolitical aspects

Part of the world's population refers to the so-called "Golden Billion" and has access to all the benefits of civilization, which are considered normal for us (electricity, communication, television, water supply, sewage, etc.).

Given the limitations of almost all resources and seeking to keep high level Consumption of material benefits, countries with a developed economy take measures to prevent increased living standards in the rest of the world. Freshwater and today in separate regions is more expensive than oil, and in a short time it will turn into a strategic product. War, unleashed to Libya, in many estimates, occurred for several reasons for economic nature. In particular, along with the introduction of the Gold Standard for Dinar, the project of a large-scale waterway - in case of its full implementation, it could bring the entire North African region from the area of \u200b\u200binfluence of the United States and Western Europe. Thus, it can be assumed that abundant resources of fresh water currently create a risk of military invasion of no less than oil fields.

What is water consumed

Water - the substance is so universal that it can rightly be called if not the source of all human benefits, then for sure their indispensable condition. Without it, it is impossible to grow agricultural vegetable products. For example, a kilogram of grain "costs" at 0.8 - 4 tons of moisture (depending on climate), and rice - 3.5 tons. But there are still animals, the production volumes of which are growing. Consumes water I. food industry. Sugar kilogram - Issue, 400 liters. In general, with rather modest physiological needs (in order to simply drink, a person is enough two or three liters a day) a resident of the developed country indirectly, together with the products, consumes up to three tons of water consumed for their production. This is daily.

In general, fresh water planet is spent as follows:

agricultural industry - 70% of this valuable resource;
the whole industry is 22%;
household consumers - 8%.

But this, of course, the average ratio. There are many countries whose population is not spoiled by gastronomic delights, there is a problem of fresh water, it is so acute that people sometimes just have nothing to eat and drink.

Water quality in third countries

Today, according to international standards, a person is required forty liters of water a day for all his needs, including hygienic. Approximately billion inhabitants of the planet, however, can only dream about it, and another 2.5 billion are experiencing its lack in one degree or another. According to various forecasts, in 2025, the number of needy will reach a critical share when fresh water will become a luxury for two of every three earthlings.

We, in our sufficiency, sometimes you can not even imagine that the inhabitants of the "Third World" are clean, and what drinks. Every year three million people are dying from diseases caused by a bad sanitary situation. The main one is diarrhea. Every year it dies around the world (most often in Africa) three thousand children.

The cause of eight of every ten pathologies becomes pollution of freshwater and their lack.

Environmental background in the production of biofuels

Water not only drink, it finds use in almost every industry. Moreover, our planet is a closed ecosystem, and therefore in it a lot of interdependent and cross-links are formed. Producing or renewing one of important resources, humanity usually consumes another, which seems to be still a lot. For example, occurs in the production of synthetic hydrocarbons, designed to replace petroleum products. Alternative fuel, which is planned to use ethanol (it is ethyl alcohol, or alcohol), of course, is much safer in the environmental sense than gasoline, diesel fuel or kerosene, but in order to generate a ton of this product, it is required again Water, and in quantity, more thousands of times. The fact is that the raw material for the synthesis is the biomaterial of plant origin, and the technology itself is impossible without hydroresours.

Theoretical and practical sources

The provision of hydroresurs in different countries and entire regions of the planet varies significantly. The most strongly the problem of freshwater is felt in Africa and the Middle East. It is possible to estimate its scale, considering separately sources from which consumption is underway, as well as possible methods of moisture extraction. Almost all the water used for irrigation, industry and domestic needs comes from surface or underground water bodies that are considered renewable (replenish) due to the natural cycle. There are also fossil stocks to which the Libyan field belongs to, for example. They constitute an approximately fifth part of all water resources of the planet. They are not renewable, they do not receive anything back in them, but there are no alternatives in regions that have a deficit. Even on the planet there are ice, snow and deposits in the form of glaciers. In general, the possible resources of fresh water theoretically can be divided into the following categories:

1. Ice and snow - 24.1 million cubic meters. km (68.7%).

2. Groundwater - 10.5 million cubic meters. km (30.1%).

3. Lakes - 91 thousand cubic meters. km (0.26%).

4. Soil moisture - 16.5 thousand cubic meters. km (0.05%).

5. Swamps - 11.5 thousand cubic meters. km (0.03%).

6. Rivers - 2.1 thousand cubic meters. km (0.006%).

The practice of use, however, is significantly different from theoretical possibilities. It has great value Accessibility of the resource and the cost of bringing it to consumption. Glaciers constituting the greatest supply of fresh water on Earth today remain unused due to high costs. Even desalination technology is cheaper.

Distillation

The desalination with all the energy intensity and high cost of the product was distributed in the countries of the Middle East (Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates), which had a sufficient amount of budgetary funds to implement large-scale projects. In general, this strategy justifies itself, but some unexpected technological obstacles create significant problems. For example, Omani water intake systems have not been so long ago shown poisonous algae, which paralyzed the operation of distillation plants for a long time.

At the same time, Turkey has become the largest regional supplier of freshwater, which sent serious investments in this specific economy. The country does not experience problems in hydroslice and sells surplus to Israel and other states, translating them in special tankers.

How do water sources go

As often happens, the problem consists not so much in the insufficiency of the resource, but in the absence of leaning and the irrational use of what is. The largest rivers turn into gigantic waste ditches poisoned by poisonous industrial and household waste. But pollution of freshwater with all the harm and evidence is not the whole problem.

In search of cheap methods of production of electricity, they are brazed by dams, which will explain their natural move and disrupt the temperature and dynamic characteristics of evaporative-reducing processes. As a result of the river minor. Such phenomena are observed everywhere. The level falls into Colorado, Mississippi, Volga, Dnieper, Huanghe, Ganges and other great rivers, and smaller breathe completely. An artificial intervention in the hydraulic turnover of the Aral Sea led to an ecological catastrophe.

Who has water and who spends it

Of all the available volume, the largest stock of fresh water on the planet (about a third) is located in South America. In Asia, another quarter. 29 countries united in geographical, but on economic signs (free market and democracy of the Western sample) into the organization Osire, own the fifth part of the available amount of water resources. The state of the former USSR is more than twenty percent. Everything else constituted in a rough approximation of about 2% is accounted for by the Middle East and North Africa. However, things are quite bad and most of the entire territory of the Black Continent.

As for consumption, its greatest level is observed in India, China, USA, Pakistan, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Mexico and Russia.

At the same time, the most water is consumed in those countries where its reserves are really great. Acute need for it is felt in China, India and the United States.

Position with water resources in Russia

Russia is rich in everyone, including water. The most vivid example of what treasures our country has, - Lake Baikal, in which the fifth of the entire water supply of the planet is locally concentrated, besides excellent quality. But most of the population Russian Federation Lives in her European part. Baikal is far away, drinking water from the nearest reservoirs, which, fortunately, is also a lot. True, not always weighted and rational attitude towards water (as well as other things) wealth, so characteristic of the Soviet period, did not completely outlived itself and now. There is hope that over time this position will be corrected.

In general, at the moment and in the foreseeable future, the thirst for Russians do not threaten.

Water reserves in the world. List of countries in water resources

A list of 173 countries of the world has been presented in the amount of common renewable water resources according to [. The data includes long-term average renewable water resources (in cubic kilometers of precipitation updated groundwater, and superficial tributaries from neighboring countries.

Brazil has the largest renewable water resources - 8,233.00 cubic kilometers. Russia - 4,508.00 are the largest stocks in Europe and the world. Further, USA - 3,069,00, Canada - 2 902.00 and China - 2,840.00. Full table - see below.

Fresh water. Stocks [Source - 2].

Fresh water - the opposite of seawater, covers that part of the available water of the Earth, in which the salts are contained in the minimum quantities. Water, the saline of which does not exceed 0.1%, even in the form of steam or ice is called fresh. Ice arrays in the polar regions and glaciers contain the largest part of the fresh water of the Earth. In addition, fresh water exists in rivers, streams, underground waters, freshly lakes, as well as in the clouds. According to different calculations, the share of fresh water in the total amount of water on Earth is 2.5-3%.

About 85-90% of freshwater reserves are contained in ice. The distribution of fresh water on the globe is extremely uneven. In Europe and Asia, where 70% of the world's population live, only 39% of river waters are concentrated.

Russia on surface water resources occupies a leading place in the world. Only in the unique Lake Baikal is concentrated about 20% of the world's reserves of freshwater and more than 80% of Russian reserves. With a total volume of 23.6 thousand km³ in the lake, about 60 km³ is rare on the purity of natural water is reproduced annually.

According to the UN, at the beginning of the 2000s, more than 1.2 billion people live in a constant shortage of fresh water, about 2 billion suffer from it regularly. By the middle of the XXI century, the number of water living with a constant lack of water will exceed 4 billion people. In such a situation, some experts suggest that the main advantage of Russia for the long-term perspective is water resources.

Freshwater reserves: Atmospheric pairs - 14 000 or 0.06%, river fresh water - 200 or 0.005%, and total is 28,553,200 or 100%. Sources - Wikipedia: ,.

List of countries in water resources [Source - 1]

№	Country	Common volume of resume. water resources (cubic meters)	Date Infor mATION
1	Brazil	8 233,00	2011
2	Russia	4 508,00	2011
3	United States	3 069,00	2011
4	Canada	2 902,00	2011
5	China	2 840,00	2011
6	Colombia	2 132,00	2011
7	European Union	2 057.76	2011
8	Indonesia	2 019,00	2011
9	Peru	1 913,00	2011
10	Congo, Dr.	1 283,00	2011
11	India	1 911,00	2011
12	Venezuela	1 233,00	2011
13	Bangladesh	1 227,00	2011
14	Burma	1 168,00	2011
15	Chile	922,00	2011
16	Vietnam	884,10	2011
17	Congo, Republic	832,00	2011
18	Argentina	814,00	2011
19	Papua New Guinea	801,00	2011
20	Bolivia	622,50	2011
21	Malaysia	580,00	2011
22	Australia	492,00	2011
23	Philippines	479,00	2011
24	Cambodia	476,10	2011
25	Mexico	457,20	2011
26	Thailand	438,60	2011
27	Japan	430,00	2011
28	Ecuador	424,40	2011
29	Norway	382,00	2011
30	Madagascar	337,00	2011
31	Paraguay	336,00	2011
32	Laos	333,50	2011
33	New Zealand	327,00	2011
34	Nigeria	286,20	2011
35	Cameroon	285,50	2011
36	Pakistan	246,80	2011
37	Guyana	241,00	2011
38	Liberia	232,00	2011
39	Guinea	226,00	2011
40	Mozambique	217,10	2011
41	Romania	211,90	2011
42	Turkey	211,60	2011
43	France	211,00	2011
44	Nepal	210,20	2011
45	Nicaragua	196,60	2011
46	Italy	191,30	2011
47	Sweden	174,00	2011
48	Iceland	170,00	2011
49	Gabon	164,00	2011
50	Serbia	162,20	2011
51	Sierra Leone	160,00	2011
52	Germany	154,00	2011
53	Angola.	148,00	2011
54	Panama	148,00	2011
55	Great Britain	147,00	2011
56	Centre. Africans. Rep.	144,40	2011
57	Ukraine	139,60	2011
58	Uruguay	139,00	2011
59	Iran	137,00	2011
60	Ethiopia	122,00	2011
61	Suriname	122,00	2011
62	Costa Rica	112,40	2011
63	Spain	111,50	2011
64	Guatemala	111,30	2011
65	Finland	110,00	2011
66	Kazakhstan	107,50	2011
67	Croatia	105,50	2011
68	Zambia	105,20	2011
69	Hungary	104,00	2011
70	Mali.	100,00	2011
71	Tanzania	96.27	2011
72	Honduras	95.93	2011
73	Netherlands	91,00	2011
74	Iraq	89.86	2011
75	Ivory Coast	81.14	2011
76	Butane	78,00	2011
77	Austria	77,70	2011
78	North Korea	77.15	2011
79	Greece	74.25	2011
80	South Korea	69,70	2011
81	Portugal	68,70	2011
82	Taiwan	67,00	2011
83	Uganda	66,00	2011
84	Afghanistan	65.33	2011
85	Sudan	64,50	2011
86	Georgia	63.33	2011
87	Poland	61,60	2011
88	Belarus	58,00	2011
89	Egypt	57,30	2011
90	Switzerland	53,50	2011
91	Ghana	53,20	2011
92	Sri Lanka	52,80	2011
93	Ireland	52,00	2011
94	South Africa	51,40	2011
95	Slovakia	50,10	2011
96	Uzbekistan	48.87	2011
97	Solomon islands	44,70	2011
98	Chad	43,00	2011
99	Albania	41,70	2011
100	Senegal	38,80	2011
101	Cuba	38.12	2011
102	Bosnia and Herzegovina	37,50	2011
103	Latvia	35.45	2011
104	Mongolia	34,80	2011
105	Azerbaijan	34.68	2011
106	Niger	33.65	2011
107	Slovenia	31.87	2011
108	Guinea-Bisau.	31,00	2011
109	Kenya	30,70	2011
110	Morocco	29,00	2011
111	Fiji	28.55	2011
112	Benin	26.39	2011
113	Equatorial Guinea	26,00	2011
114	Salvador	25.23	2011
115	Lithuania	24,90	2011
116	Turkmenistan	24.77	2011
117	Kyrgyzstan	23.62	2011
118	Tajikistan	21.91	2011
119	Bulgaria	21,30	2011
120	Dominican rep.	21,00	2011
121	Zimbabwe	20,00	2011
122	Belize	18.55	2011
123	Belgium	18,30	2011
124	Namibia	17.72	2011
125	Malawi	17.28	2011
126	Syria	16,80	2011
127	Somalia	14,70	2011
128	Go	14,70	2011
129	Haiti	14,03	2011
130	Czech Republic	13,15	2011
131	Estonia	12,81	2011
132	Burundi	12,54	2011
133	Burkina Faso	12,50	2011
134	Botswana	12,24	2011
135	Algeria	11,67	2011
136	Moldova	11,65	2011
137	Mauritania	11,40	2011
138	Rwanda	9,50	2011
139	Jamaica	9,40	2011
140	Brunei	8,50	2011
141	Gambia	8,00	2011
142	Armenia	7,77	2011
143	Macedonia	6,40	2011
144	Eritrea	6,30	2011
145	Denmark	6,00	2011
146	Tunisia	4,60	2011
147	Swaziland.	4,51	2011
148	Lebanon	4,50	2011
149	Trinidad and Tobago	3,84	2011
150	Luxembourg	3,10	2011
151	Lesotho	3,02	2011
152	Mauritius	2,75	2011
153	Saudi Arabia	2,40	2011
154	Yemen	2,10	2011
155	Israel	1,78	2011
156	Oman	1,40	2011
157	Comoros	1,20	2011
158	Jordan	0.94	2011
159	Cyprus	0.78	2011
160	Libya	0,70	2011
161	Singapore	0,60	2011
162	Cape Verde	0,30	2011
163	Djibouti	0,30	2011
164	UAE	0,15	2011
165	Bahrain	0.12	2011
166	Barbados	0.08	2011
167	Qatar	0.06	2011
168	Antigua and Barbuda	0,05	2011
169	Malta	0,05	2011
170	Maldives	0.03	2011
171	Bahamas	0.02	2011
172	Kuwait	0.02	2011
173	Saint Kitts and Nevis	0.02	2011

Earth's hydrosphere can be divided into two categories - salted and fresh water. The most valuable and vulnerable part of the hydrosphere is fresh water, which, along with the atmosphere and food, is the most important source Maintaining the vital activity of mankind.

Freshwater for the needs of humanity comes mainly from rivers and water bodies formed by natural drain, lakes, reservoirs, as well as from underground (ground) reserves. Freshwater resources on earth as a whole are not very high. From total water reserves on the globe 95-98% is salty water Seas and oceans. The remaining 2-5% falls on fresh water, but most of the (about 80%) is concentrated in the ice of the Antarctic and the Arctic, as well as in the mountain glaciers.

With the development of production, population growth and improving the level of cultural and domestic services, the consumption of fresh water around the world has increased significantly and continues to increase. The fact that yesterday seemed an inexhaustible gift of nature, now becomes the subject of savings, since the shortage of freshwater is rapidly growing.

The production of 1 tons of coal is required on average 6 tons of water; 1 T ore concentrate - 30 tons, 1 tons of cotton - 200 tons; 1 T synthetic fiber - 250 tons, 1 tons of rubber - 2500 tons, 1 tons of copper - 5000 tons.

More or less accurate accounting of fresh water flow in the world does not exist. Nevertheless, there is reason to believe that the whole population globe Consumes approximately 7 billion tons per day, or 2500 km 3 per year. Note that the figure of the daily water consumption is commensurate with the volume of all minerals mined in the world for the year.

Since the resources of fresh water are placed in the world unevenly, many countries have been experiencing a sharp disadvantage for a long time, there are almost no own sources of fresh water in the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, where sea desalinated water is used in the Persian Gulf area and 48 desalination plants are designed and the desalination water is designed. Residents of Gibraltar, Bahamas, Bermuda Islands, Kurasao and others. Shangan (Hong Kong) and Singapore imported water from Malaysia. Freshwater resources in Japan, Italy, Algeria, Tunisia, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Afghanistan and many other countries are insufficient.

The Soviet Union has huge stocks of fresh water. Approximately 800 thousand rivers of our country give total stock on average more than 4,700 km 3 of water, of which almost 22% are groundwater. The unique storage is Lake Baikal, where 1/5 part of the fresh water of the world is concentrated. However, it should be borne in mind that more than 80% of the runoff is carried out in economically unfinished areas. Approximately 60% of the drain falls on the period of floods and floods. In the European part of the USSR, where the main part of the population and the industry is concentrated, as well as extensive areas of irrigation agriculture (in the southern regions), there are only 14% of the country's river water. If, in the whole country, water consumption averages 6% of renewable resources, then in a number of regions with highly developed industry and irrigated agriculture, it reaches 40% or more.

In 1983, the total consumption of fresh water in the USSR amounted to 279 km 3, 37% went to production needs (excluding the needs of agriculture), 8%, the remaining water was used in agricultural production.

Much is currently being done to provide water. A hundreds of kilometers stretch water pipes in Siberia. In Krasnovodsk - on the shore of the Caspian Sea - the water was covered with tankers from Baku, is now produced by desalination.

Dniprovskaya water in the North Crimean channel of 400 km long goes to Kerch. Water from Amudarya via channel is supplied with pumping stations to the arid and anhydrous steppes Kara-Kum's channel with a length of over 100 km allowed us to turn 450 thousand hectares of desert turctocations in cotton fields. In the Central Asian republics, due to lack of water, more than 28 million hectares of semi-desert and desert lands are mainly used as low-product pastures. If Irrigation give them, each cubic kilometer of water in Uzbekistan would provide production of agricultural products by 0.5 billion rubles per year. However, the problem is complicated and is subject to further study.

Water supply has become one of the determining factors of development national economy In the Donbass, the donbass canal system is supplied with water of the Dnieper and Seversky Donets rivers. 4.5 thousand km of trunk waterways, over 500 water intake wells, about 200 filter and pumping stationsMore than 20 reservoirs.

Over 2 billion m 3 of water is transferred to the territory of Donetsk and Krivoy Rog pools. Part of it goes to irrigation, part - in industry, more than half (drinking water) comes to the population and on the economic needs of enterprises. To replenish the lack of water in many areas, geologists lead new resources of groundwater. Studies are carried out by the feasibility of the transfer of water of the northern rivers.

In the USA, Canada, Great Britain and a number of other countries are discussed by the issue of towing from northern districts The Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic of Icebergs for the production of fresh water in North Atlantic, approximately 7,500 icebergs are formed annually, and the major iceberg contains up to 150 million tons of water in one of the projects offered to tow the icebergs in the Los Angeles area and to pull them under the sun, pre-covering them coal dust. French experts proposed a project towing medium-sized icebergs from Antarctica to the Persian Bay or the Red Sea for use in Saudi Arabia. However, many problems remain unresolved, and the economy of such an event is still unclear, although some believe that this method of "production" of fresh water will be cheaper than the desalination of the marine.