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Electricity tariffs are increasing every year, along with them, the general payments for the lighting of common areas are growing. In this regard, many management companies are beginning to consider the question of how to upgrade the lighting in the porches to LED. What solutions exist today and how to make the right choice?

Do you need built-in sensors?

The main goal of the introduction of LED lighting technology in the housing sector is to save money. The LED solution itself is 8-10 times more economical than a similar one with an incandescent lamp and about 2 times more economical than a solution with a compact fluorescent lamp, so you can limit yourself to the introduction of luminaires without sensors.

But a product with built-in "intelligence" will additionally save another 60-80% of electricity. At the same time, the additional costs will be very small. It can be concluded that for the housing and communal services sector, lighting with a built-in sensor is an economically sound solution.

What type of detection should you choose?

Most often, the presence of a person in the stairwell is determined by sound or movement. Smaller applications of lighting technology with motion sensors in apartment buildings are associated with the fact that a device of this type is directional, which imposes significant restrictions on the location of the luminaire on the staircase. It turns out that in limited space the entrance is not always possible to replace the existing lighting equipment "point to point" while maintaining the installation site. At the same time, the supply electrical networks to a new place is always an additional cost.

Equipment with sound detection is devoid of this drawback, the accuracy of determining the presence of a person does not depend on the location of the luminaire. This is probably one of the reasons that such products are widely used in all regions of Russia without exception. The disadvantages of the acoustic method include false alarms, for example, due to extraneous noise on the street or in apartments. But such alarms in general, for all solutions installed at the facility, rarely make up more than 3% of the total operating time.

The second sensor that manufacturers build into the housing and communal services luminaire is an optical one. Its function is to prevent the light in the entrance from turning on during daylight hours, if there is enough natural light. It is permissible to conclude that the best solution is the combination of two sensors in the product, namely optical and acoustic. This smart lighting technology can provide energy savings of up to 98%. There are objects where consumers were able to reduce the cost of each light point from 1,500 rubles to 27 rubles per year.

Why do you need a standby mode?

To increase comfort and safety, some luminaires are equipped with a “standby mode”. In this mode, the equipment operates at full power only when there is a person on the staircase, and the rest of the time it emits 20-30% of the declared luminous flux.

There is no longer total darkness in the room, there is enough light for the video surveillance systems to work, in order to see through the peephole what is happening on the staircase. At the same time, electricity consumption is extremely low. Perhaps we can already say that the presence of a standby mode is one of the standard requirements customers for lighting technology with sensors in the housing sector.

Which power should you choose?

All other things being equal, the higher the power of the equipment, the brighter the room will be. Today, the optimal total power consumption for housing and communal services luminaires is in the range of 6-8 W. Such a product will replace an analogue with an incandescent lamp with a power of up to 60-75W.

What degree of protection against moisture and dust ingress is sufficient?

The degree of protection is indicated in accordance with GOST 14254 with the letters IP and two numbers. IP20 to IP68. The higher the index, the higher the protection.

For entrances and other dry premises, protection IP20 is sufficient, for basements and similar premises, protection from IP54 or higher is desirable. For lighting at the entrance to the staircase, it is better to choose lamps with IP64 and higher.

For products with acoustic sensors, a relatively low IP degree is characteristic, since technological holes in the housing are necessary for more accurate operation of this type of sensors.

How can I protect my equipment from vandals and theft?

Vandal resistance is a rather important parameter when choosing solutions for the entrances of residential buildings. Lighting equipment for the housing and communal services sector must withstand tangible shock loads, while remaining operational.

If the body of such luminaires is streamlined, this will also complicate its unauthorized dismantling from the wall or from the ceiling. Anti-removable fasteners, plugs, and other design solutions are able to provide sufficiently reliable protection against theft of equipment.

Fixtures SA-7008U of the Perseus series, as one of the common solutions in housing and communal services

It seems that the need to replace the existing equipment in the housing and communal services sector with modern LED lighting technology with sensors is quite obvious and even inevitable.

As an example of a specific solution, which is already widely used in apartment buildings, we will cite the CA-7008U lamp of the Perseus series. This series is produced by the company "Aktey" located in the city of St. Petersburg.

CA-7008U of the Perseus series is a multi-mode LED lamp with built-in optical and acoustic sensors.

Power consumption - 8 W, luminous flux - 800 lumens. Power consumption in standby mode - no more than 2 W. Three modes of operation in one product significantly expand the possibilities of application, while both the design and installation organization and the warehouse of the manufacturer and the customer continue to work with only one item.

Application of SA-7008U

Lighting of staircases, halls, corridors, lobbies and other premises with periodic presence of people in residential and public buildings... The CA-7008U "Perseus" lamp is multi-mode with standby operation and complete shutdown mode, designed to operate in a 220-volt alternating current network.

CA-7008U series "Perseus" is designed to work in stairwells, therefore the degree of protection is IP30. Vandal-proof housing withstands very aggressive external influences. Each product is shipped with dedicated anti-theft hardware and the required on-site installation tool. Thanks to the polycarbonate case, CA-7008U has an electrical safety class II, which means it does not require a grounding line.

The high reliability of the CA-7008U leads to the fact that customers who started using the lighting solutions of the Perseus series continue to use them on the next floor, in the next entrance, in another apartment building.

Characteristics of the CA-7008U

- Operating voltage - 160 ... 250 V
- Mains frequency - 50 Hz
- Nominal. power consumption in active mode - 8 W
- Power consumption in standby mode - ≤2 W
- Nominal luminous flux - 800 lm
- Acoustic switch-on threshold - 52 ± 5 dB (adjustable)
- Optical threshold of operation - 5 ± 2 lux
- Lighting duration - 60 ... 140 sec. (adjustable)
- Automatic restart of the lighting off timer
- Sensitivity adjustment - yes
- Lighting duration adjustment - yes
- Power factor -> 0.85
- Class of protection against defeat electric shock- II

Features of the CA-7008U

- For replacement in housing and communal services of lamps such as NBB, NBO and SBO.
- The body of the LED light is made of impact-resistant polycarbonate.
- Adjustment of acoustic sensitivity.
- Adjustment of lighting duration.
- Original patented shockproof design.
- Special fixing screws to make unauthorized dismantling difficult.
- Protection against overvoltage in the network.
- System of "soft" start.
- LEDs Nichia, Samsung.
- Lack of flicker and stroboscopic effect.
- Filter suppression of electromagnetic interference (EMI filter).
- No protective earth required.
- Multi-mode with the ability to turn on the standby mode of operation (backlight).

Company Aktey develops and manufactures innovative electrical appliances for energy saving in housing and communal services (HCS), individual apartments, cottages and household plots.

The company's products allow you to save up to 95% of the electricity used to illuminate entrances, staircases, corridors and vestibules of public places: modern light-emitting diode (LED) lamps, lamps with built-in optical-acoustic or infrared presence sensors, as well as built-in energy-saving sensors for the needs of serial lighting equipment manufacturers.

Aktey company carries out custom (OEM, ODM) development, production or modernization of existing lighting equipment for technical requirements customer. the products are characterized by ease of installation, ease of use, reliability and low price.

Staircase lighting is an overhead expense for any homeowner community. Therefore, the question of saving on this type of expenses is raised quite often.

Someone reduces the illumination level by unscrewing part of the lamps, and someone optimizes the control circuit. We will talk about the possibilities of such optimization in our article.

Requirements for the level and method of controlling the illumination of entrances

Illumination standards for various parts of the entrance and utility rooms

Before proceeding with the issues of the possibility of automating lighting control systems, one should understand the norms presented by various regulatory acts for this parameter. After all, this will allow us not only to arrange our lamps as efficiently as possible, but also make it possible to apply the automation system that is optimal in our case.

• As you already understood, GOST entrance lighting for different premises It has different standard... It is normalized in Table 1 VSN 59 - 88. According to this standard, two types of illumination are distinguished - illumination from fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps. By the way, the so-called energy efficient lamps are fluorescent.
• First of all, consider the stairwells and floor corridors. The illumination of these zones when using fluorescent lamps should be 10 lux, but if incandescent lamps are used, then the norm is 5 lux. In this case, the leveling plane is the steps and the floor of the corridor.

• GOST for lighting of entrances with elevator facilities is somewhat different. So the elevator halls should have an illumination of 20 lux when using fluorescent lamps and 7 lux for incandescent lamps. At the same time, according to clause 2.27 ВСН 59 - 88, the luminaire must be installed in such a way that part of the luminous flux is directed to the elevator door. Lighting of entrance halls should also meet similar requirements.
• If there are wheelchair spaces at the entrance, then they should be illuminated with incandescent lamps. In this case, the illumination rate for them is 20 lux, and the normalized surface is the floor.
• Lift shafts, if they are not made with mesh fencing, should also be illuminated. For them, the norm is 5 lux and is given only for incandescent lamps. In this case, a conditional surface three meters from the lamp is taken as the normalized surface.
• GOST lighting of entrances should also correspond to such premises as a basement or an attic. For them, it is recommended to use only incandescent lamps. The illumination rate is 10 lux. In this case, not the entire room should be lit, but only the main aisles. The same standards apply to waste collection chambers, switchboards and other similar premises.

Note! What, besides the standards of illumination for various premises, there are norms of light ripple, color rendering and some other parameters that the lighting of the porches must also comply with. These norms are given in SNiP II-4-79.

Norms for the control of staircase lighting

The automation of lighting in the entrances is constantly being modernized. More sophisticated and energy efficient circuits are emerging, and regulations do not always keep up with these changes.

So:

• First of all, it should be remembered that, according to clause 8.1 VSN 59 - 88, with any method of automation of lighting, it should be possible to manually turn it on at any time of the day. It is necessary for both renovation works, and for various unforeseen situations.
• When installing automation systems that respond to the illumination of a room, timely switching on of lighting for rooms with different natural illumination should be provided. This can be done by turning on all the lighting when the light level is reduced in the darkest place, or by installing additional light sensors.
• When using a variety of sensors, evacuation or emergency lighting must be provided, which is turned on by a conventional switch in addition to automation. With the onset of darkness, it must be constantly on.
• According to clause 8.15 VSN 59 - 88, switching devices for turning on the attic lighting must be outside this room. They are usually located at the entrance. If there are several such inputs, then the switching device must be installed on each.
• All switching devices for switching on lighting must ensure a break phase wire... In this case, the presence of a phase on the secondary circuits of the lighting control system must be ensured.

Driveway lighting automation schemes

At the moment, the most diverse automation of entrance lighting has been developed and implemented. The analysis of each scheme will take a lot of time, especially since they often intertwine and combine each other, so we will consider only the most common and successful options in our opinion.

Indeed, for each individual entrance, its own lighting scheme will be most relevant, which takes into account the geography of the entrance, location features, number of storeys of the house, the consciousness of homeowners and many other aspects.

Lighting control using push-button posts

This method of lighting control will be successful for low-rise buildings with a sufficient number of conscientious citizens. After all, it only provides an opportunity to save money, and the residents of the entrance must already realize this saving.

Its main advantage is its simplicity and price, which is significantly lower than all the options below.

So:

• Depending on the type of entrance given view management has several possible options... In the first version, it is a push-button post located at the entrance to the entrance, as well as on each floor. At the entrance to the entrance, a person presses the button to turn on the light, from the button is pulled up the starter to turn on the lighting of the entire entrance. When a person enters home, he presses the light off button, the starter coil is de-energized and the light goes out.
• The second option assumes the possibility of turning on the lighting of only the staircase from the push-button post. In this case, storey corridors are switched on from separate push-button posts and act on their own starter. This option is more economical, but somewhat more complicated and more expensive to implement.

1. Overview of general lighting systems

As shown by numerous observations, the collective lighting system in multi-storey residential buildings represented by incandescent lamps with an average power of 60 watts. Lamps, as a rule, are installed without shades, which is a violation of the requirements fire safety... The fire hazard of incandescent lamps is usually considered in two aspects:

The possibility of a fire from contact between the lamp and combustible material;
the possibility of a fire from falling on the surrounding combustible materials of incandescent lamp elements formed during its destruction.

The first aspect is connected, firstly, with the fact that the temperature of the glass bulb of an incandescent lamp after 60 minutes of burning is from 110 to 360 ° C (at a lamp power of 40 to 100 W). This explains the presence of dark sooty circles on the ceiling above the installed lamp.

Secondly, it is associated with improper operation, when another violation is imposed on one violation (using an open lamp without a diffuser (heat-resistant shade), which many residents remove so that the "lamp shines brighter") - non-observance of the permissible approach distance of combustible materials. This phenomenon, very often, is found in cramped apartment lobbies, which residents use as makeshift storage rooms.

Even the presence of a sufficient distance does not guarantee safety - a fire can occur (second aspect) from incandescent metal particles formed during emergency modes (lamp burnout) in defective lamps (reflow of electrodes or inputs by arc discharges) and scattering from the lamp at a distance of about three meters. Vertically falling particles retain their incendiary ability even when falling from 8-10 m.

There is widespread violation when aluminum wires lengthen with copper wires using twists. As a result, a galvanic pair is formed, leading to electrochemical corrosion (destruction of the contact) and an increase in contact resistance, which ultimately can also become a source of fire due to heating of the wire junction.
Among the main options for power supply, the following main ones can be distinguished:

The whole system is switched on without diodes;
the whole system is switched on using diodes (centrally, in the switchboard);
combined solutions (diodes are installed partially in lamps and switches).

Diode- an electronic component with different conductivity depending on the direction of the current. In homes, it is used to reduce the effective voltage on incandescent lamps in order to reduce energy consumption and increase the service life of incandescent lamps.

The installed diodes in the power supply circuit of the lighting system of the house lead to the fact that the incandescent lamps begin to flicker noticeably, which gives additional discomfort to the residents.
The operating voltage decreases from 220 to 156 V, but it should be noted that due to the fact that the incandescent lamp is a non-linear element and its real energy consumption decreases only by 42% and the luminous flux, depending on the square of the normal voltage, decreases to 27%.

Light flow- a physical quantity characterizing the amount of "light" power in the corresponding radiation flux. It is the main characteristic of a light source for evaluating the illumination generated by a given light source.

As a result, the lamps become less energy efficient: if the original version has a luminous flux of 800
lm at a power of 60 W (light output 13.3 lm / W), then at
using a diode, the luminous flux is 216 lm
at a power of 34.8 W (light output 6.2 lm / W).

Energy efficiency- efficient (rational) use of energy resources. In the case of lighting, this is the use of less electricity to provide the same level of illumination.
Luminous efficacy of the light source- the ratio of the luminous flux emitted by the source to the power consumed by it. It is an indicator of the efficiency and economy of light sources.

To compensate for the reduced luminous flux, residents install lamps with a higher power, reaching up to 200 W, which leads to an increase in electricity for the needs of general lighting.

Ultimately, the illumination of entrances and vestibules does not comply with the norms of SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10 (the average illumination on staircases, floor corridors, etc. should be at least 20 lux).

2. Review of energy efficient light sources

Figure 1 - KLE device, where 1 - tube thickening; 2 - inner cover flasks; 3 - electronic ballast; 4 - ventilation hole; 5 - base

The following are widely available on the market energy efficient sources light (EIS), applicable for use in residential buildings: fluorescent lamps (including CLE (compact fluorescent with built-in electronic ballasts (electronic control gear))), LED lamps and lamps.

A significant disadvantage of fluorescent lamps is the presence of mercury vapors in their composition, which requires special measures for disposal and the presence of a switch-on delay (the lamp reaches the nominal luminous flux of operation after a noticeable period of time). The stated service life of 25,000 hours is usually not met due to frequent burnout of the tungsten electrodes. During operation, the lamp heats up to 60 ° C, and if they are used as part of any closed luminaires, then the heat release leads to overheating of the electronics and premature lamp failure. These lamps do not have a warranty period. When used in cold rooms, their luminous efficacy and service life are reduced. Also, the human factor cannot be discarded - the lamps can be stolen by residents in order to use them to illuminate the apartment.
The only and significant disadvantage of lamps with LED light source is their high market price. But this price is paid off by their significantly lower energy consumption, even in comparison with KLE. But when using this lamp in a standard luminaire, the light distribution on the illuminated surface may deteriorate, because this lamp gives a narrow beam of light. Thus, these lamps are effectively used only when they are installed vertically towards the floor (for example, in a chandelier).

Figure 2 - The device of an LED lamp, where 1 is a diffuser; 2 - LEDs; 3 - circuit board; 4 - radiator; 5 - driver; 6 - ventilation holes; 7 - base

Figure 3 - LED luminaire SLG-HL8

Choosing between led lamp and a LED lamp, it is advisable to make a choice in the direction of an LED lamp, since an LED lamp has a similar human factor and the possibility of overheating of the electronics (as in the KLE).
At the moment, there are two types of LED lamps on the market that are suitable for use in the housing sector - based on a driverless scheme and using a driver. The price range of the lamps is in the range of 500-700 rubles. without using a driver and 700-1600 rubles. for luminaires with a driver.

The main purpose of the driver is to convert AC and high voltage of the primary circuit into constant constant current and low voltage acceptable for powering LEDs. In addition to this main function, the driver provides protection against short circuits, protection against overheating of the driver and the luminaire as a whole, as well as stable operation of the luminaire in a wide range of input voltage. The undervoltage of the secondary circuit ensures safety during electrical work and maintenance of the luminaire.

The essence of the driverless scheme is that the luminaire uses a large number of(2070) LEDs low power(0.1-0.3 W) connected in series to supply them with high voltage (> 70 V). But the reliability of any technical system is inversely proportional to the number of elements used, and the burnout of any of the LEDs (when using cheap LEDs of dubious quality) leads to the failure of the luminaire. There are no protection systems.

As a result of the absence of a driver (switching power supply), the LEDs are powered incorrectly, which leads to their rapid aging (the service life is reduced from 50,000 to 30,000 hours). Also, the main disadvantages of these luminaires include a large ripple coefficient, which can be conditionally tolerated due to the short-term stay of residents at the entrance.

3. Automation tools

To control the lighting system in an apartment building, in addition to standard switches, various motion sensors can be used as an automation tool.

A motion sensor (DD) is a sensor that monitors the movement of any objects. As a rule, a motion sensor is understood as an electronic infrared (IR) sensor that detects the presence and movement of a person and switches the load - an alarm if it is used as security system, or lighting system when used as a means of reducing the energy consumption (by reducing the operating time) of these systems. After holding a certain period of time (as a rule, adjustable), the DD is switched off the load (in this case, the luminaire).

A very useful built-in function in most DD is the presence of light sensors (DD will not work if the illumination in the room exceeds a certain level). Due to this, the lighting system does not turn on during daylight hours.

Figure 4 - The principle of operation of the infrared motion sensor

The disadvantages of IR DD are

Limited coverage (survey) sector;
decrease in sensitivity when installed at a height of more than 2 meters;
the inability to install near strong heat sources (for example, heating batteries).

For example, when installing a motion sensor in long corridor(about 6-8 meters) it works only when a person reaches about its middle, which causes certain inconveniences (the first third of the corridor has to be passed in the dark). Their viewing range (about 6 meters) is quite enough for use in the entrance.

The solution to the limited coverage sector can be the installation of 2 DD, using the following installation schemes:

At the beginning and at the end of the corridor, on the walls, the DDs are directed towards each other;
even distribution of DD on the ceiling.

In both cases, the DD must be connected in parallel so that the triggering of any of the sensors turns on the luminaire. The disadvantage of this solution is the increased consumption of the DDs themselves, which, given their high market price (about 250 rubles), will lead to significant financial costs with dubious savings in the case of using energy-efficient light sources. For example, 2 DDs constantly consume more than 10% of the power of a working LED lamp. Also, one should not forget that a significant complication of the switching system is also taking place - it is necessary to lay a wire to each of the sensors in both directions.

There are also cheaper versions of DD - sound (photoacoustic). These sensors are often found already in certain luminaires (see figure 1.5). The presence of the word "energy saving" in their names and a low market value of about 250 rubles. bribes many homeowners associations and UK, but their serious drawback is the problem of setting the sensitivity to the sound level. Setting the sensitivity too high leads, for example, to the fact that a resident wearing sneakers can walk past such a sensor, and it will not work. Setting a low sensitivity leads to a lack of signal selectivity - DDs are triggered by almost any sound.

Figure 5 - Energy-saving lamp ZhKKH-03

A common disadvantage of any motion sensors is that the luminaire undergoes a significantly greater number of on-off cycles during operation, which reduces its service life of the installed light source. For example, incandescent lamps burn out in 90% of cases at the moment of switching on with a concomitant surge of current. In the case of KLE, the interval between inclusions, set warranty conditions to achieve the set operating time, it can be more than two minutes (this is due to the operation of simple pre-heating circuits). The use of soft starters in their composition does not allow the use of KLE and LED lamps.

The cost of the electricity saved will only justify the premature failure of light sources if incandescent lamps are used, which have a relatively low market value. Also, motion sensors deliver some discomfort to residents, especially if installed incorrectly.

The only area where the use of DD in a residential building is economically viable are places of rare use, for example, an emergency fire escape.

Observations have shown that no more than 1 person per week uses the fire escape. Taking into account the number of storeys of houses where this staircase is present, it is possible to determine the energy savings in the case of using incandescent lamps and EIS.

In the case of using incandescent lamps, the energy savings in terms of power consumption is 60-0.5 = 59.5 W, where 60 is the power of the LON-60 incandescent lamp, W; 0.5 - power consumption of DD in standby mode, W. Per month, when operating around the clock, the savings will be: 0.0595 24 29.4-42 kWh (here 0.0595 is the released power, kW; 24 is the number of hours in a day; 29.4 is the average number of days in a month ). At a price for electricity of 2.367 rubles / kWh, the established DD at the price of 250 rubles. and the cost of installation is about 150 rubles. each project for the equipment of DD will pay off within (250 + 150) / (42x2.367) -4 months.

In the case of using an EIS (see clause 1.2) with an average power of about 8-15 W, the released power is (15 ... 8) -0.5 = 14.5 ... 7.5 W (here 15 is the power of the CLE, analogue of 60 W incandescent lamp; 8 - power of LED lamp SLG-HL8, also analogue of LON-60). In this case, the average monthly energy savings will be (0.0145.,. 0.0075) -24-29.4 = 10.2 ... 5.6 kWh. The payback period is (250 + 150) / ((10.2 ... 5.6) x2.367) ~ 17 ... 30 months, or one and a half to three years.

Thus, it is economically impractical to install motion sensors complete with EIS - an incandescent lamp is enough. The only drawback of this solution is the ban on the production and sale of incandescent lamps in Russia in 2014.

A non-standard (wall-mounted) installation scheme for DD installation in emergency staircases is recommended, since it provides coverage of two flights of stairs at once (see Figure 1.6). As practice shows, DD with this scheme is triggered only when a person approaches in the middle of the staircase (in front of the staircase itself), which, with a low intensity of use of the fire escape, can be attributed to an insignificant disadvantage.

Figure 6 - Application of motion sensors on the emergency staircase

4. Characteristics of the SLG-HL8 luminaire

LED luminaires of the SLG-HL8 series (Silen-LED Group, for House Light 8 W- “Silen-Led luminaire for house lighting with a rated power of 8 W) are intended for general illumination of housing and communal services. They are specially designed according to lighting calculations for energy-saving lighting of technical and public premises provided for housing and communal services: entrances of residential buildings, staircases and staircases, elevator shafts, corridors, vestibules, areas of residential buildings and other public premises.
Luminaires of this series can be used for duty and emergency lighting of any non-residential premises public and private buildings, in addition, they are suitable for outdoor lighting under a canopy - under the canopies of the porches (there is a special version for outdoor use with increased characteristics of anti-vandal protection and resistance to temperature extremes).
The luminaire in a classic economical version is produced in an airbag 1301 housing with an IP54 degree of protection, which can be installed on walls and ceilings. The body is made of aluminum alloy, which helps to dissipate heat from the luminaire, and is covered with borosilicate frosted glass to limit the glare from the LEDs. At the request of the customer, it is possible to design and manufacture the luminaire in other housings.
Luminaires are manufactured in Barnaul, passing comprehensive quality control. In the manufacture, various machine-building templates and conductors are used.
All luminaires are covered by a 3-year warranty, during which defective luminaires are replaced free of charge. It should be noted that this period exceeds the maximum payback period of the fixtures.

Table 1 - Characteristics of the SLG-HL8

5. Installation of LED lamps

Since LED luminaires have a certain directionality, installing LED luminaires in the places where incandescent lamps were installed is not the right solution. This is due to the fact that the main " work surface»There is a floor in the entrance, and if the luminaire is installed on a wall, the main luminous flux will fall on the opposite wall. As a result, the floor will only be illuminated by indirect lighting, which will reduce the required illumination. For this reason, the luminaires are installed on the ceiling (exceptions are cases when the installation of the luminaire on the ceiling is not possible).

Despite the fact that the installation becomes more complicated, since it is necessary to lay a long connecting cord from the connection point to the luminaire, this way in addition to increasing the average illumination, it improves light distribution, and also reduces the human factor - the luminaire is located at the maximum height, which makes it difficult to freely access it, reduces the glare effect and the possibility of accidental damage.

Figure 7 - Scheme of a typical installation of LED lamps at the entrance of a house of 97 and 121 series

Luminaires are installed on weekdays. In exceptional cases, installation can be carried out on Saturday. The day of installation is notified at least one day in advance. Preparatory work for residents who installed doors in the vestibules boils down to cleaning things that are afraid of dust and providing access to the vestibule on a specified day.
The work is carried out by a specially trained, installer, who knows the device and the rules for installing LED lamps, who also conducts explanatory work with residents. The house is connected to the power grid through the communal lighting line without the need to open electrical panels. It is imperative that work is carried out to identify and eliminate the installed diodes, which can reduce the service life of LED lamps.

Electrical installation is reduced to the following operations:

Removing the old lamp;
installation of a new junction box;
installation of an LED lamp on the ceiling;
laying the cable to the luminaire;
connection (depending on the type of wire) through specialized clamps for lighting equipment to the wires.

Figure 8 - Typical LED luminaire installation

The average installation speed is about 30 lamps per day, which corresponds to 1 entrance of a 9-storey building.

6. Economic calculations

The payback period in the case of lighting systems is the period of time that has passed after the purchase and installation of more efficient light sources, during which the price of the saved energy will exceed the price of the luminaire, taking into account its installation.

Payback = Investment / Annual Savings (1.1)

The initial version is a working lamp LON-60 in 2 main versions (see clause 1.1) - with and without a diode in the power supply circuit. It is necessary to determine how much it costs to operate a given light source in both versions
We will carry out calculations for the following replacement options (through a dash - the abbreviation adopted in the future):

Compact fluorescent lamp SPIRAL-econom with a power of 12 W, 600 lm (manufactured by ASD) - KLL12.
LED lamp with a power of LED-A60-standard with a power of 7 W, 600 lm (ASD) - LL7.
LED lamp SPP-2101 with a power of 8 W, 640 lm (ASD) - LED8
LED luminaire SLG-HL8 with a power of 8 W, 660 lm (Silen-Led) - SLG-HL8.

The light sources were selected according to the principle of equality of the luminous flux to an incandescent lamp of 60 W (600 lm).
To assess the payback period, it is necessary to have initial data for calculations, which include the price for electricity (from 2015 for houses equipped in established order stationary electric stoves - 2.5 rubles) and the average daily operating time - 14 hours;

6.1 Operating costs of incandescent lamps

The consumed electricity per year P el can be calculated using the following formula:

R el = R light / T day * 365 (1.2)

Where P light is the power of the lamp, W; T day - average daily operating time, h; 365 is the number of days in a year.

According to clause 1.1, if an incandescent lamp is switched on through a diode, then its energy consumption is reduced by 42%. Accordingly, for LON-60, connected through a diode, this power will be 60 - 42% = 35 W.

In further calculations, we will designate this calculated case as a variant of using an incandescent lamp with a power of 35 W (LON35). A lamp switched on without using a diode will be denoted as LON60.

R el LON35 = 35 * 14 * 365 = 178.85 kW * h (1.3)
R el LON60 = 60 * 14 * 365 = 306.6 kW * h (1.4)

In monetary terms, the cost of consumed energy can be calculated using the following formula:

C el = R el * C kW * h (1.5)

Where C kW * h is the cost of a kilowatt-hour, rubles / kW * h.

According to this formula, for the given design cases, the cost of consumed electricity will be:

With el LON35 = 178.85 * 2.5 = 447.12 rubles (1.6)
With el LON60 = 306.6 * 2.5 = 766.5 rubles (1.7)

It should be noted that lamps switched on without a diode work in the nominal mode, and they burn out during operation, and lamps switched on using a diode practically do not burn out.

So it is necessary to determine how much is spent per year to replace burned out lamps. This cost of C deputy is made up of the cost of the lamp multiplied by the number of replacements.

C deputy = Ts l * n s (1.8)

Where Ts l is the cost of the lamp, rubles; n s is the number of replacements, pcs / year;

The number of replacements n s for can be determined based on the average daily operating time of the light source T day and the average service life of the light source T cl.

N s = (T day * 365) / T w (1.9)

Where T day is the average daily operating time h, T sl is the average service life of the light source, h.
The average service life for an incandescent lamp with a rated power of 60 W (for example, B220-230-60-1) is given in GOST 2239-79 and is 1300 hours.
For llama LON-60, the number of replacements is:

N s LON60 = (14 * 365) / 1300 = 3.9pcs (1.10)

For this lamp, the average price in the city of Barnaul in 2014 was 13.3 rubles. Hence, annual expenses for lamp replacement are:

With deputy LON60 = 3.93 * 13.3 = 52.28 rubles (1.11)

In total, we find that the annual operating costs of a 60 W incandescent lamp are:

RUB 485.45 - in the case of using diodes;
766.5 + 52.28 = 818.78 rubles. - without using them. At the same time, these calculations do not take into account the cost of the work itself to replace them.

6.2 Payback periods of replacement options

To determine the payback period for different options replacing LON-60 with EIS, according to formula 1.1, two main parameters are determined - the cost of the purchase (investment) and the annual savings.

C s = C EIS + C mon (1.12)

Where TS EIS is the cost of EIS, rubles; Ts mon - the cost of dismantling old lamps and installing new ones, rubles. This cost relates to capital expenditures.

Annual energy savings C econ can be calculated using the following formula:

S econ = Ts el LON + Ts el EIS (1.13)

Where Ts el LON is the annual energy consumption of the incandescent lamp in (in both calculated versions), kWh; Ts el EIS - annual energy consumption of EIS, kWh.

If the purchase cost (see Formula 1.12) is divided by the annual savings (see Formula 1.13), then the payback period can be determined in years:

T payoff = C s / S econ (1.14)

To convert the resulting value from the resulting fraction, you need to subtract the whole part - these will be whole years - and multiply the remainder by 12 to get months.
It should be noted that the calculations do not take into account inflation and annual growth electricity tariffs, which lead to an additional reduction in the payback period.

Replacement option for CFL 12 W:

S s KLL12 = 130 + 100 + 100 = 330 rubles

Here 130 is the cost of a 15 W CLE with an E27 base, rubles; 100 - the cost of the most popular lamp NBB 64-60 with a diffuser RPA-85-001, rubles; 100 - the cost of replacement work, rubles.

R el KLL12 = 12 * 14 * 365 = 61.32 kW * h
Ts el KLL12 = 61.32 * 2.5 = 153.3 rubles
n s KLL12 = (14 * 365) / 8000 = 0.64pcs
With deputy KLL12 = 0.64 * 130 = 83.2 rubles

Also, it is necessary to add to this cost the cost for the disposal of a failed mercury-containing lamp (12 rubles), which, taking into account the delivery, will cost about 20 rubles.

In case of violation in accordance with Article 8.2. Of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, citizens will need from 1 to 2 thousand rubles, officials - from 10 to 30 thousand rubles, entrepreneurs - from 30 thousand to 50 thousand rubles (or administrative suspension of activities for up to ninety days), and legal entities - from 100 thousand to 250 thousand rubles (or administrative suspension of activities for up to ninety days).

With deputy + util KLL12 = 83.2 + 20 * 0.64 = 96 rubles
C explo KLL12 = 153.3 + 96 = 249.3 rubles
C econ = 818.78 - 249.3 = 569.48 rubles
With ekon diode = 485.45 - 249.3 = 236.15 rubles
T payback = 330 / 569.48 = 0.58 = 7 months
T payback diode = 330/236 15 = 1.4 = 1 year 5 months

Replacement option for a 7 W LED lamp:

C z LL7 = 200 +100 +100 = 400 rubles

Here 200 is the cost of a 7 W LED lamp with an E27 base, rubles; 100 - the cost of the NBB 64-60 lamp with RPA-85-001 diffuser, rubles; 100 - the cost of replacement work, rubles.

R el LL7 = 7 * 14 * 365 = 35.77 kW * h
C el LL7 = 35.77 * 2.5 = 89.43 rubles
n s LL7 = (14 * 365) / 30,000 = 0.17pcs
With deputy LL7 = 0.17 * 200 = 34 rubles
C explo LL7 = 89.43 + 34 = 123.43 rubles
C econ = 818.78 - 123.43 = 695.35 rubles
With ekon diode = 485.45 - 123.43 = 362.02 rubles
T payback = 400 / 695.35 = 0.58 = 7 months
T payback diode = 400 / 362.02 = 1.1 = 1 year 1 month

Replacement option for SPP-2101 lamp:

C w LED8 = 500 + 200 = 700 rubles
here 500 is the cost of the SPP-2101 LED lamp, rubles; 200- cost of replacement work, rub. The increase in the cost of installation is due to the fact that the luminaire is not installed in the same place, but on the ceiling (see Figure 8)

P el LED8 = 8 * 14 * 365 = 40.88 kW * h
Ts el LED8 = 40.88 * 2.5 = 102.2 rubles
n s LED8 = (14 * 365) / 30,000 = 0.17 pcs
With deputy LED8 = 0.17 * 500 = 85 rubles

Here it is more appropriate to use the term not "replacement cost" but "amortization deductions", since the luminaire is an integral part of the light source and the whole complex has to be replaced.

Ts explol LED8 = 102.2 + 85 = 187.2 rubles
C econ = 818.78 - 187.2 = 631.58 rubles
With econ diode = 485.45 - 187.2 = 298.25 rubles
T payback = 700 / 631.58 = 1.11 = 1 year 1 month
T payback diode = 700 / 298.25 = 2.35 = 2 years 4 months

Replacement option for SHG-HL8:

From s SG-HL8 = 750 + 200 = 950 rubles

Here 750 is the cost of the SLG-HL8, rubles; 200- cost of replacement work, rub.

P el SG-HL8 = 8 * 14 * 365 = 4 °, 88 kW * h
Ts el SG-HL8 = 4 °, 88 * 2.5 = 1 ° 2.2 rubles
n s SG-HL8 = (14 * 365) / 50,000 = 0.1 pcs

In the case of the SLG-HL8 LED luminaire, at the end of its service life of 50,000 hours with the expected good condition of the plafond, it is possible to replace the light module without replacing the plafond itself and the cooling systems. The price of these works is 500 rubles.

With deputy SG-HL8 = 0.1 * 500 = 50 rubles
C explo SG-HL8 = 102.2 + 50 = 152.2 rubles
C econ = 818.78 - 152.2 = 666.58 rubles
With ekon diode = 485.45 - 152.2 = 333.25 rubles
T payback = 950 / 666.58 = 1.43 = 1 year 5 months
T payback diode = 950/333 25 = 2.85 = 2 years 10 months

7. Conclusions

Let's bring everything together specifications and the obtained economic data on the considered luminaires into a single table. Luminaires are listed in the order in which they are described.

Table 2 - Characteristics of light sources

Based on the study, we give brief description to each light source, indicating its main advantages and disadvantages.
Incandescent lamp with a power of 60 watts. Typical system lighting of entrances apartment buildings... Has the highest energy consumption and lowest luminous efficacy and service life. Fire hazardous. When used with diodes, it does not provide standardized illumination. The main advantage is low price lamps.

12W compact fluorescent lamp. It contains mercury, which requires special measures for its disposal (and, as it should be, disposal costs). The main advantages are improved luminous efficiency and service life at a reasonable cost and ease of replacement.

7W LED lamp. Provides the lowest power consumption. The cheapest option for an LED light source. But at the same time, the likelihood of theft is maximum (or the installation of a special lamp is required). The main advantage is the shortest payback period and ease of replacement.

LED lamp SPP-2101 (8 W). A variant of the LED lamp in the luminaire body. Due to the high price, the payback period is 2 times longer. The main advantage is the reduced likelihood of theft compared to an LED lamp.

LED lamp SLG-HL8 (8W). The most expensive replacement option. A variant of the LED luminaire in a metal case. The longest payback period. Repairable, while repairs are being carried out in the city of Barnaul. The main advantage is the payback period in all cases is less than the warranty period (3 years).

8. An example of the modernization of lighting systems in an apartment building in the city of Barnaul

The object of modernization was a panel residential apartment building of the 97th series for 205 apartments.

Average illumination index 8.7 ± 0.1 lux

Illumination measurement results according to GOST R 54944

The house has been managed by the Altai Homeowners Association (HOA) since 1997. At a meeting of the Board on April 7, 2011, it was decided to replace the collective lighting system, presented in the form of 170 incandescent lamps installed in entrances and vestibules, with energy efficient light sources. All lamps were centrally (in the electrical room) switched on through power diodes. The ceiling height is 2.63 m. The walls are half painted with light paint, the upper part of the walls and the ceiling are whitewashed. The results of measuring the illumination in the floor corridor are presented below.

The EIS of light was chosen LED lamp brand SLG-HL8. The cost of the work is 170,000 rubles. The term of work execution is 2 months.

According to the calculated data, the payback period was 2 years. After carrying out the work, to check the calculation data, a log was taken for registering the readings of electric meters, based on the results of which the graph is plotted, shown in the figure below. For improved visualization, a stepwise approximation of the obtained data was carried out.

Figure 9 - Household energy consumption for 2010-2013

The graph shows that after November 2011, when the work was completed, the cost of lighting from 45005500 kWh decreased to 1000-1200 kWh, and the total energy consumption decreased by 2 times (from 8000 to 4000 kWh). The energy consumption of the elevators has remained unchanged, but in the future, plans have been developed to carry out energy saving work in the elevators.
Another option for data visualization designed to represent the structure of total energy consumption is Figure 10.

Figure 10 - The structure of energy consumption at home for 2010-2014

It can be seen from the above diagram that before the modernization, the lighting costs were 2/3 of the ONE, after the modernization - less than 1/3. At the same time, the average annual energy saving is about 4000-12 = 48,000 kWh, which in monetary terms in electricity prices for 2011 is 48,000 1.79 = 85,920 rubles. With the cost of energy saving, the payback period was 1 year and 10 months. A decrease in the payback period is justified by bringing all lamps to a single nominal value - many residents, to improve illumination, installed a power of up to 200 watts instead of the standard 60 watt lamps. Lighting control systems - switches were also restored. The introduction of automation equipment played a role in part - motion sensors were installed on the emergency staircase.
A prerequisite was to bring the level of illumination in the entrances to the standard. The results of measuring the illumination after the upgrade are shown in the figure and table below.

Average illumination index 25.3 ± 0.1 lux. Illumination measurement results after modernization

An important feature of the measurements carried out is that they were carried out in 24-hour increments at the same time and with the same camera settings.

The figures show that the average in both cases is over 20 lux and averages 22 lux. These indications fully comply with SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10. This confirms the correctness of the choice of LED luminaires.

In 2014, incandescent lamps were replaced with LED lamps in elevator charges and in elevator cabins. It also reduced the energy consumption of the home, bringing it to 25% of the original value (from ~ 8000 to ~ 2000 kWh).

None of the normative legal acts of Russia contain the definition of “adjoining territory”.

At whose expense should it be done?

In accordance with the Housing Code, all expenses for maintaining the common property of the house are divided between the owners in proportion to the area of ​​their apartments, and since the adjacent territory belongs to joint property, the payment for the street light falls on the shoulders of the owners. Street lighting costs are calculated according to the general house meter and are included in the tenants' receipts on a monthly basis.

Reference! If it is not documented that the territory around the house belongs to common property, the inclusion of such a line of expenses in payment receipts is unlawful and may serve as the beginning of legal proceedings.

It is much more pleasant and safer to return home in the dark through a lighted courtyard than to get to own apartment in the dark, shuddering at every rustle. The lack of light in the yard is a reason for turning to management company or administration.

In order to find out exactly who takes care of the performance of the yard lights, you will have to refer to Federal Law No.131.

It clearly states that all streets, roads, as well as alleys are under the auspices of local governments, just like courtyards.

The organization of lighting for the courtyard of an apartment building at night, in the evening, and also in the early morning is a matter of local importance. Thus, the district administration is responsible for this.

But despite this, the direct responsibility of maintaining the lighting devices in working order falls on the shoulders of the residents themselves.

It is citizens who are interested in lighting that must conclude an agreement with the administration or other organizations that are able to organize electricity to power the lanterns.

As for the repair, operation and maintenance of power lines, these issues are dealt with by the same companies that specialize in this. They will regularly fulfill their duties if you conclude an agreement with them on time.

However, the courtyards in question are not common areas. They fall into the category adjoining territory, but this is a slightly different concept.

If you believe article 162 of the RF LC, then the tenants of the house conclude an agreement with a certain organization role, which can be played by the governing bodies of a housing or consumer-type cooperative, a developer.

The latter case is regulated by Article 161 of the RF LC.

Such an agreement prescribes the responsibilities of the organization, which are various services and actions for proper care and maintenance property belonging to the house. Utilities may also be included here.

All these services are provided for a reason. Residents must pay them on a monthly basis. This is also regulated by the RF LC, namely Article 154.

Thus, the payment for keeping the street lamps in working order is included in the receipts that are received by the tenants every month.

Lighting standards

Lighting standards for the adjacent territory of an apartment building are established in accordance with, namely:

• there must be at least 6 suites at the entrance to the building;
• there must be at least 4 suites on the pedestrian path that leads to the building;
• the main thoroughfares in the microdistricts should be illuminated for 4 lux;
• Secondary driveways, as well as courtyards and various utility sites must be illuminated within 2 suites.

In addition, there are pre-designed lighting options. They provide for a certain placement of lighting fixtures and their corresponding type. The options are as follows:

When the tenants are faced with the task of designing the lighting for their yard, then, in addition to the financial component, they must take into account such factors as the resistance of lanterns to hooligans and protection from falling icicles in winter.

Whichever option the citizens living in the house choose, they must first of all be guided by the lighting standards that are adopted in Russia.

They were invented for a reason, and non-compliance with them may entail not only liability before the law, but also some human sacrifices.

What if there is no light?

If there is no light in the yard for any reason, the tenants of the house, dissatisfied with this state of affairs, can legally come with claims to the local administration.

Before making fiery statements to the employees of the aforementioned administrative body, you must carefully read the Federal Law No.131, which says that local authorities and no one else are obliged to organize street lighting.

Even in Russia, there is a special GOST, which fixes the requirements for the order in which lighting is organized.

Complaints in writing must be submitted to the administration that deals with the municipality. Oddly enough, they should be engaged in maintaining the illumination of the streets.

When drawing up a complaint, one must be guided by the Federal Law, which was mentioned above.

It clearly lists all the responsibilities that are assigned to local self-government bodies.

It is among their responsibilities that the organization of power supply for the entire population is included.

To make a written complaint more convincing, you need to attach the signatures of all residents of the dissatisfied house. This will give it a collective order and within a month it will certainly be considered and measures taken.

If the administration refuses to take action, then residents can immediately apply to the court. In such a statement, it is necessary to indicate the very fact of inaction of local self-government bodies.

You can also add that they refuse to fulfill their legal duties. However, in such a situation, it should be remembered that a conflict with the administration, inflated from scratch, is not needed by anyone, especially if it promises to drag on for a long time.

But if the power supply magically disappeared, in general, then something must be done with this and a statement to the court will be quite an adequate response from the tenants.

The same should be done if Lightning equipment completely defective.

In the case when the question concerns several burned out light bulbs, it will be enough just to contact the Committee of Municipal Economy under the Administration.

Most often, they very quickly react to a signal from tenants and control that the courtyard is lit as required by law.

Conclusion

From all that has been written above, we can conclude that organizing the lighting of the local area and maintaining the lanterns in working order is, in essence, an easy task.

However, there are also pitfalls here, and in order not to stumble upon them, you need to carefully study the lighting standards and Federal laws that were in question.