In order to find out exactly who takes care of the performance of the yard lights, you will have to refer to Federal Law No.131.

It clearly states that all streets, roads, as well as alleys are under the auspices of local governments, just like courtyards.

Organization of courtyard lighting apartment building at night, in the evening and also in the early morning is a local matter. Thus, the district administration is responsible for this.

But despite this, the immediate responsibility of maintaining lighting fixtures in working order, fall on the shoulders of the residents themselves.

It is citizens who are interested in lighting that must conclude an agreement with the administration or other organizations that are able to organize electricity to power the lanterns.

As for the repair, operation and maintenance of power lines, these issues are dealt with by the same companies that specialize in this. They will regularly fulfill their duties if you conclude an agreement with them on time.

However, the courtyards in question are not common areas. They fall into the category adjoining territory, but this is a slightly different concept.

If you believe article 162 of the RF LC, then the tenants of the house conclude an agreement with a certain organization role, which can be played by the governing bodies of a housing or consumer-type cooperative, a developer.

The latter case is regulated by Article 161 of the RF LC.

Such an agreement prescribes the responsibilities of the organization, which are various services and actions for proper care and maintenance property belonging to the house. Utilities may also be included here.

All these services are provided for a reason. Residents must pay them on a monthly basis. This is also regulated by the RF LC, namely Article 154.

Thus, the payment for keeping the street lamps in working order is included in the receipts that are received by the tenants every month.

Lighting standards

Lighting standards for the adjacent territory of an apartment building are established in accordance with, namely:

• there must be at least 6 suites at the entrance to the building;
• there must be at least 4 suites on the pedestrian path that leads to the building;
• the main thoroughfares in the microdistricts should be illuminated for 4 lux;
• Secondary driveways, as well as courtyards and various utility sites must be illuminated within 2 suites.

In addition, there are pre-designed lighting options. They provide for a certain placement of lighting fixtures and their corresponding type. The options are as follows:

When the tenants are faced with the task of designing the lighting for their yard, then, in addition to the financial component, they must take into account such factors as the resistance of lanterns to hooligans and protection from falling icicles in winter.

Whichever option the citizens living in the house choose, they must first of all be guided by the lighting standards that are adopted in Russia.

They were invented for a reason, and non-compliance with them may entail not only liability before the law, but also some human sacrifices.

What if there is no light?

If there is no light in the yard for any reason, the tenants of the house, dissatisfied with this state of affairs, can legally come with claims to the local administration.

Before making fiery statements to the employees of the aforementioned administrative body, you must carefully read the Federal Law No.131, which says that organize street lighting are obliged to local governments and no one else.

Even in Russia, there is a special GOST, which fixes the requirements for the order in which lighting is organized.

Complaints in writing must be submitted to the administration that deals with the municipality. Oddly enough, they should be engaged in maintaining the illumination of the streets.

When drawing up a complaint, one must be guided by the Federal Law, which was mentioned above.

It clearly lists all the responsibilities that are assigned to local self-government bodies.

It is among their responsibilities that the organization of power supply for the entire population is included.

To make a written complaint more convincing, you need to attach the signatures of all residents of the dissatisfied house. This will give it a collective order and within a month it will certainly be considered and measures taken.

If the administration refuses to take action, then residents can immediately apply to the court. In such a statement, it is necessary to indicate the very fact of inaction of local self-government bodies.

You can also add that they refuse to fulfill their legal duties. However, in such a situation, it should be remembered that a conflict with the administration, inflated from scratch, is not needed by anyone, especially if it promises to drag on for a long time.

But if the power supply magically disappeared, in general, then something must be done with this and a statement to the court will be quite an adequate response from the tenants.

The same should be done if the lighting equipment is completely defective.

In the case when the question concerns several burned out light bulbs, it will be enough just to contact the Committee of Municipal Economy under the Administration.

Most often, they very quickly react to a signal from tenants and control that the courtyard is lit as required by law.

Conclusion

From all that has been written above, we can conclude that organizing the lighting of the local area and maintaining the lanterns in working order is, in essence, an easy task.

However, there are also pitfalls here, and in order not to stumble upon them, you need to carefully study the lighting standards and Federal laws that were discussed.

It's creepy to be in the entrance in the evening multi-storey building... To protect residents and visitors, the residential building is illuminated. It must be done as efficiently and economically as possible. It is desirable that such lighting function in automatic mode and does not require user intervention. It should also be easy to set up and maintain. Tips on how to achieve this are given in this article.

Dealing with the requirements

If multi-storey building is on the balance sheet of a certain service that maintains it, then you can't just take and install the lighting that you like the most. There are certain standards that regulate and standardize lighting in the entrance of an apartment building. They cannot be neglected. According to GOST standards, lighting requirements various premises differ. It depends on the territory as well as the source used. In annex I of BCH 59/88, a division is made between lighting from filament lamps and fluorescent lamps. V modern practice are trying more and more to use LED emitters, as well as economy lamps, which are a reduced version of fluorescent ones.

According to the standards, the illumination level for flights of stairs should be 10 lm / m2 in relation to fluorescent lamps. For incandescent lamps, this threshold is lowered, since they consume more electricity and is 5 lm / m 2. Entrances with elevators need a higher level of illumination. This is due to increased security requirements. Leaving the elevator, where the lighting devices are located below, there is a certain drop and it can be difficult to see a person in the entrance. Therefore, the lighting device must partially cover the area of ​​the entrance and exit from the elevator. Its installation is carried out with an offset to the elevator door, and not as in a conventional entrance. At the same time, an indicator of 7 lm / m 2 is considered normal for incandescent lamps, and 20 lm / m 2 for housekeepers.

Note! Additional areas in the entrance, for example, for storing strollers, should also be well lit. At the same time, the norm for them is 20 lm / m2 for incandescent lamps, and almost twice as much for economical lamps. The luminaires are located on the ceiling, not on the wall.

Some homes still use elevators that require manual opening of the door. Most often, the shaft in them is fenced with a net and passes inside the flights of stairs. Such a mine should also have lighting. Usually, incandescent lamps are mounted and the same indicator is taken as the norm as for the entrance without an elevator. In accordance with hygienic standards, lighting devices should be located in basements, attics, waste collection areas and separate control rooms. For the first two, the luminaires are mounted only in the aisles and to illuminate communications. LED or incandescent lamps are installed as an emitter.

Note! A separate document of building codes SNiP 2 / 4-79 has been developed. It determines not only the level of the luminous flux, but also its temperature. It can also be different for each room.

Lighting control nuances

Changes and improvements in the technical component of lighting are happening quite quickly. Regulations cannot be changed so quickly, therefore, it is not always possible to find specific guidance regarding the installation of equipment in porches. Therefore, they can provide general rules... For example, according to building codes for any lighting system, even if it turns on and off automatically, there must be an additional way to de-energize it forcibly. Such a device may be necessary during rescue or repair operations.

The lighting automation system in the entrances of residential buildings must work without failures and turn on devices simultaneously in all rooms that are related to the entrance. This should happen without delay in time. In some cases, this is done using additional module in the form of a photo relay or a time sensor. Emergency lighting is an integral part. It should turn on simultaneously with the entire system, but if the sensors fail, it should be possible to start it in emergency mode from a manual switch.

Note! The light switch in the basement and attic must be placed outside. That is, the light must be turned on even before a person enters the basement or attic. If there are several inputs, you will need to install pass-through switches with a break in the phase wire.

Automation methods

The automation of lighting systems in the entrances and the adjacent territory of an apartment building brings with it a large number of advantages. One of the main ones is savings electrical energy and no additional costs for the operator. There is no one standard scheme for installation in every home. Each lighting system is unique and requires a different approach. But each uses the same modules and nodes, so it makes sense to consider the principles that are easy to follow later.

Separate panel boards

In the case of using such a lighting automation system, responsibility for the entire process falls not only on the nodes and modules, but also on the inhabitants of the entrance themselves. They or someone in charge will have to monitor this process and turn on the lighting. This method is chosen by households with five or less floors, since in other cases it becomes problematic to keep track of switching on and off.

The essence of the method is that everyone who enters the entrance must turn on the light with a separate switch. After he gets to his apartment, the lighting is turned off with another switch. For proper load distribution, such an option can be built on starters. In another case, when the starter is pressed, the lamps that are located on the flights of stairs are turned on. And the path from the flight to the apartment is switched on separately when the user gets to the required floor. In this case, the consumption of electrical energy is reduced, so the payment will also be lower.

Advice! Starters are quite expensive, and so is their maintenance. Therefore, some companies offer to implement a project using walk-through switches. In this case, the installation costs will be slightly higher, but the subsequent maintenance costs are lower.

Lighting fixtures in basements and attics should not depend on how the lights are turned on in the entrance or on the floors. Therefore, separate switches are removed for these rooms, as described above. The area near the house should be constantly illuminated, therefore common system can be supplemented with a photo relay that will react to the position of the sun. The disadvantage of the push-button system is that not everyone is ready to take control responsibly and the light can stay on for hours. To prevent this from happening, temporary shutdown timers are provided, for example, after 5 minutes of glow.

Scheme on the photo relay

The option of a lighting system for an entrance using a photo relay is quite effective. It eliminates the need to constantly press keys and watch the lights go out. At correct setting saving electrical consumption of lighting is also on good level... There are two options for installing the sensor for this lighting system. The photo relay can be mounted directly at the entrance. In this case, you should not choose a place near the window. The fact is that after dusk it will be darker in the entrance than on the street and the sensor may not work, although the lighting in the entrance must already be turned on.

Another way to turn on the lights is to install the sensor outside. At the same time, you can power it from it and adjoining lighting... The position of the photo relay should be chosen so that the light from the car headlights does not fall on it. You should not position it so that it is difficult to get to it, because periodically it must be cleaned of dust and snow in winter. Photo relays are often not designed for the load that lighting in the entrance and on the street can provide. Therefore, it is advisable to install a starter after it. It is he who will take on the role of the switch, and the photo relay will simply give him the necessary signal.

Note! With this lighting scheme, it is worth remembering that basements and attics should be illuminated from separate switches.

Motion sensors

Motion detectors are an excellent solution that is increasingly being used to control the lighting in entrances. Better to use combined options. They simultaneously monitor the level of natural light in the entrances and are triggered only at night. With such devices, control over the switching on and off of the lighting is not required at all. Everything will happen automatically and floor by floor when a person climbs the spans. In this case, it will be necessary to install one module at each functional area. For example, near front door and on each floor. It is necessary to calculate lighting devices so that lamps are lit at the entrance, which will illuminate part of the staircase and the corridor to the elevator.

Note! It is better to install such motion sensors for lighting, which have sensitivity adjustment. They will not react to dogs, cats and other animals, which also leads to savings in the use of lighting.

The motion sensor has a built-in timer that will automatically turn off the lighting after the stated period, usually it is also regulated by a separate trimming resistor. Some schemes provide for such an option that if a person walks along the spans, then when he rises to the second floor, the circuit closes and the lighting on the floor below does not turn off until the moment he enters the apartment. This makes it possible to improve safety. In the case when an elevator is installed at the entrance of a multi-storey building, it is possible to ensure the interaction of lighting on the floors not only with motion sensors, but also with buttons or limit door switches. The fact is that while a person leaves the elevator there may be a short delay before the sensor is triggered, and when interacting with the limit switch, everything happens quickly.

Joint schemes

If the inhabitants of the residential complex want to achieve maximum savings in the use of lighting, then a combined scheme is implemented. It requires a more meticulous approach in planning and during installation. You should not entrust such a task to an unreliable contractor or a fly-by-night firm. An individual approach will be required not only to the entrance area and floors, but also to the area near the house. The diagram below shows an example of one such system.

The essence of the functioning of such a lighting system is based on a photo relay. It is installed outdoors in the darkest place near the house. As soon as the level of natural light falls, the sensor is triggered and gives a command to the magnetic starter. It takes over the switching on of the two lighting systems. One of them is street, which is triggered immediately upon a signal. The second involves powering motion sensors, which will turn on the lighting inside the entrance. The emergency lighting is also automatically switched on. Utility rooms, attics and basement can be manually activated as needed. A video of this kind of lighting can be seen below.

Conclusion

As you can see, the implementation of such systems in the entrances of residential buildings requires a special approach. You should not be limited only by the regulations that were adopted many years ago. Combining several modules provides enviable savings compared to using only one solution. Stop your choice on LED lamps. Most often they are sold with a guarantee and also have a long service life. Moreover, their consumption is several times less than that of an ordinary housekeeper.

For the lighting of apartments, entrances, basements and adjoining territories, there are a number of legal requirements that have clear regulated parameters. Especially, this applies to outdoor lighting, since the appearance of the courtyard and the crime situation in it, as well as injuries, depend on it. The requirements for the organization of the lighting systems of the apartments themselves are largely based on fire safety and on the rules for electrical installations and electricity metering. Of no small importance in the lighting of public residential apartment buildings is allocated to entrances and stairwells, since their organization is most often entrusted to the organization providing housing and communal services.

Lighting at the entrance of an apartment building

For any homeowner's organization, stairwell lighting is a very significant expense. There are a number of rules and regulations that it must comply with. All of them are clearly described in GOST and are standardized according to VSN 59–88, and this is the law.

Here are their main requirements that the law requires:

However, over the past few years, the technology for the production of lamps and lighting systems has stepped forward and with the advent of LED lamps, as well as with a decrease in the cost of these products, new horizons are opening up in the lighting of entrances and staircases. LED light sources used for lighting have a number of advantages not only in relation to incandescent lamps, but also in comparison with fluorescent devices that emit light. They can also be equipped with motion and light sensors, which allows even more savings in energy costs, and hence funds for lighting public multi-apartment buildings.

Basement lighting of an apartment building

When organizing lighting of basements of apartment buildings and buildings, as well as their so-called basement floors, there are special strict requirements for electrical safety, as well as for fire safety. The power supply for such lighting should be reduced to at least 42 volts, since there is a lot of moisture in the basements, and even the floor is made of conductive material. It is recommended to lower the supply voltage by galvanic isolation, that is, using a transformer. The primary winding of which must be rated for a voltage of 220 volts, and the secondary for 36-42 Volts, while the secondary winding must be grounded so that if this step-down device breaks down, a direct breakdown does not occur and a hazardous to a person and his health does not appear in the secondary circuits voltage.

Another of the requirements for basement lighting is the use of protective grounding of the luminaire housings. When laying and installing wiring, one iron rule should be taken into account, you can not connect copper and aluminum wires, especially during wet rooms... Such contact is not durable due to chemical reaction of these materials.

The protection class of luminaires from moisture and dust ingress should not be lower than IP 44. This will not only protect the luminaire and the lamp itself, but also ensure their reliable, trouble-free and durable operation throughout the entire service life. All lighting wiring is most often laid open type, or in metal pipes and corrugated special pipes, called sleeves by electricians. This will protect the wiring from mechanical damage. The metal sleeve is grounded, again to protect the person from breaking through the phase to the body. As for the illumination rate, it should be at least 10 Lx for incandescent lamps, other sources are not standardized, but experts still recommend using economical LED lamps with high rates IP.

Lighting of the adjoining territory of an apartment building

Organization good lighting adjoining territories is a guarantee of not only aesthetic comfort and convenience, but also security, since all thieves and robbers prefer to attack in the dark in unlit or poorly lit areas. Also high quality and correct lighting the yard is needed for safe movement and reducing injuries when people move on the sidewalks of apartment buildings.

To illuminate the adjacent territory of any apartment building or structure, the requirements specified in the set of rules of SP 52.13330.2011 must be clearly met. This document is the official publication stating that:

1. At the entrance to any apartment building a luminaire that emits at least 6 Lx illumination must be installed.
2. Paths and sidewalks for the movement of pedestrians must be illuminated at least 4 Lx, the same applies to the car passage of the adjacent territories.
3. Territories related to additional (various outbuildings) should be illuminated by lamps or searchlights closed type emitting at least 2 Lx luminous flux.
4. The yard luminaire can be made on the basis of any system, with the use of both incandescent lamps and LED or energy-saving lamps.

If these requirements are not met, citizens living in the building have the legal right to file a complaint with the administration in charge of the municipal economy or with the city administration. There are many hot lines for contacting the mayor of the city, hotel ministries, or directly to the court. If the entire entrance or the house subscribes to the complaint, this will only speed up the solution of the problem.

Many of us have had to return home more than once at night. At such moments, a person realizes how important lighting is inside and around an apartment building. But what if there is no light either in the entrance or in the yard? Who to contact and who is responsible for this? Let's look at this issue.

In this article:

Entrance lighting

With the onset of darkness in the entrance and on the stairwells of a residential building, the light must be turned on. This is primarily necessary for the safety of residents. Lighting at the entrance of an apartment building must meet the following requirements:

• in public areas, a general lighting system is used;
• if the house has more than 6 floors and more than 50 people live, then the building must be equipped with evacuation lighting;
• evacuation lamps are installed in the main aisles and in front of elevators;
• it is allowed to use incandescent lamps, halogen and LED lamps;
• it is recommended to cover the lamp with anti-vandal, shock-resistant glass or metal mesh;
• the light intensity must comply with the established standards.

Illumination standards are regulated by special regulatory documents, SNiP and GOST and are standardized according to VSN 59-88. The lux values ​​for common areas are shown in the table:

Residents have the right to complain to management company not only that there are no lamps, but also that their light is not intense enough.

Basement lighting

Special requirements are put forward for the organization of the basement lighting due to the special microclimate inside the room. As a rule, it is always humid there, dampness can be observed, therefore the lamps must meet the standards of electrical safety and fire safety.

The power supply must be reduced to 42 W using a step-down transformer. The luminaire body must be grounded. It is not recommended to connect copper and aluminum wires when laying cables, which react under the influence of moisture. The wiring is placed in special corrugated pipes which are called sleeves.

Lighting of the local area

Before figuring out what standards the lighting of the adjoining territory and the courtyard of an apartment building should meet, you need to figure out what is included in this concept - "adjoining territory". According to the legislation, these are:

• the land plot on which the house is built, its dimensions are determined by the cadastre;
• improvement elements (this includes, among other things, lamps);
• objects intended for the operation of the house ( heat points, transformer, children's and sports grounds, car parks).

Directly lighting the courtyard of an apartment building can be carried out in three ways:

1. Lantern under the visor above the entrance door. This is convenient, because you can take a low-power lamp, you don't need a lot of light. The disadvantage is that only a small area in front of the door will be illuminated.
2. A lantern above the porch canopy. It is advisable to take a lamp with a luminous flux of at least 3500 lm and a circular luminous intensity. Placed at a height of 5 meters at an angle of 25 degrees to the horizon. But, despite the fact that the entire courtyard is illuminated in this way, the area next to the door remains in the dark.
3. Combining the two previous options. Most optimal way lighting the yard, but it consumes a lot of electricity.

To illuminate the adjacent territory, standards have also been developed, which are presented in the table:

Some residents insist on installing motion-sensor lighting in order to save energy. It makes sense to install such lamps inside the entrances, while on the streets they will not work quite correctly. On the street, the sensor can be triggered by the movement of the animal, and the light will turn on when it is not required.

Who is responsible for lighting the home?

According to Federal Law No. 131, local governments are responsible for the illumination of streets, roads and courtyards. But maintaining the performance of the lamps is the responsibility of the residents of the house.

According to the Housing Code Russian Federation responsibility for the light inside residential buildings and on the adjacent territory lies with the management company with which the tenants have entered into an agreement. In the text of the agreement it is spelled out what services the Criminal Code provides, for which it is responsible and what is the order of actions in case of emerging problems or controversial issues.

What to do if residents find that there is no light in the entrance, common areas, basement or adjacent territory? They need to take the following steps:

1. An act is drawn up, which describes the problem.
2. The act is signed by at least 3 people. These can be neighbors, the head of the porch, or the chairperson of the house.
3. Proof of the problem is attached to the act. For example, a photo of the lack of light in the evening.
4. The documents are transferred to the management company.
5. Within seven days, the employees of the Criminal Code check and analyze the information, fix problems and draw up their own statement of the problem.
6. The document, which contains all the actions taken to eliminate the problem, is handed over to the applicants.

If the management company does not cope with its responsibilities, refuses to fulfill what is prescribed in the contract, the tenants have the right to terminate the agreement with it and conclude an agreement with another organization.

Who pays for the lighting of the courtyard and entrances of an apartment building? According to the Federal Law, the area around the house, like the entrances, is a common property. Lighting and troubleshooting costs are borne directly by the occupants. Moreover, the costs are divided for each owner, depending on the area of ​​his apartment.

You should pay attention to whether it is documented that this particular adjoining territory is the common property of this particular house. If there are no such marks, then the inclusion of payment for it in the receipt is illegal.

Lighting multi-storey buildings strictly regulated by laws and sanitary standards. If one of the important parameters is not observed - there is no light at all, it is not bright enough, the lighting is organized without taking into account the safety of the residents, then the residents of the house have the right to apply to the management company, the local administration or even to the court.

1. Overview of general lighting systems

As shown by numerous observations, the collective lighting system in multi-storey residential buildings is represented by incandescent lamps with an average power of 60 watts. Lamps, as a rule, are installed without shades, which is a violation of fire safety requirements. The fire hazard of incandescent lamps is usually considered in two aspects:

The possibility of a fire from contact between the lamp and combustible material;
the possibility of a fire from falling on the surrounding combustible materials of incandescent lamp elements formed during its destruction.

The first aspect is connected, firstly, with the fact that the temperature of the glass bulb of an incandescent lamp after 60 minutes of burning is from 110 to 360 ° C (at a lamp power of 40 to 100 W). This explains the presence of dark sooty circles on the ceiling above the installed lamp.

Secondly, it is associated with improper operation, when another violation is imposed on one violation (using an open lamp without a diffuser (heat-resistant shade), which many residents remove so that the "lamp shines brighter") - non-observance of the permissible approach distance of combustible materials. This phenomenon, very often, is found in cramped apartment lobbies, which residents use as makeshift storage rooms.

Even the presence of a sufficient distance does not guarantee safety - a fire can occur (second aspect) from incandescent metal particles formed during emergency modes (lamp burnout) in defective lamps (reflow of electrodes or inputs by arc discharges) and scattering from the lamp at a distance of about three meters. Vertically falling particles retain their incendiary ability even when falling from 8-10 m.

There is widespread violation when aluminum wires lengthen with copper wires using twists. As a result, a galvanic pair is formed, leading to electrochemical corrosion (destruction of the contact) and an increase in contact resistance, which ultimately can also become a source of fire due to heating of the wire junction.
Among the main options for power supply, the following main ones can be distinguished:

The whole system is switched on without diodes;
the whole system is switched on using diodes (centrally, in the switchboard);
combined solutions (diodes are installed partially in lamps and switches).

Diode- an electronic component with different conductivity depending on the direction of the current. In homes, it is used to reduce the effective voltage on incandescent lamps in order to reduce energy consumption and increase the service life of incandescent lamps.

The installed diodes in the power supply circuit of the lighting system of the house lead to the fact that the incandescent lamps begin to flicker noticeably, which gives additional discomfort to the residents.
The operating voltage decreases from 220 to 156 V, but it should be noted that due to the fact that the incandescent lamp is a non-linear element and its real energy consumption decreases only by 42% and the luminous flux, depending on the square of the normal voltage, decreases to 27%.

Light flow- a physical quantity characterizing the amount of "light" power in the corresponding radiation flux. It is the main characteristic of a light source for evaluating the illumination generated by a given light source.

As a result, the lamps become less energy efficient: if the original version has a luminous flux of 800
lm at a power of 60 W (light output 13.3 lm / W), then at
using a diode, the luminous flux is 216 lm
at a power of 34.8 W (light output 6.2 lm / W).

Energy efficiency- efficient (rational) use of energy resources. In the case of lighting, this is the use of less electricity to provide the same level of illumination.
Luminous efficacy of the light source- the ratio of the luminous flux emitted by the source to the power consumed by it. It is an indicator of the efficiency and economy of light sources.

To compensate for the reduced luminous flux, residents install lamps with a higher power, reaching up to 200 W, which leads to an increase in electricity for the needs of general lighting.

Ultimately, the illumination of entrances and vestibules does not comply with the norms of SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10 (the average illumination on staircases, floor corridors, etc. should be at least 20 lux).

2. Review of energy efficient light sources

Figure 1 - KLE device, where 1 - tube thickening; 2 - inner cover flasks; 3 - electronic ballast; 4 - ventilation hole; 5 - base

The following energy-efficient light sources (EIS) suitable for use in residential buildings are widely available on the market: fluorescent lamps (including CLE (compact fluorescent with built-in electronic ballasts (electronic ballasts))), LED lamps and lamps.

A significant disadvantage of fluorescent lamps is the presence of mercury vapors in their composition, which requires special measures for disposal and the presence of a switch-on delay (the lamp reaches the nominal luminous flux of operation after a noticeable period of time). The stated service life of 25,000 hours is usually not met due to frequent burnout of the tungsten electrodes. During operation, the lamp heats up to 60 ° C, and if they are used as part of any closed luminaires, then the heat release leads to overheating of the electronics and premature lamp failure. These lamps do not have a warranty period. When used in cold rooms, their luminous efficacy and service life are reduced. Also, the human factor cannot be discarded - the lamps can be stolen by residents in order to use them to illuminate the apartment.
The only and significant disadvantage of lamps with LED light source is their high market price. But this price is paid off by their significantly lower energy consumption, even in comparison with KLE. But when using this lamp in a standard luminaire, the light distribution on the illuminated surface may deteriorate, because this lamp gives a narrow beam of light. Thus, these lamps are effectively used only when they are installed vertically towards the floor (for example, in a chandelier).

Figure 2 - The device of an LED lamp, where 1 is a diffuser; 2 - LEDs; 3 - circuit board; 4 - radiator; 5 - driver; 6 - ventilation holes; 7 - base

Figure 3 - LED luminaire SLG-HL8

Choosing between led lamp and a LED lamp, it is advisable to make a choice in the direction of an LED lamp, since an LED lamp has a similar human factor and the possibility of overheating of the electronics (as in the KLE).
At the moment, there are two types of LED lamps on the market that are suitable for use in the housing sector - based on a driverless scheme and using a driver. The price range of the lamps is in the range of 500-700 rubles. without using a driver and 700-1600 rubles. for luminaires with a driver.

The main purpose of the driver is to convert AC and high voltage of the primary circuit into constant constant current and low voltage acceptable for powering LEDs. In addition to this main function, the driver provides protection against short circuits, protection against overheating of the driver and the luminaire as a whole, as well as stable operation of the luminaire in a wide range of input voltage. The undervoltage of the secondary circuit ensures safety during electrical work and maintenance of the luminaire.

The essence of the driverless scheme is that a large number (2070) LEDs are used in the luminaire. low power(0.1-0.3 W) connected in series to supply them with high voltage (> 70 V). But the reliability of any technical system is inversely proportional to the number of elements used, and the burnout of any of the LEDs (when using cheap LEDs of dubious quality) leads to the failure of the luminaire. There are no protection systems.

As a result of the absence of a driver (switching power supply), the LEDs are powered incorrectly, which leads to their rapid aging (the service life is reduced from 50,000 to 30,000 hours). Also, the main disadvantages of these luminaires include a large ripple coefficient, which can be conditionally tolerated due to the short-term stay of residents at the entrance.

3. Automation tools

To control the lighting system in an apartment building, in addition to standard switches, various motion sensors can be used as an automation tool.

A motion sensor (DD) is a sensor that monitors the movement of any objects. As a rule, a motion sensor is understood as an electronic infrared (IR) sensor that detects the presence and movement of a person and switches the load - an alarm if it is used as security system, or lighting system when used as a means of reducing the energy consumption (by reducing the operating time) of these systems. After holding a certain period of time (as a rule, adjustable), the DD is switched off the load (in this case, the luminaire).

A very useful built-in function in most DD is the presence of light sensors (DD will not work if the illumination in the room exceeds a certain level). Due to this, the lighting system does not turn on during daylight hours.

Figure 4 - The principle of operation of the infrared motion sensor

The disadvantages of IR DD are

Limited coverage (survey) sector;
decrease in sensitivity when installed at a height of more than 2 meters;
the inability to install near strong heat sources (for example, heating batteries).

For example, when installing a motion sensor in long corridor(about 6-8 meters) it works only when a person reaches about its middle, which causes certain inconveniences (the first third of the corridor has to be passed in the dark). Their viewing range (about 6 meters) is quite enough for use in the entrance.

The solution to the limited coverage sector can be the installation of 2 DD, using the following installation schemes:

At the beginning and at the end of the corridor, on the walls, the DDs are directed towards each other;
even distribution of DD on the ceiling.

In both cases, the DD must be connected in parallel so that the triggering of any of the sensors turns on the luminaire. The disadvantage of this solution is the increased consumption of the DDs themselves, which, given their high market price (about 250 rubles), will lead to significant financial costs with dubious savings in the case of using energy-efficient light sources. For example, 2 DDs constantly consume more than 10% of the power of a working LED lamp. Also, one should not forget that a significant complication of the switching system is also taking place - it is necessary to lay a wire to each of the sensors in both directions.

There are also cheaper versions of DD - sound (photoacoustic). These sensors are often found already in certain luminaires (see figure 1.5). The presence of the word "energy saving" in their names and a low market value of about 250 rubles. bribes many homeowners associations and UK, but their serious drawback is the problem of setting the sensitivity to the sound level. Setting the sensitivity too high leads, for example, to the fact that a resident wearing sneakers can walk past such a sensor, and it will not work. Setting a low sensitivity leads to a lack of signal selectivity - DDs are triggered by almost any sound.

Figure 5 - Energy-saving lamp ZhKKH-03

A common disadvantage of any motion sensors is that the luminaire undergoes a significantly larger number of cycles during operation. on-off, which reduces its service life of the installed light source. For example, incandescent lamps burn out in 90% of cases at the moment of switching on with a concomitant surge of current. In the case of KLE, the interval between inclusions, set warranty conditions to achieve the set operating time, it can be more than two minutes (this is due to the operation of simple pre-heating circuits). The use of soft starters in their composition does not allow the use of KLE and LED lamps.

The cost of the electricity saved will only justify the premature failure of light sources if incandescent lamps are used, which have a relatively low market value. Also, motion sensors deliver some discomfort to residents, especially if installed incorrectly.

The only area where the use of DD in a residential building is economically viable are places of rare use, for example, an emergency fire escape.

Observations have shown that no more than 1 person per week uses the fire escape. Taking into account the number of storeys of houses where this staircase is present, it is possible to determine the energy savings in the case of using incandescent lamps and EIS.

In the case of using incandescent lamps, the energy savings in terms of power consumption is 60-0.5 = 59.5 W, where 60 is the power of the LON-60 incandescent lamp, W; 0.5 - power consumption of DD in standby mode, W. Per month, when operating around the clock, the savings will be: 0.0595 24 29.4-42 kWh (here 0.0595 is the released power, kW; 24 is the number of hours in a day; 29.4 is the average number of days in a month ). At a price for electricity of 2.367 rubles / kWh, the established DD at the price of 250 rubles. and the cost of installation is about 150 rubles. each project for the equipment of DD will pay off within (250 + 150) / (42x2.367) -4 months.

In the case of using an EIS (see clause 1.2) with an average power of about 8-15 W, the released power is (15 ... 8) -0.5 = 14.5 ... 7.5 W (here 15 is the power of the CLE, analogue of 60 W incandescent lamp; 8 - power of LED lamp SLG-HL8, also analogue of LON-60). In this case, the average monthly energy savings will be (0.0145.,. 0.0075) -24-29.4 = 10.2 ... 5.6 kWh. The payback period is (250 + 150) / ((10.2 ... 5.6) x2.367) ~ 17 ... 30 months, or one and a half to three years.

Thus, it is economically impractical to install motion sensors complete with EIS - an incandescent lamp is enough. The only drawback of this solution is the ban on the production and sale of incandescent lamps in Russia in 2014.

A non-standard (wall-mounted) installation scheme for DD installation in emergency staircases is recommended, since it provides coverage of two flights of stairs at once (see Figure 1.6). As practice shows, DD with this scheme is triggered only when a person approaches in the middle of the staircase (in front of the staircase itself), which, with a low intensity of use of the fire escape, can be attributed to an insignificant disadvantage.

Figure 6 - Application of motion sensors on the emergency staircase

4. Characteristics of the SLG-HL8 luminaire

LED luminaires of the SLG-HL8 series (Silen-LED Group, for House Light 8 W- “Silen-Led luminaire for house lighting with a rated power of 8 W) are intended for general illumination of housing and communal services. They are specially designed according to lighting calculations for energy-saving lighting of technical and public premises provided for housing and communal services: entrances of residential buildings, staircases and staircases, elevator shafts, corridors, vestibules, areas of residential buildings and other public premises.
Luminaires of this series can be used for emergency and emergency lighting of any non-residential premises of public and private buildings, in addition, they are suitable for outdoor lighting under a canopy - under the canopies of porches (there is a special version for outdoor use with increased characteristics of anti-vandal protection and resistance to temperature extremes).
The luminaire in a classic economical version is produced in an airbag 1301 housing with an IP54 degree of protection, which can be installed on walls and ceilings. The body is made of aluminum alloy, which helps to dissipate heat from the luminaire, and is covered with borosilicate frosted glass to limit the glare from the LEDs. At the request of the customer, it is possible to design and manufacture the luminaire in other housings.
Luminaires are manufactured in Barnaul, passing comprehensive quality control. In the manufacture, various machine-building templates and conductors are used.
All luminaires are covered by a 3-year warranty, during which defective luminaires are replaced free of charge. It should be noted that this period exceeds the maximum payback period of the fixtures.

Table 1 - Characteristics of the SLG-HL8

5. Installation of LED lamps

Since LED luminaires have a certain directionality, installing LED luminaires in the places where incandescent lamps were installed is not the right solution. This is due to the fact that the main " work surface»There is a floor in the entrance, and if the luminaire is installed on a wall, the main luminous flux will fall on the opposite wall. As a result, the floor will only be illuminated by indirect lighting, which will reduce the required illumination. For this reason, the luminaires are installed on the ceiling (exceptions are cases when the installation of the luminaire on the ceiling is not possible).

Despite the fact that installation becomes more complicated, since you have to lay a long connecting cord from the connection point to the luminaire, this method, in addition to increasing the average illumination, improves light distribution, and also reduces the human factor - the luminaire is located at the maximum height, which makes easy access difficult to him, reduces the glare and the possibility of accidental damage.

Figure 7 - Scheme of a typical installation of LED lamps at the entrance of a house of 97 and 121 series

Luminaires are installed on weekdays. In exceptional cases, installation can be carried out on Saturday. The day of installation is notified at least one day in advance. Preparatory work for residents who have installed doors in the vestibules, it boils down to cleaning things that are afraid of dust and providing access to the vestibule on a specified day.
The work is carried out by a specially trained, installer, who knows the device and the rules for installing LED lamps, who also conducts explanatory work with residents. The house is connected to the power grid through the communal lighting line without the need to open electrical panels. It is imperative that work is carried out to identify and eliminate the installed diodes, which can reduce the service life of LED lamps.

Electrical installation is reduced to the following operations:

Removing the old lamp;
installing a new junction box;
installation of an LED lamp on the ceiling;
laying the cable to the luminaire;
connection (depending on the type of wire) through specialized clamps for lighting equipment to the wires.

Figure 8 -Typical installation LED lamp

The average installation speed is about 30 lamps per day, which corresponds to 1 entrance of a 9-storey building.

6. Economic calculations

The payback period in the case of lighting systems is the period of time that has passed after the purchase and installation of more efficient light sources, during which the price of the saved energy will exceed the price of the luminaire, taking into account its installation.

Payback = Investment / Annual Savings (1.1)

The initial version is a working lamp LON-60 in 2 main versions (see clause 1.1) - with and without a diode in the power supply circuit. It is necessary to determine how much it costs to operate a given light source in both versions
We will carry out calculations for the following replacement options (through a dash - the abbreviation adopted in the future):

Compact fluorescent lamp SPIRAL-econom with a power of 12 W, 600 lm (manufactured by ASD) - KLL12.
LED lamp with a power of LED-A60-standard with a power of 7 W, 600 lm (ASD) - LL7.
LED lamp SPP-2101 with a power of 8 W, 640 lm (ASD) - LED8
LED luminaire SLG-HL8 with a power of 8 W, 660 lm (Silen-Led) - SLG-HL8.

The light sources were selected according to the principle of equality of the luminous flux to an incandescent lamp of 60 W (600 lm).
To assess the payback period, it is necessary to have initial data for calculations, which include the price for electricity (from 2015 for houses equipped in established order stationary electric stoves - 2.5 rubles) and the average daily operating time - 14 hours;

6.1 Operating costs of incandescent lamps

The consumed electricity per year P el can be calculated using the following formula:

R el = R light / T day * 365 (1.2)

Where P light is the power of the lamp, W; T day - average daily operating time, h; 365 is the number of days in a year.

According to clause 1.1, if an incandescent lamp is switched on through a diode, then its energy consumption is reduced by 42%. Accordingly, for LON-60, connected through a diode, this power will be 60 - 42% = 35 W.

In further calculations, we will designate this calculated case as a variant of using an incandescent lamp with a power of 35 W (LON35). A lamp switched on without using a diode will be denoted as LON60.

R el LON35 = 35 * 14 * 365 = 178.85 kW * h (1.3)
R el LON60 = 60 * 14 * 365 = 306.6 kW * h (1.4)

V monetary terms the cost of consumed energy can be calculated using the following formula:

C el = R el * C kW * h (1.5)

Where C kW * h is the cost of a kilowatt-hour, rubles / kW * h.

According to this formula, for the given design cases, the cost of consumed electricity will be:

With el LON35 = 178.85 * 2.5 = 447.12 rubles (1.6)
With el LON60 = 306.6 * 2.5 = 766.5 rubles (1.7)

It should be noted that lamps switched on without a diode work in the nominal mode, and they burn out during operation, and lamps switched on using a diode practically do not burn out.

So it is necessary to determine how much is spent per year to replace burned out lamps. This cost of C deputy is made up of the cost of the lamp multiplied by the number of replacements.

C deputy = Ts l * n s (1.8)

Where Ts l is the cost of the lamp, rubles; n s is the number of replacements, pcs / year;

The number of replacements n s for can be determined based on the average daily operating time of the light source T day and the average service life of the light source T cl.

N s = (T day * 365) / T w (1.9)

Where T day is the average daily operating time h, T sl is the average service life of the light source, h.
The average service life for an incandescent lamp with a rated power of 60 W (for example, B220-230-60-1) is given in GOST 2239-79 and is 1300 hours.
For llama LON-60, the number of replacements is:

N s LON60 = (14 * 365) / 1300 = 3.9pcs (1.10)

For this lamp, the average price in the city of Barnaul in 2014 was 13.3 rubles. Therefore, the annual cost of replacing lamps is:

With deputy LON60 = 3.93 * 13.3 = 52.28 rubles (1.11)

In total, we find that the annual operating costs of a 60 W incandescent lamp are:

RUB 485.45 - in the case of using diodes;
766.5 + 52.28 = 818.78 rubles. - without using them. At the same time, these calculations do not take into account the cost of the work itself to replace them.

6.2 Payback periods of replacement options

To determine the payback period for different options replacing LON-60 with EIS, according to formula 1.1, two main parameters are determined - the cost of the purchase (investment) and the annual savings.

C s = C EIS + C mon (1.12)

Where TS EIS is the cost of EIS, rubles; Ts mon - the cost of dismantling old lamps and installing new ones, rubles. This cost relates to capital expenditures.

Annual energy savings C econ can be calculated using the following formula:

S econ = Ts el LON + Ts el EIS (1.13)

Where Ts el LON is the annual energy consumption of the incandescent lamp in (in both calculated versions), kWh; Ts el EIS - annual energy consumption of EIS, kWh.

If the purchase cost (see Formula 1.12) is divided by the annual savings (see Formula 1.13), then the payback period can be determined in years:

T payoff = C s / S econ (1.14)

To convert the resulting value from the resulting fraction, you need to subtract the whole part - these will be whole years - and multiply the remainder by 12 to get months.
It should be noted that the calculations do not take into account inflation and annual growth electricity tariffs, which lead to an additional reduction in the payback period.

Replacement option for CFL 12 W:

S s KLL12 = 130 + 100 + 100 = 330 rubles

Here 130 is the cost of a 15 W CLE with an E27 base, rubles; 100 - the cost of the most popular lamp NBB 64-60 with a diffuser RPA-85-001, rubles; 100 - the cost of replacement work, rubles.

R el KLL12 = 12 * 14 * 365 = 61.32 kW * h
Ts el KLL12 = 61.32 * 2.5 = 153.3 rubles
n s KLL12 = (14 * 365) / 8000 = 0.64pcs
With deputy KLL12 = 0.64 * 130 = 83.2 rubles

Also, it is necessary to add to this cost the cost for the disposal of a failed mercury-containing lamp (12 rubles), which, taking into account the delivery, will cost about 20 rubles.

In case of violation in accordance with Article 8.2. Of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, citizens will need from 1 to 2 thousand rubles, officials - from 10 to 30 thousand rubles, entrepreneurs - from 30 thousand to 50 thousand rubles (or administrative suspension of activities for up to ninety days), and legal entities- from 100 thousand to 250 thousand rubles (or administrative suspension of activities for up to ninety days).

With deputy + util KLL12 = 83.2 + 20 * 0.64 = 96 rubles
C explo KLL12 = 153.3 + 96 = 249.3 rubles
C econ = 818.78 - 249.3 = 569.48 rubles
With ekon diode = 485.45 - 249.3 = 236.15 rubles
T payback = 330 / 569.48 = 0.58 = 7 months
T payback diode = 330/236 15 = 1.4 = 1 year 5 months

Replacement option for a 7 W LED lamp:

C z LL7 = 200 +100 +100 = 400 rubles

Here 200 is the cost of a 7 W LED lamp with an E27 base, rubles; 100 - the cost of the NBB 64-60 lamp with RPA-85-001 diffuser, rubles; 100 - the cost of replacement work, rubles.

R el LL7 = 7 * 14 * 365 = 35.77 kW * h
C el LL7 = 35.77 * 2.5 = 89.43 rubles
n s LL7 = (14 * 365) / 30,000 = 0.17pcs
With deputy LL7 = 0.17 * 200 = 34 rubles
C explo LL7 = 89.43 + 34 = 123.43 rubles
C econ = 818.78 - 123.43 = 695.35 rubles
With ekon diode = 485.45 - 123.43 = 362.02 rubles
T payback = 400 / 695.35 = 0.58 = 7 months
T payback diode = 400 / 362.02 = 1.1 = 1 year 1 month

Replacement option for SPP-2101 lamp:

C w LED8 = 500 + 200 = 700 rubles
here 500 is the cost of the SPP-2101 LED lamp, rubles; 200- cost of replacement work, rub. The increase in the cost of installation is due to the fact that the luminaire is not installed in the same place, but on the ceiling (see Figure 8)

P el LED8 = 8 * 14 * 365 = 40.88 kW * h
Ts el LED8 = 40.88 * 2.5 = 102.2 rubles
n s LED8 = (14 * 365) / 30,000 = 0.17 pcs
With deputy LED8 = 0.17 * 500 = 85 rubles

Here it is more appropriate to use the term not "replacement cost" but "amortization deductions", since the luminaire is an integral part of the light source and the whole complex has to be replaced.

Ts explol LED8 = 102.2 + 85 = 187.2 rubles
C econ = 818.78 - 187.2 = 631.58 rubles
With econ diode = 485.45 - 187.2 = 298.25 rubles
T payback = 700 / 631.58 = 1.11 = 1 year 1 month
T payback diode = 700 / 298.25 = 2.35 = 2 years 4 months

Replacement option for SHG-HL8:

From s SG-HL8 = 750 + 200 = 950 rubles

Here 750 is the cost of the SLG-HL8, rubles; 200- cost of replacement work, rub.

P el SG-HL8 = 8 * 14 * 365 = 4 °, 88 kW * h
Ts el SG-HL8 = 4 °, 88 * 2.5 = 1 ° 2.2 rubles
n s SG-HL8 = (14 * 365) / 50,000 = 0.1 pcs

In the case of the SLG-HL8 LED luminaire, at the end of its service life of 50,000 hours with the expected good condition of the plafond, it is possible to replace the light module without replacing the plafond itself and the cooling systems. The price of these works is 500 rubles.

With deputy SG-HL8 = 0.1 * 500 = 50 rubles
C explo SG-HL8 = 102.2 + 50 = 152.2 rubles
C econ = 818.78 - 152.2 = 666.58 rubles
With ekon diode = 485.45 - 152.2 = 333.25 rubles
T payback = 950 / 666.58 = 1.43 = 1 year 5 months
T payback diode = 950/333 25 = 2.85 = 2 years 10 months

7. Conclusions

Let's summarize all the technical characteristics and the obtained economic data on the considered lamps in a single table. Luminaires are listed in the order in which they are described.

Table 2 - Characteristics of light sources

Based on the study, we give brief description to each light source, indicating its main advantages and disadvantages.
Incandescent lamp with a power of 60 watts. Typical lighting system for the entrances of apartment buildings. Has the highest energy consumption and lowest luminous efficacy and service life. Fire hazardous. When used with diodes, it does not provide standardized illumination. The main advantage is the low price of the lamp.

12W compact fluorescent lamp. It contains mercury, which requires special measures for its disposal (and, as it should be, disposal costs). The main advantages are improved luminous efficiency and service life at a reasonable cost and ease of replacement.

7W LED lamp. Provides the lowest power consumption. The cheapest option for an LED light source. But at the same time, the likelihood of theft is maximum (or the installation of a special lamp is required). The main advantage is the shortest payback period and ease of replacement.

LED lamp SPP-2101 (8 W). A variant of the LED lamp in the luminaire body. Due to the high price, the payback period is 2 times longer. The main advantage is the reduced likelihood of theft compared to an LED lamp.

LED lamp SLG-HL8 (8W). The most expensive replacement option. A variant of the LED luminaire in a metal case. The longest payback period. Repairable, while repairs are being carried out in the city of Barnaul. The main advantage is the payback period in all cases is less than the warranty period (3 years).

8. An example of the modernization of lighting systems in an apartment building in the city of Barnaul

The object of modernization was a panel residential apartment house 97th series for 205 apartments.

Average illumination index 8.7 ± 0.1 lux

Illumination measurement results according to GOST R 54944

The house has been managed by the Altai Homeowners Association (HOA) since 1997. At a meeting of the Board on April 7, 2011, it was decided to replace the collective lighting system, presented in the form of 170 incandescent lamps installed in entrances and vestibules, with energy efficient light sources. All lamps were centrally (in the electrical room) switched on through power diodes. The ceiling height is 2.63 m. The walls are half painted with light paint, the upper part of the walls and the ceiling are whitewashed. The results of measuring the illumination in the floor corridor are presented below.

The EIS of light was chosen LED lamp brand SLG-HL8. The cost of the work is 170,000 rubles. The term of work execution is 2 months.

According to the calculated data, the payback period was 2 years. After carrying out the work, to check the calculation data, a log was taken for registering the readings of electric meters, based on the results of which the graph is plotted, shown in the figure below. For improved visualization, a stepwise approximation of the obtained data was carried out.

Figure 9 - Household energy consumption for 2010-2013

The graph shows that after November 2011, when the work was completed, the cost of lighting from 45005500 kWh decreased to 1000-1200 kWh, and the total energy consumption decreased by 2 times (from 8000 to 4000 kWh). The energy consumption of the elevators has remained unchanged, but in the future, plans have been developed to carry out energy saving work in the elevators.
Another option for data visualization designed to represent the structure of total energy consumption is Figure 10.

Figure 10 - The structure of energy consumption at home for 2010-2014

It can be seen from the above diagram that before the modernization, the lighting costs were 2/3 of the ONE, after the modernization - less than 1/3. At the same time, the average annual energy saving is about 4000-12 = 48,000 kWh, which in monetary terms in electricity prices for 2011 is 48,000 1.79 = 85,920 rubles. With the cost of energy saving, the payback period was 1 year and 10 months. A decrease in the payback period is justified by bringing all lamps to a single nominal value - many residents, to improve illumination, installed a power of up to 200 watts instead of the standard 60 watt lamps. Lighting control systems - switches were also restored. The introduction of automation equipment played a role in part - motion sensors were installed on the emergency staircase.
A prerequisite was to bring the level of illumination in the entrances to the standard. The results of measuring the illumination after the upgrade are shown in the figure and table below.

Average illumination index 25.3 ± 0.1 lux. Illumination measurement results after modernization

An important feature of the measurements carried out is that they were carried out in 24-hour increments at the same time and with the same camera settings.

The figures show that the average in both cases is over 20 lux and averages 22 lux. These indications fully comply with SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10. This confirms the correctness of the choice of LED luminaires.

In 2014, incandescent lamps were replaced with LED lamps in elevator charges and in elevator cabins. It also reduced the energy consumption of the home, bringing it to 25% of the original value (from ~ 8000 to ~ 2000 kWh).