Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich (1770- 1846), navigator, admiral (1842), head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, explorer of the Far Eastern coast.

Born on November 19, 1770 in the Hagidi estate in Estlandia (now in Estonia). He graduated from the Sea Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg (1788). Participated in battles against the Swedes. Then he served as a volunteer in the English fleet: fought with the French in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of North America, went to the Antilles, in India and even in South China.

It was not possible to organize my own expedition to the Cruisestone, the first project (1799) The Government of Paul I rejected. But the second (1802) was adopted by Alexander I. Swimming continued more than three Years: Ships "Hope" and "Neva" came out of Kronstadt at the end of July 1803, crossed the Atlantic, then the Pacific Ocean, explored the Far East and through the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic returned home August 19, 1806

In the same year, Kruzhenstern was elected by the Honorary Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

On the Far East The navigator explored the Eastern, North and North-West Sakhalin coast and made detailed maps. Measuring the depths of the northern entrance to the Amur Liman, he confirmed the conclusion of J. F. Laperose that Sakhalin - Peninsula. (Subsequently, this conclusion was refuted.)

In 1811, Kruzenshtern became a teacher of the Maritime Cadet Corps, and from 1827 to 1842 - his director. At the initiative of Cruise, the highest officer class (now the Naval Academy) was created here.

In 1809-1812 Treatomic "journey around the world in 1803-1806 was published. On the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", and in 1813 - "Atlas to the Travel of Captain Kruzenshtern".

Admiral participated in the foundation of the Russian Geographical Society (1845).

Kruzenshtern, Ivan Fedorovich (1770-1846) - Admiral, first Russian traveler around the world swimming.

Biographical data. Military activities

Origin - noble. There was 3 years with a student of the marine corps in Kronstadt. In 1788, the War with the Swedes interrupted the teaching. It was produced in Michmans in 1789 and sent to the vehicle "Mstislav". Military activities began on this ship. He showed himself immediately in the goby battle in 1789, in the Eland and in marine battles with a red slide. After the Vyborg battle with the Swedes received the title of Lieutenant. From 1793 to 1799 he served in English ships in the Indian and Atlantic Ocean, as well as in the South China Sea. For merit received the next title of Captain Lieutenant. At the same time visited India, Barbados, Suriname and on the Bermuda Islands. I saw a kind of good hope, I visited China. At that time, he thought of the project of around the world. The implementation of this plan would have opened great prospects for the Russian fleet. When in 1799 it turned out to be in Russia, he immediately showed his project in the maritime ministry. But received a refusal. And only in 1802, round-tile swimming projects for trade communications with Baltic and Alaska were approved by Emperor Alexander I.

Trip around the world

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern headed the first Russian round-the-world expedition. In 1803, two small vessel "Neva" came out of Kronstadt and "Hope". The assistant on the "Neva" was his comrade, Captain-Lieutenant Lissean Yu. The purpose of the expedition was to supply goods to the Russian Pacific Fleet with the help of identifying new routes on the mouth of Amur and nearby territories. In this swimming, for the first time in the history of our fleet, ships crossed the equator. Further the way was lying south. In 1804, Cape Horn was reinforced. In the north of the Pacific, Kamchatka, Sakhalin and Kuril Islands were especially interesting.

Retoots around the world travel

In the summer of 1806, the expedition returned to Kronstadt. Huge work has been done throughout the path. The records were conducted, cards were compiled, plans. And of course, the morals and life of the savages occupied a special place in the stories of travelers. A large atlas with maps and a guide with a description of the trip was compiled. The sovereign highly appreciated the work of Cruisesttern and Lisyansky. A special medal was made. Travel had great value For the Russian Fleet. There were invaluable information about little-known countries, and it became possible to trade in the colonies by the sea. Geographical studies of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were described in detail in scientific issues I.F. Kruzenshtern. The three-grader "Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships" Nadezhda "and" Neva "translated into all European languages.

Teaching activities

In 1811, he received an appointment of an inspector of the Cadet Corps classes. And in 1814 he worked on the instruction for the new round-the-world expedition of 1815-1818. Visited England to order required tools For an expedition. In 1827 he became the director of the Marine Cadet Corps. Thanks to him there have a huge change in educational process. Library, Museum and Astronomical Observatory were created. Now this is the Naval Academy.

I.F. Kruzenshtern enjoyed great respect. Many famous navigaters for help in the preparation of expeditions appealed to him.

Memory

I lived an interesting and creative life. He died on August 12, 1846. In St. Petersburg in 1874 a monument was opened by I.F. Cruise-seater opposite the sea case. In honor of him, the Strait, Reef and Bark is named.

In 1993, the Bank of Russia issued memorable coins "First Russian World Travel".

Aeroflot airlines perpetuated the name I.F. Cruisesttern in the title of his airbus.

If this post you came in handy, Buda is glad to see you

(1770-1846)

Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern is an outstanding navigator and organizer of the first Russian round-the-world swimming, carried out under his command, was also a major hydrograph scientist and a teacher. He was born in Estland, near Tallinn (Revel), on November 19, 1770. He received an initial education at home, and from twelve years he studied at the Revel Cathedral School. In fifteen years of age, in 1785, I. F. Kruzenshtern was given to the sea corpus, which was then in Kronstadt. Due to the relatively late in the age of admission to the sea case, he had to continue the total, the so-called "Cadet" course in the continuation of a short biennium. After that, I. F. Kruzenshtern was produced in Midshipmen and began the passage of the mostly special naval items. Still being in the building, I. F. Kruzenshtern near his companion to release Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, the future satellite in the world

At this time, Russia led two wars at sea at the same time: with Sweden on the Baltic and Turkey on Black, in view of which an urgent purpose was required big number officers on the ships. Together with their comrades I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyani were previously released in the spring of 1788 from the corps, but without production in officers, and with the designation "for Michman". I. F. Kruzenshtern was appointed to the linear ship "Mstislav", which was commanded by the captain of the brigadyr rank G. I. Mulovsky, brilliant, combat, experienced sailor and a very cultural and educated officer.

All the first years of the service of the young Cruisesttern were held in a combat atmosphere and were marked by military exploits: in the period 1788-1790. On the ship "Mustislav" he participated in four battles with the Swedish fleet - Goginda, Eland, Revel and Vyborg, and all the time his ship was in the forefront. In these battles I. F. Kruzenshtern showed great courage and administrativeness and was rewarded first to Michmans (1789), and then for the difference in the capture of the Swedish counter-admiral ship - in Lieutenants (1790). G. I. Mulovsky was killed in the Eland battle, the commander of Mstislav, intended to the chiefs of the already trained round-the-world expedition, not sent because of the war. He had a great influence on I. F. Kruzhenstern and regained in his soul, the desire to achieve in the future of organizing the first Russian round-the-world swimming. After the conclusion of the world I. F. Cruzenshtern spent two years on the shore in Tallinn (Roal), and relatively small official employment allowed him to improve his nautical theoretical knowledge.

At that time, the Russian Navy, busy by the defense of his marine bubbles, could not allocate warships for long-term training overseas swimming pools. Therefore, the commissioning of young officers was practiced as volunteers on the Court of English navy, Whether in long-diving. Among the twelve distinguished young officers who were sent for 6 years (from 1793 to 1799) to England, I. F. Kruzenshtern, as well as his friend Yu. F. Lisya.

I. F. Cruzenshtern floated on various English ships off the coast of North America, visited the seaside cities of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Norfolk, and others, visited West Indies and on the Islands of Bermuda and Barbados, and in Dutch Guiana, Africa, India and China, after which he returned to England. During these swimming, he repeatedly participated in battles with the French. In the future, in the future, organize a world expedition in the future and put the path to India and China for Russian maritime trading to India and China, I. F. Kruzenshteon decided to visit those waters and explore the course of trade. In the English warship, he reached first to the Cape of Good Hope, and then further, to the Indian ports of Madras and Calcutta, from where he went to Malacca and Canton. Here he personally made sure to carry out trade relations between Russian possessions in North America and China. He made the return journey to England on a shopping ship of the English East India Company, and I visited the second time at the Cape of Good Hope and visited the island of St. Helena. Motherland Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern returned after a six-year lack of an experienced and knowledgeable navigator.

Returning to Russia, I. F. Kruzenshtern, during his absence produced in Captain Lieutenant, in 1800 he was appointed to the post of commander Brig "Neptune", on which he walked in Finnish Bay. Soon he decided to take measures to exercise his long-standing dream - the organization of the first Russian around the world travel, the project of which he was still during return on a ship from China to Europe. The idea of \u200b\u200bestablishing round-the-world messages with the eastern outskirts of Russia was not Nova. There were several developed plans for such expeditions in 1732, 1761, 1781 and 1786, however, for various reasons, these plans were not implemented. The closest to implementation was a circulation expedition, organized as part of four warships in 1786 under the superior of the captain of the 1st rank of G. I. Mulovsky. For this expedition, ships were already allocated, equipped with a personnel, and the official goal of the expedition was supporting the planned government statement on accession to Russia open by Russian people in North America territories, delivery of goods to Okhotsk, establishing trade connections with China and Japan and opening on the path of new Land.

Russian government, however, was forced to refuse to send an expedition in view of the Russian-Swedish and russian-Turkish Wars and complications of the general political situation in Europe.

At the beginning of the XIX century. Political and economic conditions were more favorable for the organization of the circular expedition. From the end of the XVIII century. In Tsarist Russia, capitalist relations are beginning to develop, destroying a closed natural economy, the number of manufactories increases, and markets are growing agriculture, Trade is expanding. For the delivery of goods and the export of flies from Russian possessions in Alaska and on the Aleutian Islands, more convenient ways of the message were required. Transportation of goods on land across the entire Asian mainland in almost full off-road conditions were long and difficult. Russian round-the-world swimming was also a natural stage of the progress of intensively developed Russian science. According to the project I. F. Kruzhensterna was supposed after the end of the first world diving, to organize the right maritime report between Russian European ports and Russian possessions in America. At the same time, the intended swimming should have been scientific, to promote new geographical discoveries and research on the little-known seas and oceans.

However, the initial project I. F. Kruzenshtern, despite the fact that it was based on thorough calculations, did not meet sympathy among the leaders of the Maritime Ministry. But after the palace coup 1801, the leadership of the Maritime Department passed to a more enlightened, cultural seaman Admiral N. S. Mortrenov, who, together with the new Minister of Commerce N. P. Rumyantsev, became interested in the project I. F. Kruzenshtern. At the initiative of Rumyantsev, a Russian-American company took part in the implementation of the expedition. By decision of the government, the expedition was supposed to include two ships, and all the costs of the content of one of them were accepted for a state account, and on the second to the account of the Russian-American company. The head of the expedition and the commander of one of the ships was appointed I. F. Kruzenshtern, and both ships were allowed to go under military flags. Dreams I. F. Kruzenshtern gradually carried out. Naturally, he thought about his comradist Yu. F. Lysyansky, with whom he was used to share these dreams in his youth. Yu. F. Lisya willingly agreed to this proposal.

I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lysyansky insisted on the construction of vessels for the expedition on Russian shipyards, but representatives of the Russian-American company decided to acquire them abroad. For this purpose, Yu. F. Lisya in September 1802 was sent to England, where he bought two small ships in need of repair. These ships that received new names of "Nadezhda" (displacement of 450 tons) and "non-displacement of 370 tons) came to Kronstadt in early June 1803, where their thorough preparation for the upcoming responsible swimming began. I. F. Kruzenshterna accepted the ship "Nadezhda", and Yu. F. Lisya - the ship "Neva". The preparation of the expedition was carried out extremely thoughtfully, and the instructions and selection of nautical instruments and supply items for it were long served as a sample for subsequent expeditions.

On the ships there were complete collections of marine cards and a well-chosen library. The expedition had a lot of anti-cutting agents among their stocks. Ship provision was purchased best quality. In the Equipment of the Expedition, the Academy of Sciences took active participation, taking the inspection of some tools, drawing up instructions (by mineralogy, nerd, zoology); On May 8, 1803, the head of the expedition I. F. Kruzenshtern was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences. The personnel of the expedition was selected particularly carefully commander of each of the ships, and all the sailors and non-commissioned officers went as volunteers. The crew of the Nadezhda ship consisted of eight officers, two doctors and 52 non-officers and sailors; In addition, it was three scientists (astronomer and two natural scientists) and three volunteers. On the ship "Nadezhda", he followed the Russian ambassador N. P. Rezanov with a retinue, so that the total number of personnel on it reached 76 people. Among the officers was an experienced senior officer Lieutenant M. Ratmanov and the future famous navigator F. F. Bellinshausen, and among volunteers, it was also subsequently known for his scientific circular expeditions O. E. Kotsebu. On the ship "Neva" consisted of six officers, one doctor, two people from the Sweet Ambassador and 44 Unter-Officers and Sailors, and only 53 people. About the selection of personnel I. F. Kruzenshtern later wrote: "I was advised to take several and foreign sailors, but I, knowing the preferential properties of Russian, koi, even English prefer, I did not agree to the Council. On both ships, except in. Gorner, Tilesius, Langsdorf and Libanda, there was no foreigner in the journey. "

The expedition route was pre-scheduled in the following form: both ship followed together from Kronstadt around Cape Gorna in the Pacific Ocean and the Hawaiian (sandwichevic) islands are divided: "Hope" goes further to Japan with the Ambassador Rezanov and, on the fulfillment of diplomatic order - for wintering To about. Kodiak; "Neva" follows from the Hawaiian Islands right to the shores of North America and the winters also y about. Kodiak; The next summer, both ships are carrying goods to Canton, from where they return to Russia together, around Cape of Good Hope.

On June 26, 1803, the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" came out of Kronstadt and after short-term approach to Copenhagen, Falmouth and the Canary Islands went to the shores of Brazil, where on the raid about. Saint Catherine was detained for more than a month for repair required. It was the first case of the transition of Russian ships in the southern hemisphere. During the campaign, the personnel of the expedition and scientists have continuously produced various oceanographic, meteorological and zoological observations, which were subsequently published and accounted for a valuable contribution to geographic science. During parking of ships in tropical ports, scientists were engaged in the collection of ethnographic, zoological and botanical collections, upon returning the expedition to the homeland transferred to various museums in which it is stored so far. On February 20, 1804, both ships jointly reincarnated Cape Horn, but after the storm separated: I. F. Kruzenshtern went to the Marquis Islands, and Yu. F. Lisynsky - on about. Easter, after which both ships again connected from about. Nukagiv belonging to the group of Marquis Islands.

Already at this first stage of swimming in the Pacific Ocean, the Russian navigators were performed (except for systematic meteorological and oceanographic observations) a number of scientific geographic works: Cruisestrenn and Lisyani compiled detailed geographical descriptions as about. Nukagiv and the whole group of the Marquis Islands, and Lissean amounted to a dictionary of local adveria; Lisyansky, in addition, being in close proximity to about. Easter, corrected a mistake in determining its geographic coordinates admitted to Cup.

Following the previously installed route, both ships were then headed for the Hawaiian Islands, in view of which on June 7, 1804. They were divided: I. F. Cruzenshtern proceeded without stopping directly to Kamchatka, and Yu. F. Lisynsky before departing to the Aleutian Islands went to replenish Provisions to one of the Hawaii Islands. "Nadezhda" arrived on July 14, 1804 in the Petropavlovsk Harbor, where the goods of the Russian-American company were handed over and was fully repaired. After a six-week parking, August 27, I. F. Cruzenshtern left Petropavlovsk in Nagasaki to deliver the Russian ambassador to Japan. The ship "Nadezhda" was walking along the eastern shores of Hokkaido Islands and Honshu and turned out from the south of about. Kyushu. On the path of I. F. Kruzenshtern, together with officers and scientists dealt with check existing cards And described the southern bank about. Kyushu. On the last stage The "Nadezhda" transition withstood Typhoon exceptional strength and hardly lost mast. During this transition I. F. Kruzenshtern corrected the position of the Van-Dimema Strait, incorrectly applied in English and French maps.

For six months, from October 8 to April 17, 1805, the ship "Nadezhda" stood in Nagasaki, expecting the end of diplomatic negotiations, ended, in the end, failure: The Japanese government refused to accept the embassy. Now, I. F. Kruzenshterna to change the rezanov to Petropavlovsk and then follow to the Canton to connect to Yu. F. Lisyansky for the subsequent return to his homeland. For this period of his swimming, Kruzenshtern has identified a whole program of geographical research and decided: 1) First of all, study the Japanese Sea, in that epoch, almost unfamiliar to the navigators, and describe his coast, 2) to describe the southern and east coast of Sakhalin, 3) to find out, there is a la Strait between this island and the mainland, and 4) to pass any new strait between the Kuril Islands, located north of the Strait of Busol. Almost all this program he fulfilled, partly at the transition to Petropavlovsk, partially somewhat later.

In the Japanese Sea I. F. Kruzenshtern entered the eastern passage of the TsushimskSSO Strait, called later by his name. Next, he examined individual sections of the west coast. Honshu and the whole Western and Northwest part of the shores about. Hokkaido with access to them. A number of coastal points and bays, he gave Russian names. Further, I. F. Kruzenshtern came out of the Japanese sea of \u200b\u200bthe Laperus Strait and described in detail and studied the Aniva Bay of Aniva Bay and part of the eastern shore of Sakhalin, and made an important geographical discovery by that time, establishing the identity of Sakhalin and Karafuto "

Along the east coast were described and laid on the card of the shore of the Bay of patience (also with a visit to the shore). Upon comes from the Bay of Patience, "Nadezhda" met ice, because of which I. F. Kruzenshtern decided to immediately follow in Petropavlovsk and return to the caulation of patience at a more favorable time. In the southern and eastern shores of Sakhalin, a number of geographical objects, capes, bays, rivers and mountains were assigned Russian names.

After that, I. F. Cruzenshtern headed for the Kuril Islands for their description, but fog, bad visibility and stormy weather prevented him. Nevertheless, north of the Strait, now wearing his name, I. F. Kruzenshtern opened a group of dangerous low islands, which he called "stone traps." From the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk in the Pacific Ocean "Nadezhda" passed the strait between the islands of Onekotan and Harimhotan, now wearing the name of the Karnitsyn. Finally, on June 5, 1805, Nadezhda came to Petropavlovsk.

After serving Rezanov with a retinue, which the naturalist launchesdorf, the unloading of Japanese cargoes and the necessary Peremonov "Nadezhda" began again at the sea again and went directly to the cape of patience, entering the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, named by the Kruzenshtern ship " Having come to the caulation of patience and defining its exact location, I. F. Kruzenshtern went to the north along the eastern shore of Sakhalin, describing it (places with a parcel to the head of officers), causing a map by defining the location of the cavities, many of which were named after them in honor His officers (Cape Ratmanov, Bellinshausen). Having reached the northern tip of Sakhalin and calling her Cape Elizabeth, Cruzenshtern crossed this cape from the north, as well as neighboring Cape Mary, and headed to the Sakhalin Bay. Here he came only to the northern entrance to the Amur Liman, where his ship lay down in a drift, and one of the officers on the rowing boat was sent to the south to determine the depth and width of the "Channel" leading to the mouth of the Amur. A large mistake of I. F. Kruzenshtern was a superficial study of a very important question about whether Sakhalin is an island or peninsula. Based on a very indefinite data reported by his officer, about a strong course from the south, about the presence of small depths and, finally, about the foreground nature of the water, he concluded that the end-to-end pass between the island and the mainland does not exist. It is possible that the conclusions of the Cruise line influenced the opinion of such authorities as Lapruz and Bruton. This error could become fatal and stop further searching for the yield to the Pacific Ocean, if it were not for the courage and perseverance of another Russian navigator G. I. Nevelsky, who in 1850 denied the opinion of his predecessor to the opening of the Strait (named after him) connecting the Amur Liman With the Tatar Strait, which found a deep-water entrance to the mouth of the Amur and who had established that Sakhalin island.

The north-west coast of Sakhalin was examined in detail with access to the shore. Not daring to "dare", as I. F. Cruzenshtern writes in the description of his journey, following its relatively deep-seated ship further south and striving on the appointed time to connect to the canton with Yu. F. Lisyansky, he decided to turn to the north and follow In Petropavlovsk in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. Despite the failure of I.F. Kruzenshtern with a survey of the entrance to Amur, his biographer, the famous Russian marine historian F. F. Velgo, correctly appreciated the merits of the navigator, indicating that already what was done by Cruise, is enough to give the name Kruzenshtern one Of the honorable places in the history of hydrography. "All this is done, with the exception of the month spent in the Petropavlovsk port, just 87 days, and this is in places, first visited, in the seas, where the whole summer is dominated by fog. Suffice it to say that in these 87 days of some astronomical definitions of items is gained more than 100, and the extension of the coast of at least 1,500 miles has been examined and the extension. In the Okhotsk Sea "Nadezhda" passed nearby about. Ions and clarified it geographical position. From the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea "Nadezhda" came out the fourth Kuril Strait and on August 30, anchored in the Petropavlovsk port. In early October 1805, I. F. Kruzenshtern came out of Petropavlovsk and on the way to China intended to clarify the location of a number of islands applied to foreign maps, the existence of which seemed doubtful to him. I unsuccessfully looking for these islands, which turned out to be non-existent, I. F. Cruzenshtern turned from East Japan, Island Ryuku and Taiwan and on November 20 came to the port of Macau.

On December 1, 1805, "Neva" arrived there, led by Yu. F. Lysyansky. In the canton (or rather, on the vamp raid), the expedition ships took the large amount of Chinese goods and on February 9, 1806, together went on the way back to their homeland. In the Indian Ocean, during the fog, both ships served and followed on their own. I. F. Kruzhenstern, after a 79-day transition went to about. St. Helena, where he received the news about the war of Russia with France. Fearing meetings with the enemy, he headed to his homeland around the Shetland Islands and, making an 86-day transition, came to Copenhagen, where he stood four days. On August 19, 1805, he became anchored on the Kronstadt raid. This ended the first Russian round-the-world swimming, which lasted three years and twelve days.

Three-year round-the-world swimming I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lysyansky amounted to a whole epoch in the history of Russian geographic science, the Russian navy.

The scientific results of the expedition except the geographical discoveries already mentioned and applying surveys and ports on the cards are still in the new method of oceanographic research. I. F. Kruzenshtern on "Nadezhda" observed deep temperatures, using shortly before the invented Six thermometer for the largest and smallest temperatures. He and his companion Astronomer Gornger produced vertical series of temperature observations in seven places, and all the deep-sea observations were conducted in nine places. The famous Soviet Oceanographer and Geographer Yu. M. Shokalsky believed that in time it was generally the first observations of the vertical rows of temperatures at the depths in the ocean. I. F. Kruzenstend paid great attention to the study of adorid-tidy phenomena and personally engaged in observations over the tides and lowers during the long parking of his ship in Nagasaki. For all the time of its sailing, Russian sailors and scientists determined the direction and speed of flows, the magnitude of the compass declining was made meteorological observations. I. F. Kruzenchtern personally belongs to a summary of all observations over the elements of the flows, which were outlined from the comparison of the ship's challenges with certain astronomical observations. Astronomer Gorner summarized hydrological and meteorological observations and investigated specific gravity Water B. various districts. It is interesting to note that the expedition first found that " sea \u200b\u200bwater It is not lit from the movement and friction of the particles of the particles, but what is really a wine of that essence of organic matter. "

It is possible to approve with full right that the first Russian round-the-world swimming laid the beginning and created the basis of the new industry of geographic science - oceanography.

It should be noted that Russian navigaters determined their coordinates with accuracy, twice as much as their direct predecessors are foreign navigators (for example, Vancouver). Sailing I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lysyansky was not only the first Russian round-world swimming, but also the first Russian swimming in general, in which longitude was determined no less often than latitudes and with a high enough, even by our modern concepts, accuracy. The breadth of the "hope" and "neve" was determined at midday altitudes of the Sun, when the weather conditions allowed, on average 20-23 times a month staying under the sails in the sea, and the longitude was the altitude of the sun, measured at the first vertical and chronometers, 19-20 times. Thus, longitude was determined based on the sharing of these heights of the heights of the sun, taking into account the moves of chronometers and measurement of lunar distances (chronometers were displayed 2-3 times a month).

Consequently, large scientific results of the expedition are explained not only by the art and courage of Russian sailors but also by the skillful use of them of the most advanced methods and techniques of shipments and the latest accurate devices.

Expedition members compiled detailed geographical and statistical descriptions of Kamchatka, Marquis Islands, coastal areas of Southeast China and Russian possessions in North America, brief dictionaries In several languages, materials were collected about religious beliefs, the nrules and other features of various nationalities.

Thanks to the excellent organization of the expedition, a good supply and care of the personnel on the part of the command for all three years on both ships was not not only a single death case, but not even a single serious disease; There were also no losses in the material part.

The expedition was met at home with a large triumph. I. F. Kruzenshtern was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences and a member of the Admiralty Department and was produced in the captains of the 2nd rank.

From 1807 to 1809, he consisted in the St. Petersburg port on the shore and was engaged in the processing of materials of his expedition. The three-volume essay of I. F. Cruzenshtern "Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806" with the application of an excellent engraved atlas of cards and drawings was published in 1809-1812. And it was translated into most European languages. The first two volumes contain a detailed description of the navigation, and in the third volume, scientific articles were collected by I. F. Kruzhenstern and scientists of experts of the expedition on oceanography, meteorology, ethnography, etc.

In 1809, I. F. Kruzenshtern was produced in the captains of the 1st rank and appointed commander of the Linear Ship "Grace". It was his last construction and swimming on a combat ship (he subsequently repeatedly in summer time Commed by the educational squadron of the marine corps). In 1811, he received an appointment by an inspector of the maritime corps classes, but carried out this position very long and was dismissed by eye illness in long-term leave. This holiday, which he spent in his estate near the city of Rakver (formerly Wenberg) in Estonia, was entirely devoted to scientific classes, the fruit of which was the release of the capital edition of the South Sea Atlas with the appendix of two volumes of hydrographic explanations. From his vacation, he was called several times to perform various orders. So, in 1814, he was engaged in the organization of the circular expedition O. E. Kotzebu at Brig "Rurik", for which he, being in England, ordered astronomical and seaworthy instruments, and in 1918 compiled a special note on the organization of the first Russian Antarctic Expedition . In 1818, he was appointed to attend the harvesting of ship forests. In 1819, I. F. Kruzenshtern was produced in the captain commanders.

Wonderful work I. F. Kruzenshtern "Atlas of the Southern Sea" with two volumes of explanations in Russian and french It was published in 1824-1826. In this work, he used the results of all Russian and foreign swimming and personal experience and amounted to the most detailed and most reputable maps of the Pacific Ocean, who deserved recognition around the world. Work on the Matters of the Pacific Ocean did not end with the exit to the light of "Atlas": until the end of his life I. F. Kruzhenstern continued to follow all new swimming in the Pacific Ocean and made corrections to his cards (in 1835 he issued additions to his "explanations "). There was not a single chief of a Russian or foreign expedition, which would not consider his moral debt to inform the author of the Atlas or other comments and additions to his cards. The South Sea Atlas was awarded the full Demidov Award of the Academy of Sciences.

In 1826, a long-lasting vacation I. F. Kruzhenstern. After the production of the counter-admiral, he was appointed inspector of classes and assistant director of the sea corps, and already in the next. 1827 - Director of this building and a member of the Admiralty College. From this time, his fifteen-year-old pedagogical and educational work begins as a Marine Corps Director. In it, he showed his progressive ideas in the education of the young generation of sailors, significantly improved the pedagogical process, organized laboratories and cabinets, an astronomical observatory and a museum, picked up qualified teachers' qualified personnel, paid great attention to the teaching of foreign languages. He was a jar of the champion of the need for seafarers of higher special education and organized the so-called officer classes with a three-year course of study, which were subsequently renamed the Marine Academy. At the invitation of the Director, in these classes lectures they read such outstanding scientists as academics M. V. Oratogradsky, V. Ya. Bunyakovsky, E. X. Lenz and A. Ya. Kuver. Progressive reforms I. F. Kruzenshtern met the opposition among the reaction officers, and one of the reasons for his resignation should be considered the contradiction of these reforms of the Spirit and the businesses of the Nikolaev regime. In 1829, Kruzenshtern was produced in Vice Admirals, in 1841 - in Admirals and in the same year was expelled from the post of director of the sea corps, but until the death was mostly listed on the actual naval service.

I. F. Cruzenshtern on the whole period of his life after returning from the world swimming intensively engaged scientific activities And supported scientific ties with the most prominent Russian and foreign scientists. He was an excellent linguist and conducted correspondence with Humboldt, Murchison, famous Spanish Espinosis Cartographer and other major scientific authorities in the field of cartography and hydrography. His scientific merit was highly appreciated: he was an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences, an honorary doctor of the Philosophy of the University of Derpto and a corresponding member of many foreign scientific societies and institutions. I. F. Kruzhenstern was one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society.

Jubilee I. F. Kruzenshtern, celebrated with great solemnity in early 1839, turned into his genuine triumph, but the anniversary was especially valuable at the celebration of two old-world sailors, the former participants of his worldwide swimming worked in St. Petersburg from the most remote inquiry of Russia .

I. F. Kruzhenstern died on August 24, 1846 in his estate ass, near Rakvere (Lenberg), and was buried in Tallinn (Roal) in the Vyshgorod Church. On the Embankment of the Vasilyevsky Island opposite the Marine Corps in St. Petersburg, a monument was made on funds collected among his students and teachers.

The name of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern entered the history of domestic science as the name of the brave navigator, the organizer of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, as a fiery patriot, as a major hydrograph, and as a charming, humane, progressive figure.

Bibliography

1. Swedere E. E. Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern / E. E. Swedes // People of Russian Science. Essays about outstanding figures of natural science and technology. Geology and geography. - Moscow: State Publishing House of Physics and Mathematical Literature, 1962. - P. 382-393.

Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich, biography.

Biography is published on the polar encyclopedia of a schoolboy "Arctic - My House", Tom "The Story of Mastering the North in the Biographies of the famous people" (M., 2001).

Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich (1770-1846), navigator, Pacific researcher, hydrograph scientist, one of the founders of domestic oceanology, admiral, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Born in Northern Estonia in a poor noble family. Early graduated from the Sea Cadet Corps. In 1793-1799 served as a volunteer in English courts in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, as well as in the South China Sea. Upon return, Kruzenshtern was represented twice projects of direct trading communication between Russian ports in Baltic and Alaska. In 1802 he was appointed head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

In the summer of 1803, he left Kronstadt on two sluts - "Nadezhda" (there was a mission to Japan at the head of N. Rezanov) and "Neva" (Captain Y. Lisynsky). The main goal of the swimming is the study of the mouth of the Amur and the adjacent territories to identify convenient bases and routes of supplying the Pacific Fleet. Courts reinforced Cape Horn (March 1804) and three weeks dispersed. A year later, Kruzenshtern on the "Nadezhda", "closing" on the path of mythical lands southeast of Japan, arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. He then delivered N. Rezanov in Nagasaki and, returning in the spring of 1805 to Petropavlovsk, described the Northern and Eastern shores of patience of the Bay. In the summer, the shooting works continued, for the first time I filmed about 1000 kilometers of the eastern, northern and partially Western shore of Sakhalin, adopting it for the peninsula. At the end of the summer, 1806 returned to Kronstadt.

The participants of the first Russian round-the-world expedition made a significant contribution to science, removing a non-existent island from the card and specifying the position of many geographic points. They opened interpassate antiflays in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, measured the water temperature at depths to 400 meters, determined its proportion, transparency and color; They found out the cause of the glow of the sea, gathered numerous data on the pressure of the atmosphere, tides and lowers in the waters of the World Ocean.

Around the world sailing cruise.

At the beginning Patriotic War 1812 a third of their state (1000 rubles) Kruzenshtern sacrificed to popular militia. Almost a year spent in England as part of the Russian diplomatic mission. In 1809-1812, he published a three-volume "travel around the world ...", translated in seven countries of Europe, and "Atlas to the Travel ...", which included more than 100 cards and drawings. In 1813 he was elected a member of the Academies and Scientific Societies of England, France, Germany and Denmark.

In 1815, Kruzenshtern went to a permanent vacation for treatment and scientific training. Compiled and published a two-volume "Southern Sea Atlas" with extensive hydrographic notes. In 1827-1842 he was the director of the Marine Cadet Corps, became the initiator of the creation of a senior officer class under it, subsequently transformed into the Naval Academy. On the initiative of Kruzenshtern, the circulation of O. Kotzebu (1815-1818), Expedition M. Vasilyeva - G. Shishmareva (1819-1822), F. Bellinshausen - M. Lazarev (1819-1821), M. Stanyukovich - F. Litka (1826-1829).

The benefit of Russia Krusenstern put out above all. Without afraid of the consequences, boldly condemned the serfdom in the country and the laid discipline in the army. Respect for human dignity, modesty and punctuality, extensive knowledge and talent of the organizer attracted to the researcher of people. Many outstanding domestic and foreign navigators and travelers appealed to him.

The name of Kruzhenstern is called 13 geographic objects in different parts Planets: two atoll, island, two straits, three mountains, three capes, reef and lip. In St. Petersburg, in 1869, a monument to Cruzenchtern was established.

Bark Kruzenshtern.

The training sailing ship "Cruzenshtern" is a four-worst Bark, named after the famous Russian navigator Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzhenstern (the Adam Johann von Krusstern). Port of the registry of the vessel - Kaliningrad.

The famous German shipowner from Hamburg, Ferdinand Lairesh, ordered in 1925 at the shipyard J. Teklenborg in Guestcorn near Bremerhaven Large Steel Sailboat - four-mahth bark for the Kapgorkorn line. Less than a year went to build a case.

For a long tradition, the names of the courts built for the company "F. Laeizs, "gave women from a large family of the head of the company, and these names were to begin with the letter" P ". This time, such a high honor got the daughter of one of the shipowners, Erica F. Layesha, eleven-year-old Kristina Laysh. The girl's hand was not fluttered, the bottle of champagne crashed on a forged shy belt. Calling children's voice said: "Call you" Padua ". It is unlikely that anyone could then assume that a new sailboat is intended for a long and glorious fate.

"Padua" entered the top ten largest sailboats of the world. The largest length of it is 114.5 m, the width is 14.02m, the precipitate on the structural line is 7.2 m, the total displacement is 6400 tons.

The general view of the four-matt Barca "Kruzenshtern".

1 - Fock; 2 - Lower Form Marseille; 3 - Upper Form Marseille; 4 - Lower Form Brahms; 5 - Upper Form Brahms; 6 - FOR-BA-BRAMSEL; 7 - Grotto; 8 - Nizhny Grota Marcel; 9 - Upper Grotto Marcel; 10 - Lower Grotto Brahsel; 11 - Upper Grotto Brahsel; 12 - Grotto Bromo Brahsel; 13 - Grotto II; 14 - Lower Marseille II of Gott; 15 - Upper Marseille II Gott; 16 - Lower Brahms of Gott; 17 - Upper Brahms II of Gott; 18 - Bom-Brahmsel II of Gott; 19 - Bom-Kliver; 20 - Middle Cleaver (MIDL-Cleaver); 21 - Cleaver; 22 - Form-wall-Staxel; 23 - Grotto-wall-Staxel; 24 - Grotto-Brah-wall-Staxel; 25 - Step-Staxel II of Gott; 26 - Brah-wall-Staxel II of Gott; 27 - Axel; 28 - Cryers-Wall-Staxel; 29 - Lower Bizan; 30 - Upper Bizan; 31 - Gaf-topselle; 32 - Polinets; 33 - cabinet; 34 - boat deck; 35 - chassis bridge on the navigator cutting; 36 - Machine cap; 37 - radio; 38 - Handle control post.

In its four trims with tweaks, the ship could take 4,000 tons of cargo. Sailing arms "Padua" was simplified. On the deck, the mast was Marsofal, branded and brasie winches, along the sides were hand-held mechanical spiers for working with lower sails. All this allowed a smaller crew to cope with a huge sailboat and a heavy mast. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe sails, which the ship could carry on 4-masts with a height of 56 meters, ranged from 3400 to 3,800 square meters. meters. The weight of the entire mast - 200 tons. According to all the data, "Padua" was classic and, as it will be more years later, the last windjammer is a squeezing of the wind.

Carl Schuberg was appointed to Padua Captain. From 1926 to 1941, the sailboat has committed a total of seventeen flights, fifteen of which were transochante - in Chilean ports of South America and Australia. Twenty-eight times ohibal Vindjammer Cape Horn, tens of thousands of tons of cargo were transported in his holds.

After the end of World War II, it was decided to divide the German fleet between the winner countries: the USSR, the USA and England. In January 1946, the Soviet Naval Flag was raised at Padua, and in February, the ship was called "Cruzenshtern" - in honor of Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, 1803 - 1806, a hydrograph scientist, educator of the whole Pleiada Wonderful Russian navigators. In 1959 - 1961, Kruzenshtern was held overhaul and retrofitting in the Kronstadt Marine Order of Lenin Plant.

After repair, for five years, the expedition-oceanographic vessel "Kruzenshtern" as part of a large group of other vessels carried out research work in the Atlantic Ocean under the program of the USSR Academy of Sciences and at the same time ensured the maritime practice of naval educational institutions. Commed by a sailboat Captain 1 rank Pavel Vasilyevich Vlasov.

In June 1967, the Kruzenshtern training sailboat was released from the port of Riga to his first flight under the Penal Fleet of the USSR Fish Industry.

The beginning of the next repair of Barca "Kruzenshtern" in the Kronstadt maritime factory refers to 1968. It was conducted according to the rules and under the supervision of the Sea Register of the USSR.

In January 1972, the captains change occurred: P.V. Vlasov transferred their powers to the senior assistant G.G. Savchenko Osmolovsky. Then the Captain of the vessel was appointed Ivan Grigorievich Schneider.

In 1977-1983, the captains of Kruzenshtern changed every 2-3 flights on Kruzenshtern. IG Schneder retired, he was replaced by a former colleague in military service for EOS "Kruzenshtern" Vladimir Trofimovich Roaev. Then Vladimir Alexandrovich Tolmasov - Sailor-sailboat from Murmansk took over to the bridge. In 1978, the Captain of the vessel was appointed Jan Anufrievich. Broaderis, a former military sailor who served for several years on Eos "Kruzenshtern" at one time with I.G. Shneider. Later he was replaced by Alexey Borisovich carriers.

In 1983, UPS "Kruzenshtern" was transferred from the Baltic detachment of training vessels in the port of Riga to the production association of the Fish industry "Estrybprom" in the port of Tallinn. Captain on the "Kruzenshtern" at that time was Gennady Vasilyevich Kolomensky. In 1991, it was accomplished, we can say historical event For the training four-person Barka "Kruzenshtern". According to the order of the Ministry of Fisheries No. 113 of March 25, 1991, the vessel was transferred from the association "Estrybprom" in Tallinn Kaliningrad Higher Engineering Maritime School (Quime) in Kaliningrad.

Today, Bark "Kruzenshtern" belongs to the Baltic State Academy of Fleet Fleet of Russia and is used for training purposes. Bark regularly participates in international sailing regattas.

The greatest success in the international regattas "Kruzenshtern" achieved in 1992 in the regatta dedicated to the 500th anniversary of the opening of America. Crowenshtern won the race from Boston to Liverpool. During this race, he developed a record speed - 17.4 knots (32.4 km / h).

Already in the Soviet Union, Bark "Kruzenshtern" under the command of Captains P. V. Vlasov and N. T. Shulgi made a swim from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. From 1976 to 1984, the Captain of the vessel was I. G. Schneider, then G. V. Kolomensky, then Oleg Konstantinovich Sedov. Today Captain Novikov Mikhail Vyacheslavovich.

In addition:

Admiral I.F. Kruzenshtern brief biography