To use the entire possible area, give the house originality and significantly reduce heat loss through the roof - these are the tasks that the attic solves. If there is a certain margin of safety at the foundation in this way, you can turn cottage in a two-level. It is also attractive that a mansard roof was built with your own hands, even without the presence of special construction skills. It is important not to be mistaken with the choice of materials and do everything according to the rules.

The windows on the regular floor are located in the walls. There are no or almost no walls in the attic. They are replaced by a roof. Therefore, the windows are made special: they must not only transmit light in sufficient quantities, but also withstand wind and snow loads which are much larger on the roof than on the walls.

Roof windows

When planning an attic, it is worth considering the recommendations of SNiP. They recommend making the area of ​​windows not less than 10% of the floor area. So if the attic will be divided into several rooms, there should be a window in each.

Of all the methods shown in the photo for arranging roof windows with an attic, an inclined installation is the easiest to implement. In this case, it is necessary to ensure the proper degree of waterproofing of the junction, as well as to use special models with a reinforced frame and reinforced glass - the load on the surface can be significant.

Advantages of a tilted roof window:

• more light, less sharp boundaries of light and shadow;
• the surface of the roof remains flat, its relief is not complicated;
• relatively easy installation.

When planning such a window, it must be remembered that its area increases with an increase in the angle of inclination. At what height it is more convenient to install such a window and how its height increases in centimeters depending on the tilt, look at the photo.

The steeper the slope relative to the floor, the lower the window height should be.

The width of the window frame should be 4-6 cm less than the step between the rafters. Then it can be easily installed without disturbing the structure of the frame. If the window is wider, you need to do reinforced beam above it, calculate the load.

If you need to have a larger window, it is easier to put two narrow ones side by side. They look no worse than one big one, and there will be fewer problems.

When installing a dormer window, the geometry of the roof becomes more complicated: a valley appears on top and on the sides. Because of this, the rafter system becomes more complex both in planning and in assembly. The complexity of the installation of the roof covering also increases. All valleys are where leaks are most likely to occur. Therefore, everything must be done very carefully here. In regions with a large amount of snow, it is advisable to install snow holders above such windows so that they are not blown away during a sharp descent.

Arrangement of a vertical window-dormer in the attic roof

The advantage of such a window: you can stand near it in full growth. But they let in less light, the relief becomes more difficult and the roof becomes more problematic.

A recessed window is usually used if you make an exit to the balcony through it. In other cases, this device method is not the best way: little light enters, the shadows turn out to be very deep, which is tiring for the eye, the geometry also becomes more complicated, although not to the same extent as in the previous version.

The easiest way is to make a window at the end of the attic. In this case, you do not need a reinforced frame or reinforced glass. It is quite enough just high-quality glasses. It is this option that can most often be seen in summer cottages: this is the most inexpensive option, which is easily implemented with your own hands.

Rafter system

When self-building private houses with an attic, usually a broken roof is chosen. It allows you to get a room of a large area, larger than under the gable.

With an equal width of the base (house), an attic room under a broken roof turns out to be larger than under a conventional gable. The rafter system becomes more complex, but the gable roof with an attic under a sloping roof is still more popular.

The construction of the sloping mansard roof is such that the overhangs can be lowered quite low, giving the house an interesting look. But the long overhang of the roof serves not only a decorative role. They also cover the upper part of the wall from precipitation and divert the bulk of the water away from the foundation. Although when planning you need to keep in mind that in strong winds they increase windage. Because of this, it is necessary to use more powerful boards and beams. Therefore, the size of the roof overhang is chosen based on several considerations, the main of which is weather conditions.

Tilt angle

Depends on the roofing material, but most of all - on the region and weather conditions. The classic version is shown in the figure: the lower slopes in relation to the attic floor plane are inclined by 60 °, the upper ones - by 30 °. Based on these data and the parameters of your building, all lengths can be calculated. It is only worth considering that according to SNiP, the ceiling height in the attic cannot be less than 2 m. Then, by definition, it is an attic. A person will feel comfortable if the ceiling is raised to a height of at least 2.2-2.3 m. Based on this, according to the rules of geometry, calculate the required lengths.

In the classic version, the load from precipitation on the side surfaces may not be taken into account. Precipitation will be able to stay only on the upper part, the angle of inclination of which is less than 45 °.

In general, the inclination of the side surfaces usually ranges between 45 ° and 80 °. The steeper the slope, the more windage it has, this must be taken into account: in regions with strong winds, it is better to make flatter roofs. Then wind loads will be perceived much better.

Types of rafter systems of sloping roofs

The construction of a sloping mansard roof is one of the options for the rafter system (the most common)

To make a broken roof frame with their own hands, they most often use pine lumber, grade - at least 2. The choice of the section of the timber and boards depends on the size of the roof, the selected roofing (its weight), the wind and snow load in the region, the step of installing the rafters. All these parameters are taken into account in the calculation. The technique is prescribed in SNiP 2.08.01-89 and TKP 45-5.05-146-2009.

One of the options for constructing a frame with hanging rafters

Above in the figure will lead a drawing of a frame with hanging rafters. It can only be realized if the base of the upper triangle is no more than 4.5 meters (in this case, it is the width attic room). If more, you will have to make layered rafters, which should rest on the load-bearing wall in the middle (the attic will turn out to be divided into two parts by a row of beams).

Another version of the upper part is shown in the photo below (the picture is clickable). In this case, the side rafters are reinforced with struts. They significantly increase the rigidity of the system.

There is a second way to achieve a similar effect - to establish contractions - in the figure, they are only outlined with barely visible lines. The length of the lateral rafter leg is divided by three, and contractions are set in these places. They will be needed if the roofing will have a solid weight.

A variant of the device for the rafter system of a broken roof - with struts that increase the rigidity of the system

For a small building in terms of dimensions, the roof frame can be generally simple: at the top there are two hanging rafter legs, a tightening, floor beams, racks and side rafters (pictured below).

The device of the rafter system of a broken mansard roof for small house

How to calculate a sloping roof

The broken roof attic of a small house (no more than 6-7 meters wide) has been built so many times that, based on experience, we can say which materials are worth using. Many parameters are dependent on other materials. For example, the step of installing the rafters is tied to the parameters of the insulation. In order to have as little waste as possible during insulation, installation was easier, it is necessary that the distance from one rack to another be slightly less than the width of the insulation (by 20-30 mm). So, if you are going to use mineral wool, its width is 60 cm. Then the racks must be installed so that the gap between two adjacent ones is 57-58 cm and no more.

The width of the board for the rafter leg is again determined based on the insulation. For the middle zone of Russia required thickness basalt wool is 200-250 mm. That's not all. In order for the insulation to dry out, a ventilation gap of 20-30 mm is required (without it, condensation will gradually rot the wood and render the mineral wool unusable). In total, it turns out that, at a minimum, the width of the rafter leg should be 230 mm. Board thickness - at least 50 mm. This is in regions with light winds and not very heavy snowfalls. To summarize, for all rafters - ridge and side - a board of 230 * 50 mm is required.

If lumber with such characteristics turns out to be too expensive, it will be possible to make insulation in two directions: part along the rafters, partly, filling the crate, across. It is possible to lay at least 100 mm of basalt wool, therefore, you can take a standard board of 50 * 150 mm and leave 50 mm for the ventilation gap, or order a non-standard 130 * 50 mm. Look what is more profitable in terms of money.

For racks and beams, it is better to take a bar of at least 80 * 80 mm, better - 100 * 100 mm. Especially in areas with difficult weather conditions - with heavy snowfalls or strong winds.

Order a more accurate calculation from specialists. This is a long-term process, which consists of collecting loads from the roofing material, the structural elements themselves, wind and snow loads. After that, according to a certain formula, there is a selection of elements. For more information on how the calculation is carried out, see the next video.

Do-it-yourself mansard roof: installation procedure

The Mauerlat device on mansard roofs is no different from the standard version. If or logs, the upper crown can be used as a Mauerlat. It is only pretreated with an impregnation with high protective properties.

If the wall is made of foam blocks, a reinforced monolithic belt is arranged on top of it. On brick wall or folded from shell rock, other similar materials, the device of such a belt is optional. Waterproofing is laid on the wall in two layers, and on top - a timber treated with an antiseptic - 150 * 150 mm or a log. It is secured with embedded pins.

When assembling all elements, long nails are used - at least 150 mm in length. In the most critical places, it is better to connect three or more elements with bolts or studs with double-sided threads. It is advisable to reinforce all joints with steel plates or corners.

The first way

The installation of the attic roof rafters is done in two ways. First: they collect the parts on the ground, then they are raised up in finished form. There, the first to expose the extreme structures, which will become gables. They are placed vertically, secured. It is often more convenient to secure them with long bars nailed to the wall (temporary). The following assembled structures are inserted into the prepared recesses in the Mauerlat (they are made with the required pitch). They are exposed strictly vertically, carefully fixed. If necessary, install additional temporary spacers that fix them in the desired position. Side beams are installed.

How to build a sloping roof in this way, to collect nodes, see the video below.

Second way

The second method - the construction of a sloping roof is carried out sequentially collecting elements right on the spot. This method is more convenient if the structure is large and when assembled it can only be lifted using special equipment (crane).

First, the floor beams are laid. Racks and puffs are attached to them, temporary spacers are placed to hold them in the vertical direction. Next, the rafter upper and side legs are assembled, puffs and jibs are installed.

During installation, the following sequence of actions is observed: first, the extreme elements are installed and set in the desired position, securely fixed. Use temporary spacers if necessary. A fishing line, rope, lace is pulled between them, which will serve as a guide for the installation of all subsequent elements. This simple move allows you to get perfect geometry (do not forget to check the slope angle, verticality or horizontalness).

On top of the racks, puffs are attached - bars, to which the side rafters are then fixed and on which the tightening of the upper triangle is installed. Puffs are fastened with metal corners. Since the beams are long, they sag. This is further eliminated - after the installation of the upper rafter legs - using vertical beams of fixed or adjustable height. And temporarily they can be propped up with racks (so as not to pull the entire system).

To make it easier to maintain the desired angle when installing the side rafter legs, templates are made according to which the cuts are made. But since the geometry of DIY buildings is rarely perfect, adjustments may be needed. To check the resulting angle of inclination, another template is knocked down from several boards, which checks the correct installation.

If the standard length of lumber - 6 meters - is not enough, or they order the required length (expensive) or build up. When building up, two boards at least 0.6 meters in size are nailed to the junction (30 cm on each side of the junction). They are nailed on both sides or bolts are used.

A reliable way to build rafters. The length of the "patch" - not less than 60 cm

After installing the side rafters, it remains to install the upper ones. For them, a template is also made, it is first filed on the ground, and installed at the top.

The top can be made in different ways. Its structure depends on the width of the base. How to do it, see the photo below.

Since the device of a mansard broken roof does not provide for the presence of a ridge, a bar is packed for tightening in the middle, to which the slopes are attached, fixing the triangle in the required position.

Nodes and their drawings

When installing the rafter system, questions may arise about the assembly of nodes - the intersection and connection of several structural elements. In the photo you see drawings of key connections.

The second option is to connect the side layered rafters and the upper triangle. Bolts are used for more reliable fastening.

How to make a do-it-yourself fastening of the upper tegonal and rafter legs on the attic roof

The methods of attaching the rafter legs to the Mauerlat or, as in this case, to the side beam are shown in the figure below. To make it easier to mount a heavy element, a stubborn board (bar) is nailed to the rafter from below, which limits its movement: the board rests on the edge and does not allow it to fall below.

The most, probably The best way to increase the useful area of ​​your own house is to replace the gable roof of the house with an attic one. Thus, you can purchase one, two or even three additional rooms without carving out additional space on the site and without getting involved in the very time-consuming processes of pouring a new foundation and erecting walls. And in order to find out how to make an attic correctly, you need to consider all the stages of its arrangement, from calculations to the roofing of the roof and the finishing of the resulting additional rooms.

In order for all work to be successful, first of all, you need to make sure that the existing walls (if the superstructure is being built in an old house) are able to withstand the additional load. It will depend on this factor whether it is worth starting such a construction project, and if so, which structure of the attic roof would be better to stop at.

It should be noted that the load on the load-bearing walls will increase significantly - due to the larger number of rafters, due to the mass of interior finishing of walls and floors, windows and doors, the insulation system, as well as all the elements of the interior filling of the attic rooms. All these factors indicate that you need to start with the choice of the optimal attic design, with calculations, drawing up a project and drawings of the future superstructure.

Types of attic superstructures

According to the current building codes, an attic is a room under a roof, which has a height from the ceiling to the ridge of at least 2500 mm. If this parameter is less than the specified limit, then the room is considered an ordinary attic.

• If the vertical posts that determine the height of the walls of the room are 1500 mm in size, then the attic space can be considered a full-fledged floor.
• A semi-attic space is called an attic space in which vertical posts are completely absent, or if they have a height of 500 to 700 mm.

Any roof structure is always based on triangles with their "rigid" structure

There are several types of attic superstructures, but the most popular of them are high gable and broken structures. Their popularity can be explained by simpler calculations, relatively simple installation work and ease of use. In third place, after gable and broken structures, can be called a single-pitched version of the roof, which is also sometimes used to equip the attic. Unfortunately, this type of superstructure cannot be used in every house structure, since it requires not only the reconstruction of the roof, but also the raising of the already built walls to the height, which significantly increases the load both on them and on the foundation.

If a new house is being built, and a second floor is planned in the form of an attic, then the single-pitched version of the roof is well suited for this purpose. In addition, it will help save on roofing material.

More complex structures - domed, hipped, as well as with various projections-consoles arranged in the roof slopes (single-level and multi-level), are used extremely rarely and only in exclusive projects, since they have a complex structure both in engineering calculations and in installation.

The figure under the numbers shows:

1 - Gable attic.

2 - Broken attic

3 - One-level cantilever attic

4 - Multilevel attic.

Gable attic

Attic space under d a pitched roof, which is arranged at an angle between the slopes of 80 ÷ 90 degrees on the ridge, may well be converted into an attic. To create full-fledged living quarters under it, it will be necessary to carry out a number of necessary reconstructions, for example, very often it cannot do without strengthening the attic floor. All these alterations and plus to this - the necessary insulation will certainly "eat up" a significant part of the usable space under the roof, so you should not expect that the rooms in such an attic will be spacious and with high ceilings.

Of course, if the dimensions (length and width) of the house are large enough, and the roof has a significant angle of inclination (45 degrees or even higher), then after the alterations it will be possible to count on a relatively spacious attic room.

Sloping roof

The room under the sloping mansard roof will be much more spacious and with a fairly high ceiling. Such an attic can be easily divided into two separate rooms.

The interior of the attic, made according to the "broken" type

The sloping roof has four slope planes. They are located at different angles - the upper slopes are called ridge, and the lower ones are called lateral. They, for the most part, play the role of walls.

This type of attic roof is somewhat more complicated in design and installation, but on the other hand, the result will delight you with spacious rooms and a respectable appearance of the house.

One-level cantilever attic

This type of attic has an even more complex design than the previous one, since it involves displacement of the attic space to one side or the other.

Using this version of the attic device, you can get spacious rooms, much larger in area than under a ditch roof.

The design of a single-level attic roof can repeat not only a gable, but also a single-pitched version - this will depend on how much it is supposed to take the console out of the attic and raise its ceiling.

Multilevel superstructure

A multi-level structure is the most difficult to design and install. In its development and construction, the help of qualified specialists will definitely be needed. Supports for the levels of the attic rooms are various rafter systems and floors, which are combined with the main one. A multi-level system assumes the location of rooms at different levels of the attic, which is why the consoles should be located in this way.

Having chosen the most desirable type of attic, it is necessary to determine whether it is possible to arrange it on the old walls of the house, or whether they will have to be strengthened. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out accurate calculations and draw up a project.

The basics of the roof truss structure

Most roofs, and the attic in this matter is no exception, has one of two types of rafter system, or a combined version of them. Each of these varieties has its own characteristics, which depend on the location of the load-bearing walls of the building.

Hanging system

The hanging truss system is determined by the fact that it is supported only on two external main walls located along the length of the building, in which there are no internal main partitions.

Such a system is used provided that the distance between the capital supports is no more than 13 ÷ 14 meters. In any case, this structure gives a fairly large load on the walls and foundation of the building.

To relieve the loads in this system, various support elements - crossbars, headstock, braces, puffs, racks and other details.

For example, the grandmothers, as it were, suspend the entire system to the ridge beam by means of tightening, and the struts pull the overlapping beams to the rafter legs.

For the attic floor in this system, it is necessary to use thick bars, logs or boards, which are installed on the edge. Their thickness can be determined from the table given in this publication, taking as a basis the distance between the support points.

In order for the overlap to be reliable and durable when using the hanging system, it is necessary to carry out accurate calculations, and if it is difficult to do this on your own, then it is better

Reclining construction

The elevated system differs in that it has supports not only on the external main walls, but also on internal partitions that have a foundation under them.

Therefore, when starting the construction of a house in which an attic is planned, you need to think in advance about the location of the internal capital partitions.

For a house with an attic, a layered system is the best option, since the beams overlapping the house will be firmly and securely fixed to the walls and partitions.

When erecting a broken attic roof structure, you can use a combined version of the roofing system, that is, use elements of both a hanging and a layered system.

Attic design

When drawing up a project for the construction of any type of attic, it is recommended to consider it in different projections in order to visually determine the location of all supporting elements. Calculating all the parameters of the attic, they must be immediately entered into the project.

Based on the calculations made, the places and methods of installation of all structural elements of the rafter system are determined. The calculation is also necessary to accurately determine the materials needed for the construction of the attic and their parameters.

Structural elements

Any of the wooden structures of the attic roof consists of certain elements that are connected to each other by connecting nodes that have different configurations. To better understand the design of these connections, it is recommended to draw each of them, and when carrying out installation works- be sure to have this drawing-drawing on hand.

The structure of the sloped attic roof includes the following system components:

• Mauerlat - element, made of wooden beams and laid on the main walls of the building in its length. It serves to evenly distribute the load from the structure of the rafter system to the wall and foundation. Rafter legs are installed and fixed on the Mauerlat. This element is mounted both in the gable and in the broken roof structure of the attic.
• Floor beams, which are laid on the main walls of the building and are the basis for the future attic floor and the ceiling of the first floor, as well as for the installation of the entire rafter system.
• The rafter leg consists of one straight element - bar or boards in a gable roof, or from two parts - in a broken structure. In a sloping attic roof, the upper part, fixed on the ridge, is called the ridge, and the lower, which forms the walls of the attic, is called the side. Obviously, the side leg will be installed on a layered basis, while the upper ridge rafter will usually become hanging
• A bar or board of a certain thickness is used for the ridge. Sometimes they do without this, connecting the upper ridge parts of the rafter legs together, which form the ridge.
• The racks are the supporting elements of the system. They support the rafter legs and relieve some of the load from the walls and foundation of the building. The racks will in the future become a crate for the walls, which will be installed in the process of finishing the attic.
• Slopes or other elements installed diagonally are additional supports that hold the rafters and retaining beams together, making the system design more reliable.
• Between the rafter legs for rigidity, bars are installed, called inter-rafter girders - they also give rigidity to the system.

Basic calculations of the attic

It is quite difficult to develop a mansard roof project on your own, since this process requires certain knowledge and skills in designing and carrying out specific architectural calculations. If, at the same time, mistakes are made, the construction of the attic will be unreliable, and in addition, its weight can damage the walls and foundation of the building.

Everything should be taken into account in the calculations - from the beginning of construction to finishing the premises.

However, if a not too complex design is conceived, then you can try to cope on your own.

Ridge height calculation

The size useful area the attic room depends on the height of the roof ridge, and the latter is determined by the selected slope of the slopes - the smaller this angle, the lower the ceiling and, accordingly, less effective area attic space.

H =L× tgα

N- ridge height;

L- ½ the width of the building (if we are talking about a gable symmetrical roof);

α - the angle of inclination of the rafter system slope.

Scheme - for clarity

As an example, you can substitute the applicable data into the formula above:

Building size 8 × 10 m, slope angle 30 °, tangent 30 ° = 0.58

H = 8/2 × 0.58 = 2.32 m

The ridge height will be 2,32 m.

In great detail, with all possible nuances and the necessary reference tables, the process and all related other parameters are outlined from a separate publication devoted to this issue.

The area of ​​the inner space of the attic

The technique used to determine the area of ​​the attic space will make it possible to calculate the amount of material required for the construction of the rafter system, for insulation and decoration. Particularly accurate calculations are important if the attic will be used to equip additional living rooms, since they require special design.

Usually, the entire area of ​​the room under the roof is calculated, that is, both useful and the so-called "deaf"... The living space is limited by the installed racks, which will be the basis for the installation and decoration of the walls. The zone behind them is considered deaf, that is, more often than not, not used.

The total area is calculated quite simply: the width of the overhangs on both sides is added to the width of the building. The resulting amount is multiplied by the length of the structure.

The area of ​​living space is also easy to find: to do this, you need to measure the width of the attic space between the racks installed under one and the other roof slopes, and multiply the resulting parameter by the length of the attic from gable to gable.

Roofing area

To determine in advance the amount of roofing material, it is necessary to calculate the total area of ​​the roof slopes.

If a decision is made to install a broken or even more complex structure, it is necessary to calculate the area of ​​all roof sections. To do this, you need to break it down into separate geometric shapes, and then calculate the area of ​​each of them and add the results.

For those who vaguely remember the formulas for calculating areas flat figures, there is a diagram - "cheat sheet".

Shed roof area

If the roof of the attic is pitched, then you can calculate its area using the formula: Sabcd = Lcd × Lbd.

The area of ​​one slope - nothing could be easier

Pay attention to the picture. When calculating, not only the length and width of the rafter structure of the slope are taken into account - we must not forget about the eaves overhangs on all sides.

Gable roof

With a symmetrical arrangement of the roof slopes, for calculating a gable roof, it remains only to multiply the value obtained above by two.

For example, let's take the same example discussed above. The size of the building is 10 × 8 m. The angle of the slope is 30 °, the height of the ridge is H = 2.32 m. It is not difficult to determine the length of the rafter - S

S = H / sin α = 2.32 / 0.5 = 4.64 m

We accept the eaves overhang 0,7 m, gable overhang 0,7 m. The slope roof formula calculates the area of ​​one slope.

(10 + 2 × 0.7) × (4.64 + 0.7) = 60.88 m²

Then, to get the total area of ​​the two slopes, the resulting result is multiplied by two.

Q = 121.76 m2

This technique is intended for calculating the solid surface of the slopes, excluding windows, ventilation ducts and chimneys.

If the roof has a very complex structure, then it is better not to risk it and still seek the help of professionals who will make the necessary calculations using special computer applications.

When using slate, soft roofing, other profile materials, you can use a simplified calculation formula.

We start from the picture:

So, for the calculation, the following formula is applicable:

Q= K × (B + 2A) × (L + 2C)

Q- the required amount of roofing;

V — the width of the building (along the gable wall);

A- the width of the planned eaves overhangs of the roof;

L- the total length of the building;

C- the width of the side overhangs of the roof.

TO Is a coefficient that takes into account the slope of the slope in relation to the horizon (α). By and large, it is a trigonometric function secant (sec), equal to the reciprocal of cosα.

In order not to go deep into theory, it is easier to give a coefficient table TO in absolute, that is, numerical dimension:

Tilt angle, degrees	Coefficient K	Tilt angle, degrees	Coefficient K	Tilt angle, degrees	Coefficient K	Tilt angle, degrees	Coefficient K
1	1.0002	18	1.0515	36	1.2361	53	1.6616
2	1.0006	19	1.0576	37	1.2521	54	1.7013
3	1.0014	20	1.0642	38	1.2690	55	1.7434
4	1.0024	21	1.0711	39	1.2868	56	1.7883
5	1.0038	22	1.0785	40	1.3054	57	1.8361
6	1.0055	23	1.0864	41	1.3250	58	1.8871
7	1.0075	24	1.0946	42	1.3456	59	1.9416
8	1.0098	25	1.1034	43	1.3673	60	2.0000
9	1.0125	26	1.1126	44	1.3902	61	2.0627
10	1.0154	27	1.1223	45	1.4142	62	2.1301
11	1.0187	28	1.1326	46	1.4396	63	2.2027
12	1.0223	29	1.1434	47	1.4663	64	2.2812
13	1.0263	30	1.1547	48	1.4945	65	2.3662
14	1.0306	31	1.1666	49	1.5243	66	2.4586
15	1.0353	32	1.1792	50	1.5557	67	2.5593
16	1.0403	33	1.1924	51	1.5890	68	2.6695
17	1.0457	34	1.2062	52	1.6243	69	2.7904
		35	1.2208			70	2.9238

Let's go back to our example:

Q= 1.1547 × (8 + 2 × 0.7) × (10 + 2 × 0.7) = 123.74 m2

Taking into account overlaps slate sheets - it turns out almost the same as in the calculations carried out by a different method. Certainly on the advice experienced builders, to the resulting area when purchasing roofing material, add another 10 ÷ 15 %

(The figure shows a gable roof, however, the formula is fully suitable for calculations with the required level of accuracy for gable or hip roofs. True, with a caveat - for a hip roof, the slope of the main and side slopes must coincide. If not, then the calculation is carried out for each pairs of stingrays separately and then the value is added up).

Total weight with trailing system and roofing

It is equally important to correctly choose the optimal material for the roofing and correctly make a crate for it. This calculation is carried out taking into account the length of the rafters and the angle of their slope.

The lathing for roofing material can be sparse, mixed or solid. For example, a metal tile, corrugated board or slate is fixed on a sparse crate, and soft roof- only for solid.

When choosing a roof, you need to get information about it operational characteristics... The durability and reliability of the roof structure will depend on them. Roofing material must also be selected taking into account the specific region and its climatic conditions especially such factors as temperature extremes and strong winds.

An important factor is the weight of the roof covering, especially if the attic roof is installed on old walls. Therefore, you should estimate the weight of the roof in advance and find out how much the load on the building structure will increase, and whether it will be acceptable.

Roofing material for mansard roof	Roof slope	Material weight kg / m²
Asbestos cement slate sheets with a medium profile	1:10 to 1: 2	11
Slate with reinforced profile	1: 5 to 1: 1	13
Bituminous shingles	From 1:10 and more	6 - 8
Soft roof with continuous sheathing	From 1:10 and more	9 - 15
Galvanized sheet metal with single folds	1: 4 and more	3 - 6,5
Double fold	1: 5 and more	3 - 6,5
Ceramic roof tiles	1: 5 to 1: 0.5	50 - 60
Cement-sand tile	1: 5 to 1: 0.5	45 - 70
Metal tile	1: 5 and more	5 - 7
Ondulin	From 1:10 and more	3 - 3,5

Most often, a soft roof or ondulin is used to cover attics, since these materials are one of those that have the smallest weight and are easy to install.

For example, you can calculate the weight of 1 square meter of the roof, where ondulin is used for covering, taking into account the lathing and insulation - sprayed polyurethane foam. To do this, you need to find the sum of the weight of each of the materials and multiply by a factor of 1.1 (this factor takes into account the overlap on adjacent sheets of roofing material).

• The weight with a flat crate, 20 mm thick (plywood or OSB) is 14 kg / m².
• Insulation - polyurethane foam, 100 mm thick, has average weight 3 kg / m²
• Average weight of ondulin - 3.3 kg / m²

We get the sum:

(14 + 3 + 3.3) × 1.1 = 22.3kg / m²

To calculate the total weight load of the roof on the walls, you need to multiply the weight of one square meter by the area of ​​the entire coating. In our example, this will turn out:

M = 123.74 × 22.3 = 2751.82 kg.

Quite a lot - almost 3 tons is provided only by a very light roofing covering with a crate and also a very light type of insulation.

But this is not all! The roof is affected by snow loads in winter, plus wind pressure, all year round. These parameters are also necessarily taken into account when calculating the necessary wooden elements the structure of the rafter system and floor beams, and taking into account the total load of the roof structure on the walls and foundation of the building.

- Then, the entire system is closed with a vapor barrier film, which is fixed to the joists with staples.

- Boards or plywood sheets can be stacked on top of it.

- A decorative coating is laid on them - it can be linoleum, laminate, parquet board and other materials.

Additional insulation can be created by laying an electric cable or infrared underfloor heating under the decorative coating. It is better to read about these possibilities separately in the article devoted to

• If the floor is mounted on floor joists, you will have to work from the side of the first floor.

- Boards are mounted on the floor beams from the side of the lower room. It is desirable that they are even, you can even use a floorboard for the subfloor.

- After that, a vapor barrier film is laid on these boards from the attic side, which will cover not only the subfloor, but also the floor beams.

- On top of it, another layer of vapor barrier is laid and attached to the beams.

- Then, lags are fixed to this covering perpendicular to the beams.

- Another layer of insulation is mounted between the lags, it is better to choose mineral wool for it, since it, straightening, is tightly installed between the bars, leaving no voids.

- Then it should also be covered with a vapor barrier material.

If it is decided to cover the floor with one of the decorative coatings, then plywood sheets are laid on top of the log, and then laminate, linoleum or other materials are laid on them. Again, nothing prevents in this case from using, for example, film floor heating.

Installation of insulation on the walls and ceiling of the attic

After finishing the installation of the floor, you can proceed to the installation of insulation on the walls.

- If material in mats is selected for this process, then before laying it, the sheets of vapor barrier material are fixed to the rafters.

It is fixed in such a way as to cover the entire space and deepen it between the rafters.

If the vapor barrier is fixed on the other side of the rafters, then the mats will independently hold between two wooden surfaces.

- If one of them is selected, then you do not need to fix it under it. vapor barrier film... It will be enough waterproofing, which is laid on the rafters outside the structure.

Spraying polyurethane foam - quickly and efficiently, but special equipment and work skills are required

To use this insulation technology, you need to have special technological equipment, or you will have to invite a specialist who will do the job in one day. It is not easy to carry out this operation on your own without experience - in order to perform the work without prejudice to your health, you need to know the technology of the process and have the necessary protective equipment.

After the insulation work, the wall cladding is carried out.

Prices for popular types of heaters

Insulation

Attic wall decoration

Before you start decorating the walls, you need to resolve the issue with electrical wiring, the cable of which must be well insulated with double-layer corrugated pipes.

After the wiring is done electrical cable, you can safely proceed with the installation of the finishing material.

For finishing, they usually use wooden lining, drywall or plywood with a beautiful textured pattern.

For any of these materials, it is advisable to make a crate of rails with a cross-section of approximately 20 × 70 mm on the rafter legs and vertical posts. These guides are fixed in steps of 500 ÷ 600 mm. In addition to the fact that the lathing of slats becomes the basis for fixing the finish, it also forms a ventilation gap between the finishing material and the vapor barrier.

• is made quite simply. It makes the walls even and neat, ready for painting, pasting traditional wallpaper or even applying liquid wallpaper.

Therefore, drywall finishing should be chosen by those homeowners who like to frequently change the interior design of the premises.

• Decorating walls with clapboard is a longer and more laborious process than. For such a sheathing, a crate with the above parameters is also perfect. The only thing that needs to be thought over is the direction of the lining boards, that is, it will have to be located vertically with the horizontal orientation of the lathing and vice versa.

If desired, after installation, the wood can be varnished with water-based varnish or given a deeper color using wood stain.

Wood is an amazing material that can create a special atmosphere in the room with the scent of a forest, which has a positive effect on the structure and well-being of residents. That is why natural lining is very often chosen for covering the floor, walls and ceiling of the attic.

Video: warming the attic and finishing it with clapboard

• You can think of a lovely plywood finish. But that's only if it will not be covered with paint on top, then you need to choose quality material with a beautiful natural pattern. Plywood is mounted much faster than lining, and makes the walls even, covering large surfaces at once.

This material can be covered with varnish, paint or any kind of wallpaper, but you can leave the walls in their natural state only by carefully cleaning up possible defects in the form of protruding splinters or burrs.

The construction of an attic is a rather laborious and complex process that requires high experience in the construction craft. If no one has a clue about the above technological operations, then you should not take it yourself - it is better to invite professional masters to perform the work. They will save you from unnecessary problems and will build an attic according to the project conceived by the owner of the house.

Video: an example of the construction and decoration of the attic

The free space under the roof of the house can be converted into a residential attic. This is not only a rational option to turn the attic into functional area but also a great way to increase the usable area. Turning an attic into a room is not difficult today. Fortunately, there are advanced technologies and modern materials for this. Often, all work is carried out independently, taking into account the nuances of such a room. Arranging a free zone under a roof is useful not only from an aesthetic point of view, but also from a functional one. When carrying out work on the arrangement of the upper part of the house, the attic roof is additionally insulated.

Peculiarities

The popularity of houses with an attic is due to the peculiarity of the architecture of the building. The attic got its name from the founder - French architect François Mansaroux back in the 17th century. Since then, it has become convenient to use last floors buildings, although initially they were allocated for household needs it was not a living or warm room.

Today it is quite possible here, for example, to equip an additional bathroom. But more often the room is modified for an additional bedroom, living room or playroom for kids. The attic will never be a living room in the traditional sense, due to the broken roof and technical nuances. However, this does not prevent many from planning the construction of houses precisely taking into account additional meters, just in case. Like any building, an attic room in a private house has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages.

It is worth mentioning the following main advantages of a functional room in a private house:

• no need to build additional structures;
• the building is able to increase the area of ​​the house;
• no need to solve problems with sealing building;
• you can beat the design of the external appearance of the structure;
• even a two-tier design is reliable;
• heat loss is reduced (especially in winter it is noticeable);
• in the process of arranging the attic, as a rule, major repairs are not required.

When assessing the quality of the building as a whole, it will be useful to recall the shortcomings of the attic:

• sometimes it is not an opportunity to increase the space, but a clear "loss" of useful meters (mainly in old houses);
• problems can appear with sloped ceilings and walls;
• hydro and thermal insulation of the house leaves much to be desired (what to say about the attic);
• old skylights sometimes cause a lot of problems.

Features of the attic floor often consist in the fact that this room itself (more often in modern houses) extends almost along the entire perimeter of the house. In this regard, it is often necessary to modify or supplement the front part of the house (parapets, niches, ledges, decorative elements) in accordance with technical features roofs. In individual construction, the possibility of completing or altering the attic roof is provided.

Types of roof structures

Individual construction is characterized by the use of various options for the roofing system.

Particular attention is paid to the construction of a mansard roof, which differs in the main types of structures:

• single or gable (broken, gable);
• hip and half hip.

Characteristics for each type, determine the possibility of arranging the attic.

Today, in addition to traditional ones, more modern forms are used:

• single-pitched mansard roof with an inclined area (mounted on load-bearing walls);
• a rigid gable roof attic with a slope on opposite sides;
• sloping roof (installation of a gable roof option);
• a hip or half-hip roof having four slopes (the end slopes of the hip roof differ in shape in the form of beveled triangles (the gable area is protected at the half-hip roof);
• pyramidal (also called hipped) types of roofs, which are not widespread, differ in polygonal shapes.

The shape of the roof is not the only distinguishing feature of the modern mansard roof. What matters is the height of the building and the nature of the coating (corrugated board, metal, you can make plastic tiles).

Separately, it is worth highlighting the universal distinctive features of the attic roof:

• it is not only the roof, but also the walls of the house;
• the maximum building height is not more than 2.5 m;
• the possibility of installing reinforced-plastic windows with tempered glass;
• multilayer structure;
• the cost of a mansard roof is, in the end, more than the usual one.

Even when designing a house, you can choose the most suitable roof shape, if necessary, lengthen the rafter legs (layering from the walls about 50-55 cm), calculate the loads and allocate space for windows.

Types and sizes

The highest point of the height of the under-roof space must be at least 2.5 m in order to consider this room as an attic. Otherwise, it is already an attic. According to SNiP, you can set the minimum value from ceiling to floor.

Differences in the types of attic roofs are determined by the following values:

• semi-attic - with a vertical wall height of less than 0.8 m;
• attic - with a wall height of 0.8 to 1.5 m;
• floor - with a wall height of more than 1.5 m.

The width of the structure is another major factor in determining the type of attic. The minimum width norms are at least 80 cm. For a residential attic, this indicator (width) increases to 2 m, especially if the width of the house itself is at least 4.8 m. As for the building area, this parameter can be set using a special formula. Calculations are carried out in accordance with building codes and regulations. The area of ​​an ordinary attic cannot be less than 16 sq. m. The attic construction project covers all structural elements- roof slopes, retaining walls, gables, rafters. The type and size of the attic space is fully taken into account.

In general, the work on arranging the attic is as follows:

1. the roof is checked;
2. lathing is performed (made of wooden boards);
3. fastening of insulating materials is carried out;
4. the top of the truss structure is strengthened;
5. stiffeners are checked (if necessary, replaced) - roof rafters;
6. beams are placed along the perimeter of the outer walls, they are connected to the rafter structure;
7. diagonal bevels (ties) are made to give strength to the attic roof;
8. the supporting supports are strengthened.
9. A waterproofing layer, insulation is being laid.

Calculating the useful area

When arranging the under-roof space, it is important to correctly calculate the area of ​​the attic room. The size, size, height of the attic, features of the angle of inclination have a close relationship in the calculations. Any redevelopment is carried out in accordance with the norms of SNiP. So, according to this provision, the minimum height of a dwelling under the roof is 2.5 m. The slope of the roof affects the calculation of the height of the room. Thanks to the calculations during the design, it is possible to reflect the real parameters of the upper floor of the house to obtain a usable area.

When calculating the area of ​​the attic, you can do it yourself, but the initial data will depend on the following parameters:

• the level of the slope is 30 degrees (in the narrowest part of the slope, the height is 1.5 m);
• the level of the slope is 45 degrees (in the narrowest part of the slope, the height is 1.1 m);
• the level of the slope is 60 degrees and higher (in the narrowest part of the slope, the height is 0.5 m).

To calculate the area of ​​the structure, the smallest height is taken a and multiplied by 0.7 (reduction factor). Then, for the minimum level of the walls of the attic with a slope of 30 degrees, an indicator of 1.2 m is obtained; from 45 to 60 degrees - 0.8 m; over 60 degrees - do not limit. It is important to remember that a successful attic project with a modern roof requires accurate and accurate calculations, for this you can use specially designed computer programs(a scheme of work will appear before your eyes).

Design and materials

When choosing materials for the construction of an attic, timber is traditionally chosen; aerated concrete is also actively used. But there are other options for building and finishing materials for construction, the main thing is that it was frame technology... The choice is made based on the type of structure and its size, the configuration of the roof and the slope of the walls are taken into account. For the attic frame are best suited wooden rafters, moreover, it is important that they are perfect - without cracks and knots, especially without traces of decay.

As for the choice of aerated concrete, it is a fairly cheap and easy-to-install material. In addition, it is strong and durable. Aerated concrete blocks can be additionally processed with a special tool. However, due to lime, which is part of the material, aerated concrete cannot be classified as environmentally friendly materials. Instead, you can use corrugated board, foam blocks or vulture panels. The advantages of the foam block include enough level noise and heat insulation.

When arranging the under-roof space great importance has competent design and drawings. Modern mansard roofs are well-deservedly popular not only in summer cottage construction... More and more different options for small country houses with an equipped attic appear in our open spaces. It's all about the rationality and efficiency of such a room. Interest is aroused ready-made schemes roofing structures that imply an attic in the classic form, although the rework of space, even in an old house, is not always major. Most of the schemes are not very complicated, so the entire attic or balcony can be designed and done by hand. There are separate schemes for ready-made structures, where beams and floors do not even change.

Designing should be done at the initial stage of construction or renovation. The attic floor is included in the project of the house. And the choice of the roofing type largely depends on how successful the building will be as a whole. The finished attic space can also be skillfully converted and equipped, turning it into a full-fledged functional room... Thanks to modern technologies and it is not a problem for materials today to design an attic floor in a finished house. The project can be selected by the type of attic.

Forms

The room under the roof has a special role to play so that it can be used comfortably.

To this end, a number of requirements are imposed on the attic under the attic:

• the shape of the attic should be as convenient as possible;
• you need to pay attention to insulation;
• room lighting is also important.

A competent layout will help to embody many useful ideas. The classic of the genre has become geometric shape attic. Such a roof can be triangular or broken, with symmetrical or asymmetrical sides relative to the walls of the building. The floor itself can be located either on one side or across the entire width, even slightly going beyond the boundaries of the outer walls. Some of these projects involve the installation of additional support structures, for example, in the form of columns or walls.

In general, roof structures can be designed as follows:

• as a separate multi-level floor;
• a solid floor with a two-level development;
• a two-level floor with a mezzanine floor base.

The load-bearing walls of roof structures usually consist of two parts:

• a vertical wall (the wall material for the structure can be used the same as for the construction of the lower floors);
• an inclined wall (the rafter system serves as its frame, and the roof serves as an outer sheathing).

The ratio in the project of all these elements to each other depends on the design as a whole. The shape of the mansard roof gives the whole house a special look. Residential attic spaces can vary in the shape of the roof.

Basically, it is customary to distinguish the following types:

• single-pitched roof (without sidewalls, with a single under-roof room);
• gable roof (a complicated structure that allows you to design a comfortable attic floor, taking into account roof windows);
• sloping gable roof with a characteristic silhouette (slopes can be curved inward or curved outward).

A competent project allows you to "free up" the required useful area. It can be increased by installing a vertical, attic wall. It is worth considering that the useful area hipped roof less than gable. This is due to the large number of bevels, which do not allow freely designing the under-roof space. Optimal use typical project attic.

Since the height of the attic floor is important, it affects the usable floor space. In addition, the type of room under the roof is distinguished by height. For the big picture, it does not hurt to study the project of a typical attic structure in section.

Consider what it is.

1. If the height of the vertical wall of the roofing room is more than 1.5 m, then this is already a full-fledged floor. In the center of the structure, you can move freely without bending over. With a wall height of the attic of more than 2 m, we can talk about a functional room, which, in terms of comfort, will resemble a typical room.
2. If the attic has a single or gable roof with a height of attic walls of about 0.8 m (maximum up to 1.5 m), then such a structure is distinguished by increased functionality.
3. The presence of walls less than 0.8 m high (or if vertical walls absent) may indicate an insufficiently functional room.

There are several ways to turn the attic into a functional room, more convenient and rational. The general tone is also set by the interior of the roofing room. Sometimes, for its arrangement, extraordinary solutions may be required, but it is better to follow well-known and proven rules in the work. So, the quality characteristics of the attic largely depend on the purpose of the room. For example, a small, narrow attic can be conveniently converted into an additional bedroom. The high attic allows you to equip an entire guest floor under the roof. It is also important what kind of furniture will be in the room and, accordingly, you can build in a wardrobe or put a rack.

It is important to comply with two general requirements:

• for a large room, the height of the walls to the floor from the ceiling is not less than 2.2 m;
• the height of the attic walls from the bed level is about 1.4 m.

Competent device the ceiling will improve the proportions of the room under the roof to the required one (in accordance with the norms).

Device

The construction of an attic roof with your own hands implies a strong foundation and a reliable floor, the presence of reinforcing supports to relieve the load due to the attic floor (the attic needs to be additionally strengthened). Sometimes it is necessary to additionally strengthen the foundation of a house or redo a separate foundation. One cannot do without professional skills.

Stingrays

Even at the initial stage of the attic device, it is necessary to resolve all issues related to the design features of the building, taking into account all the partitions. The house can have ramps that affect the overall design. And the under-roof space itself can differ in a variety of forms. The interior decoration of the attic will depend on the features of the roof structure. If the roof of the house is designed in a special way, then you will have to remove the old rafters and materials, replacing them with new ones, taking into account the characteristics of the project (taking into account the additional load, the angle of inclination, etc. design features the buildings).

Rafter system

All roof structure must be sized and designed for the type of attic floor. The best option for typical house- manufacturing of an attic floor with a sloping gable roof. Such a roof has a large load on the walls, however, the combined area of ​​the attic is most often arranged in this way. At the same time, it is important to comply with the requirement for the presence of additional bearing supports (installation of inclined rafters designed for vertical and horizontal loads). When installing the rafter system, the Mauerlat is installed, after which the rafter legs are assembled and installed. The installation of the rafters is carried out, starting with two opposite legs, they are pulled over each other (the installation accuracy must be adjusted). This is how the frame of the truss system is installed, after which the lathing is performed, which depends on the roofing material.

Roof

When arranging the upper floor, it is important to take into account the complexity of the attic roof. It differs from a typical roof in that it bears the functional load of the residential and under-roof premises. The ceiling of the house is a mansard roof with the necessary noise and heat insulation layers, with the finishing of the premises. It should be as warm, comfortable, spacious and light as possible. Additional lathing of the roof structure will improve the quality of the attic floor's thermal insulation, although mineral wool can serve as the main insulation for this purpose.

High-quality finishing of the roof-ceiling depends on the purpose of using the attic. So, for example, lining, fiberboard, plywood sheets are traditionally used for dachas. The decoration of living quarters is carried out with more substantial and expensive materials. Roofing material for exterior decoration creates comfort in the interior of the attic. In this case, slate, bitumen-based materials and modern tiles are traditionally used. It is better not to use metal sheets, they do not retain heat and create additional noise during rain and wind. It is also better to refuse roofing material, since in summer it heats up a lot, emitting a specific smell.

Window

The correct frame for the roof structure includes the arrangement of the windows. They are installed between the rafters. For the reliability of the window attachment points (bottom and top of the structure), horizontal jumpers are placed from the timber.

Installation of roof windows is carried out in stages:

• constructing an opening for a window;
• mount the frame with the dismantled glass unit;
• lay insulation and a layer of waterproofing;
• fastening the gutter of the window structure;
• install details;
• the dismantled glass unit is returned to its place;
• carry out interior decoration.

There is not always a constructive opportunity to build or expand the usable area of ​​the house by adding a full-fledged upper floor or side structure. To increase space in small houses, it is best to use the attic. It does not take up much space, but it allows you to "unload" the house a little, saving on construction costs.

In order to build an attic or make it out of an attic space, you need to stock up on materials:

• rafters are placed from wooden beams (with a section of 50x180 cm);
• the crate is made of a wooden board;
• the sheathing of the end walls is made of wall panels;
• we carry out fastening of roofing elements on self-tapping screws, nails, metal profiles and metal corners;
• during construction, heat-insulating, vapor-insulating and waterproofing material NS;
• at the finishing stage, roofing material is used;
• at the end is done interior decoration premises from modern facing materials install the main heating.

Before starting work, it is important to make sure that the floors that are located between the first floor and the attic are sufficiently strengthened. It is necessary to calculate the loads. After making sure of the reliability of the fasteners, you can proceed to the arrangement of the rafter system. In the course of work, the quality of the connections of each element of the system is monitored. For a sloped roof project, you first install the support beams with end walls. After that, work begins on the collection of the frame structure of the rafter system.

Individual elements of the rafter system are fastened with a groove-ledge connection and with metal plates for greater reliability. All wooden elements can be used after special treatment for additional protection. Treatment with fire retardants is also required to reduce the flammability of wood structures. After assembling the rafter system, they proceed to processing the bevels of the walls and internal partitions.

An obligatory stage during the construction of the attic is the ventilation of the attic floor. It was enough for the attic to provide ventilation of the room. The attic building must meet the requirements of the living space. Ventilation problems can lead to heat loss, moisture condensation, and rot. All these external factors can lead to subsequent destruction. Simple ventilation is ineffective here; forced ventilation of the system and insulation is required.

Next, the arrangement of several layers of the attic roof is carried out: the very top is roofing material, underneath is waterproofing material, lathing, heat-insulating and vapor barrier material, ceiling decoration. It is important to emphasize that the sequence of layering must not be changed. Installation of insulation is carried out on the rafter system. There is a gap between the insulation and the roof for natural ventilation... In some cases, insulation (mineral wool and other fire-resistant insulator) is placed on the crate.

Thermal insulation layer the thickness is about 25-30 cm. For reliable fixation of this layer, an additional frame perpendicular to the rafters can be used. A vapor barrier in the form of a breathable membrane and a waterproofing material are attached at some distance from the insulation. It is worth considering that not only the roof should be insulated, but also the walls of the attic room to ensure greater comfort. The result is a "pie" that ensures the reliability and strength of the structure. Finishing of the roof-ceiling is carried out the usual way- sheets of plywood, ceiling tiles, drywall, clapboard.

The decorative finish of the attic depends on the overall design of the room. Typically, the walls and ceiling are covered with wallpaper in the style of the decoration of the whole house. Walls can also be painted or plastered.

Warming and soundproofing

The main soundproofing in the attic room falls on the floors. Sound absorption is necessary to ensure comfort in the upper part of the floor, and so that unnecessary noise does not spread to adjacent rooms.

For this purpose, old proven methods and new technologies are used:

• polyethylene foam with foil is laid on the logs (on one side);
• sand 5 cm thick is poured between the beams.

Competently executed sound insulation dampens shock noises from above, be it steps, falling objects. For sound absorption, mineral wool, foam or felt, as well as basalt slabs are often used. It also provides vapor barrier and thermal insulation.

Due to the constant contact of the attic roof with atmospheric loads, summer overheating or winter cooling of the roof, it is necessary to carry out work on additional insulation attic. To do this, even at the stage of construction, a special protective layer of insulation and films against moisture is laid under slate or other flooring. The main front of the attic waterproofing is carried out from the inside after the end of the main stage of construction.

It is important to leave a small space between the roof layer and the insulation for natural ventilation. Today, additional external insulation of the attic is carried out with modern means, so as not to reduce the usable area inside the attic building. The low weight of the insulation does not allow the structure to sag or deform. On sale there are special insulation materials for spraying. They create an even, durable surface that prevents moisture build-up.

Finishing

Original and practical solutions for cladding a wooden or brick attic space give free rein to imagination. The design of the attic is largely determined by the general design solution, but sometimes the most daring ideas are used. The cladding of the attic floor is primarily associated with the features finished structure... In this regard, the interior decoration of the attic has a number of features.

It is necessary to pay attention to several points.

1. The interior appearance of the attic is influenced by the presence of dormer windows. They are located on the roof slopes. An ordinary window is placed on a flat wall, the room acquires more light.
2. You can come up with unusual designs for the attic walls, for example, in colorful shades that contrast with the color of the ceiling or floor.
3. Attic roof slopes can be made in a design way, emphasizing all the unusual design of the attic room.
4. The special atmosphere of the attic space is set by non-standard furniture (for example, irregularly shaped). A low, uneven cabinet fits perfectly in a narrow and low part of the attic.
5. The attic, which is large in area, can be divided into functional zones.

There are a lot of options for zoning an attic space today to find the best option for your home. All internal work can be done both independently and with the help of professionals.

Do-it-yourself construction of an attic on a house means that its owner approached the arrangement of the dwelling competently and practically, and everyone square meter is highly valued. but self-erection such a design is not an easy task that will require a lot of effort, time and expense.

What is the definition of an attic?

The attic or attic floor, according to regulatory sources, is the space under the roof of the house used for the location of residential or utility rooms. In simple words, an attic is an attic, which is equipped with separate rooms with the necessary heat and waterproofing.

The main difference between the attic superstructure and the residential floor is the height of the walls, which should be no more than 1.5 m from the outer sides of the house. If this legal requirement is not observed, the owner will be forced to pay taxes for the additional footage of the building.

It is possible to increase the area of ​​the dwelling with the help of the construction of an attic even at the design stage of construction, and it is also permissible to remake the upper part of the roof for a superstructure into a finished house. However, in order not to damage the foundation and walls of the building from the additional load, it is necessary to know all the nuances of installing the extension.

Various types of add-ons

Before you start making the attic of the house, you need to decide on the appearance of the superstructure, which will not only meet the requirements, but also perfectly harmonize with the main part of the building. The following types of extensions of this type are most often used in practice:

1. Single level under a gable roof. The most common type of attic, since its construction does not require special construction skills, and the cost of materials will be minimal. However, its small size is considered a significant disadvantage of such a structure.
2. Sibling with. To make such a structure, it takes a little more effort than in the previous version, but due to the roof of this shape, the interior becomes noticeably more spacious.

The above options for add-ons will not be difficult to build even on old house... Indeed, in fact, this is the same attic space, but more equipped for a comfortable pastime.

For reference! There are also other types of attics, such as single-level with the removal of consoles or multi-level. They are more expensive and difficult to design. In addition, such varieties are not entirely suitable for erection on a finished building.

Materials required for construction

After the homeowner has decided what kind of attic floor he is going to build, the materials needed for the process should be prepared.

As a rule, for the construction of an attic on a built house, lightweight materials are used, such as wooden beams, and also, in some cases, aerated concrete, which has good heat-saving properties. The frame structure is also suitable for such purposes.

Most often, the following elements are used for construction:

• rafter and slant legs;
• wives;
• mauerlat;
• crossbar;
• various braces, contractions and stands.

In this case, the bars are better to choose from conifers trees such as spruce, pine and larch, the moisture content of which should be no more than 15%, and the grade - 1st or 2nd. In addition, it is imperative to treat the material with an antiseptic solution before erecting a construction site.

In the case when the attic floor is planned even during the design of the building, you can choose any materials for its construction, depending on the type of superstructure, its dimensions and the preferences of the owner. Most often, such an attic is erected from brick, concrete and foam blocks.

Attic installation requirements

In addition to personal preferences, during the construction of the attic floor, certain SNiP standards must be observed. The main ones include the following conditions:

1. The thickness of the rafters is at least 250 mm, which will allow you to lay a suitable layer of insulation between them (more than 200 mm).
2. Insulation materials should be chosen those that will not lose their properties in high humidity conditions. Foamed polystyrene is best suited for these purposes, since it is lightweight and retains heat well in the room. Mineral wool should not be used as a heater due to the fact that it absorbs moisture well, as a result of which it quickly collapses.
3. Hoods and vents must be installed between the insulation layer and the roof so that the air moves freely in this space.
4. The outer side of the rafters should be covered with a waterproofing layer, and experts also recommend adding a layer of soundproofing materials.

Regardless of what type of attic is planned to be built, the listed requirements must be taken into account.

Attention! On the attic floor, a vapor barrier must be installed on the inner sides of the roof in accordance with the standards.

Attic construction step by step

After the project and all the drawings of the attic floor are completed, as well as the material for construction has been prepared, you can start work. However, if the future owner of the building prepared them on his own, he should still consult with an experienced specialist, since in such a matter the most accurate calculations are important, especially when it comes to erecting a superstructure on an old structure.

Frame erection

Do-it-yourself attic erection should begin with the installation of the Mauerlat on inner sides outside walls. As a rule, wooden beams are most often used for this, which can be attached to anchors, pins or brackets, depending on the material of the bearing walls. However, for timber and frame buildings, there is no need to install a Mauerlat.

After the support is erected, it is necessary to install vertical posts on it, which can be made of wood, metal, or foam concrete. On top of them are placed crossbeams with a step of no more than 2 meters. This distance will be equal to the location of the attic floor rafters. The whole structure is fastened to each other with metal corners, screws or nail plates and is pulled together by a jumper.

Then the lower rafters should be installed. To do this, a groove is made at the base of the bar in order to securely install it on the Mauerlat, and its upper part is cut to the desired length, respectively, with the angle of inclination.

The next step in the construction of the attic floor is the installation of the upper rafters. In order to determine the correct angle and center, this part of the frame is assembled on the ground and then fixed to the structure.

Installation of roofing

After the attic frame is installed, it must be covered with a vapor barrier material and fixed with metal brackets.

Attention! For vapor barrier, it is better to choose a fire-resistant and non-toxic material, especially if it is planned to equip a bedroom or a children's room in the attic.

Then a layer of insulation should be laid on the vapor barrier material, while preventing the appearance of gaps between its plates and rafters. It must be secured by installing over the lathing. After that, it is covered with a layer of waterproofing to protect the wood from moisture, and roofing material is already laid on top of it.

As the above material shows, the construction of an attic can be done by hand, all kinds of videos that can be easily found on the Internet can help in this matter. However, you should not completely trust them; it would be more correct to seek advice from experienced specialists.

Diy mansard roof project. Drawings, according to which you will build an attic above your home, which will make it possible to increase your living space, while the whole thing will not be financially costly. The gable sloping roof is one of the popular construction options due to the low complexity of the technology.

Construction of a mansard roof in own home- the phenomenon is quite frequent, because this way construction makes it possible to reduce the cost of space, while making a rather curious dwelling under the roof. In order to properly arrange the attic floor, it is very important to thoroughly study all the requirements for this floor, as well as choose the right type of roof itself, along with its slope.

By regulatory documents the attic floor is the volume under the roof covering, which is used to accommodate utility or living quarters there. In this case, the height of the outer walls is needed no more than one and a half meters in general, otherwise this space is considered a whole living room.

Making an attic with your own hands is an extremely profitable activity both during construction and during the use of the house itself. In the case of construction, costs are reduced because the height of the vertical fencing structures is also reduced. This is all because the attic itself takes on the function of the enclosing structure, while it continues to serve its original purpose.

Mansard floor

Attic - a room under the roof, from which it will be possible to make a separate living room. During use, costs may decrease due to the following points:

Making an attic: preparation

It is necessary to start the construction of the attic roof with the preparation of a schematic project; this project should display the attic roof, or rather its drawing, its complete structure. Usually, the roof used for the attic floor is gable, which makes it possible to provide full-fledged windows in the gables, but it is possible to use a four-pitched hip roof.

If you are going to use the hips in order to illuminate the premises, then there is the possibility of installing window openings for the attic exclusively. This method is more difficult during the installation of the elements of the attic roof, as well as during the construction of interiors inside. However, costs are reduced during such roofing due to the lack of gables. In a brick building, the savings will be much more noticeable, because the cost of the construction works for the installation of wall fences, as well as the cost of materials in such a house is quite high in itself.

Mansard roof device in the house occurs from the moment the roof is measured, its shapes and sizes... There has already been a mention of the selection of the type of rafter systems (hip hip or gable). After that, you need to make a choice of a slope, straight or broken. Among the disadvantages of a broken slope are such as an increase in cost, as well as the complexity of the process itself. However, the use of this method can be easily justified by the need to increase the height of the room itself due to the fact that the angle of inclination of the attic roof will change.

During the design phase, it is necessary to determine the optimal slope of the attic roof. This choice will depend on the restrictive roofing material used, as well as on ergonomic considerations.

Before starting the construction of the attic:

1. It is very important to make calculations of all its supporting elements for strength and bending.
2. In addition, you need to choose the composition from which the roofing cake will be made.
3. It is necessary to make calculations for heating technology and select materials.

Design

List of structural components of the main load-bearing elements:

Do-it-yourself construction of a mansard roof of a house should take place with the selection of sections for all structures roof frame. The material must be selected, taking into account the following conditions:

• The tree must be coniferous, i.e. larch, pine or spruce will do.
• There should be a first or second grade of materials.
• More than fifteen percent humidity is not allowed.
• It is necessary to process all the boards, as well as the bars, with antiseptics before starting the construction process.

Heat engineering calculation process

In order for the warmth in the house to be preserved, it is necessary to select the insulation and its thickness. Mineral wool is often used for rooms with an attic. You can also use polyurethane foam, ecowool, polystyrene foam or expanded polystyrene foam. As soon as you decide on the material for thermal insulation, you need to choose its thickness.

When choosing a thickness, it is necessary to take into account the rafter height. This rafter height must be greater (or equal) to the thickness of the thermal insulation layer. In the case of mineral wool, it will be necessary to provide a ventilation gap of fifty millimeters between the roof covering and the thermal insulation surface. In the event that the rafter sections are small, in order to fulfill this requirement, it is necessary to mount the counter-lattice.

Before the process of building an attic with your own hands, there is the possibility of manual calculation of heating equipment, with the help of a joint venture thermal protection of buildings. However, it is best to use special programs.

You should be very careful with the design of the attic of the house, because flaws in the calculations, together with the incorrect parameters of the structures of the rafter system, will lead to damage to the roof itself and, along with it, the walls of the house during its operation.

It is advisable to provide the design of the attic at home to professionals. In addition, you can use specialized programs on a computer, with their help to perform calculations roof systems, the optimal angle of inclination of the attic, as well as many other parameters. All these calculations are made according to the SNiP of loads and impact.

In the process of choosing an attic project, it is very important to pay attention to the dependence of the angle of the attic slope and the parameters of the room itself. The premises of a residential building should not be higher than two point two tenths of meters. If the mansard roof has straight ramps, the angle of inclination of these roofs will have a serious impact on the overall width of the room itself.

Skylights, their heights and roofing pie

A broken attic allows a strong expansion of the room, while setting the desired height at the ceilings. In this case, the rafter bottom is at a sixty-degree angle, and the angle of the rafter top can be selected at will.

Taking on mansard roof with your own hand, it is very important to foresee what materials will go to the installation of the roof pie, this must be done at the design stage. These materials will include:

• Steam isolation
• Waterproofing
• Roofing material
• Insulation

Insulation. His choice will affect such an important parameter as rafter step... To save the material of thermal insulation, it is recommended to lay the rafter systems so that the mat or slab fits very tightly between these systems. The type of your lathing will depend on what kind of roof coverings you choose for yourself - it will be sparse or solid, as well as the step of the lathing, if it is sparse. What is important is the device of the mansard roof on the floor, which involves the addition of high-quality good insulation as well as working correctly ventilation system in the attic roof.

Required tools and materials

Materials and tools

In order for the construction of the roof and rafter systems to be safe, it must be carried out using clean, environmentally friendly and fire-safe materials. Treatment wood materials occurs with the help of fire protection and biosecurity. For in order to build a rafter system in your house with your own hands, you will need:

1. timber made of wood, section 50x100mm;
2. wooden board 150x50mm;
3. unedged wooden board;
4. 80 nails, as well as screws and other fasteners;
5. annealed wire with a diameter of three or four millimeters;
6. level;
7. plumb line;
8. roulette;
9. hacksaws;
10. axes;
11. hammers;
12. carpentry knives.

If you use quality tools during construction, it will significantly speed up and make the installation of wooden structures much easier. You can also find various videos instructions for conducting such work step by step.

Stages of erecting an attic with your own hands

The hand-made construction of a mansard roof has some differences from an ordinary pitched roof only by the presence of heat-insulating elements. Protective layers for insulation also go into the pie. Here is the procedure:

In order not to make mistakes during construction, you need to consider in detail the instructions for each item, you can also find video instructions.