The installation of a copper plumbing system is similar to the installation of any household plumbing, such as from or metal-plastic. However, one of the key questions is how to solder copper pipes for water supply - requires detailed consideration.

Modern technologies provide a wide range of materials for plumbing works: various types of plastic, steel, copper. They are distinguished physical properties, cost, installation features and application possibilities, however, it is impossible to name the best or worst material. Copper pipes for road water supply require more attention to operation, however, they are versatile, environmentally friendly and reliable, and are also convenient for self-assembly.
This article is not just about how to solder copper pipes yourself, but also how to make this process as conscious and professional as possible.

Installation of a water supply system from copper pipes

Installation of a water supply system or the installation of a water supply system or heating from other materials is not much different.
At the first stage, a well-thought-out layout of the entire route is required, with well-adjusted corners and connections. Recall: the scheme must include a mandatory connection to the pipes of the main riser through Ball Valves, metering devices, additional outputs for future plumbing.

Copper piping

The choice of types and sizes of pipes: annealed and unannealed, with 3/8 or 3/4 threads, with walls of various thicknesses: K, L, M. The weight of a copper pipe, and therefore the entire structure of the water supply system as a whole, may depend on such parts. however, the essence of editing will not change as a whole.
The choice of technology for connecting copper pipes: brazing or squeeze fittings. The choice is always up to the consumer, but we will briefly note: the reliability of the connection of the squeeze fittings is not distinguished by high rates.
It requires constant monitoring, and the fittings require systematic tightening, while brazing copper water pipes means providing them with long-term and indispensable tightness.
The main difference is the way copper pipes are connected using soft solder: it requires certain skills and equipment.

Soft soldering technology

Before soldering copper pipes, a few words of theory are needed: if the soldering process is more conscious, then many subtleties will become clear in the course of the work.
In everyday life and when installing plumbing systems in apartments, the so-called "low-temperature", "soft" soldering is used: the soldering points are heated to 250-300 C, which allows the soft solder (usually tin) to melt, however, these temperatures are dangerous for copper pipes, therefore exposure should be directed and short-lived.

Soft solder copper water pipes

Cleaning pipes immediately before brazing is not a simple aesthetic manipulation, but a prerequisite that allows you to get rid of oxidation products on the metal and to maximize the adhesion of materials.
With soft soldering, a capillary effect occurs, in which the molten soft solder for brazing copper pipes evenly spreads over the entire surface of the joint, regardless of whether the pipe is in horizontal or vertical position.
The recommended gap between the walls of the pipe and the fitting is strictly set - 0.1-0.15 mm: a greater distance requires more solder or will not give a capillary effect at all, a smaller one will create an unnecessary obstacle to the spreading of the solder.

DIY tools and materials for installing copper pipes

copper pipe brazing torch is the key equipment for brazing. There are a variety of types of burners, it is advisable to stop the choice on a gas burner with a piezo ignition and a nozzle for adjusting the flame.

• Solder for brazing copper pipes - usually tin in the form of rods or coils of wire.
• Flux for brazing copper pipes is a paste that is used to coat the surface of pipes and fittings in order to dissolve oxide films on the surface of the parts to be joined, to protect copper from oxidation as a result of heating, and to ensure that the surfaces are moistened when the solder dissolves.
• Copper pipe cutter - copper pipe cutting tool
  expander for copper pipes - a tool for increasing the diameter of copper pipes when mounting parts one into another.
• Chamfering tool - a tool for chamfering, getting rid of material from possible burrs.
• Fittings are connecting pieces of various configurations.
• Steel brush and brush for cleaning the inside and outside of fittings and pipes.

DIY tools for soldering copper pipes

Equipment for brazing copper pipes is not expensive and exclusive. But it will take some effort in order to gain confident skills in its use: it is advisable to practice on pipe cuttings in order to understand the intricacies of technology and methods.
Step-by-step instructions for soft soldering copper pipes

This is important: the edge of the pipe and the pipe itself must be perfectly straight and even - the quality of the connection of parts depends on this, therefore, it is advisable to use a pipe cutter to cut pipes.

Step 1. Using a pipe expander, increase the diameter of the fitting, using a beveller, smooth out the edges of the pipe.
Step 2. With a brush, polish the outer part of the pipe, with a brush - interior fitting.
Step 3. Apply a paste for soldering copper pipes - flux - to the pipe and fitting with a special brush and immediately connect the parts, avoiding the ingress of any kind of contamination or foreign objects.
Step 4. With a gas torch for brazing water supply copper pipes, gently heat the joint, acting over the entire surface. An indicator of good heating is a change in the color of the soldering flux.

Brazing process of copper water pipe

Step 5. Having stopped heating the surfaces to be joined, apply solder for brazing copper pipes around the entire perimeter of the joint. The fire of the burner must not touch the solder wire: the tin must melt on the copper surface from its high temperature without direct impact fire.
Step 6. Wait for natural and complete cooling of the part - without additional means for rapid cooling.
Step 7. Be sure to remove the remaining flux paste from the surface with a damp cloth. Its effect is necessary only during soldering: it destroys the protective layer of copper parts.

The seam at the point of adhesion of the parts must be even and tight. It will be possible to check the result obtained only when a sufficient pressure of water in the water supply is turned on, however, if the soldering was successful, the reliability of the seam does not in the least decrease with time, possible pressure drops or water temperature.

Appearance of a Correctly Soldered Copper Pipe

Installation of copper pipes with pipes of other materials

There are a few important points related to the possibility of installing copper pipes with pipes made of other materials:

• Compounds of copper and brass, copper and plastic and copper and steel are non-hazardous and non-corrosive to materials.
• The installation of galvanized steel and copper can adversely affect the condition of the galvanized steel pipe: chemical processes between copper and zinc lead to the destruction of zinc.

Therefore, if there is a need to connect galvanized and copper pipes, then it is possible only through a brass fitting and only in one direction: along the flow of water from a galvanized pipe to a copper one.

Corrosion of galvanized pipe due to improper soldering with copper

For domestic water supply in Russia, this is a possible solution: almost always the central water supply system uses steel or galvanized steel, so copper plumbing in an apartment can be purchased without a doubt.
Copper pipes are connected to steel or plastic pipes only with brass squeeze fittings. The main fastening of the system is carried out through the clamping nut and clamping ring of the fitting: they are screwed on standard number revolutions prescribed in technical documentation fitting, and must be regularly checked during operation for looseness and possible leaks.

Copper pipe myths

Due to the lack of habit to copper as a material for heating systems, water and gas supply, modern Russian consumers have a lack of confidence in this material. There are two myths:

• Plumbing copper pipes are expensive and impractical despite the high price tag. Impracticality is associated with possible oxidation on outside pipes, while from the inside copper pipes are oxidized too, however, they are absolutely not subject to corrosion. The higher cost of copper pipes can be more than offset by the ease of installation and durability of materials.
• Copper pipes are dangerous when combined with chlorinated water. Undoubtedly, copper, reacting with chlorine particles, oxidizes, however, the film formed inside the pipes, on the contrary, protects the pipes from additional chemical influences and is safe for the human body.

However, these myths are destroyed by many years of practice. It is no coincidence that this material was used in plumbing systems several millennia ago, and until now, in European countries, copper enjoys well-deserved recognition.

The use of pipes made of copper and its alloys for a long time no longer looks like something unusual in the arrangement of modern heating systems: in this way, water and gas transmission lines are increasingly being equipped, modern systems air conditioning and refrigeration units of various types... By pursuing assembly work, it is important to know how to properly solder copper pipes.

How copper pipes are connected

When forming permanent connections from products of this type mainly soldering is used. This long-known method of joining copper products is realized by saturating the contact zone with a special melted adhesive solution - solder.

When studying how to solder copper pipes, it is important to remember that for a reliable welding contact, the melting point of the solder should only be slightly inferior to that of the pipes being connected. Soldering by yourself copper pipeline, it is important to be especially careful. It is best to study well the technology of how to weld copper pipes before doing this.

Advantages of the welded method of connecting copper pipes

Copper welded joints have many positive feedback regarding their reliability, which makes them even more popular.

Among the most significant positive qualities copper soldering, the following can be distinguished:

• Welded copper products are very strong and durable.
• Copper is one of the easiest and most affordable materials to process.
• The welding contact has a very significant scope when choosing the most suitable conditions- the so-called "Welding mode adjustment".
• Soldering the connection without the need for standard adapters and fittings. In this way, noticeable savings finance when organizing a heating system.

What kind of soldering is, and what tool is needed

Carrying out special operations for welding pipes of different cross-sections, the following temperature conditions are mainly used:

• High temperature... Provides for thermal heating of the melting area up to +900 degrees. Usually, workpieces under constant loads are soldered in this way.
• Low temperature... This mode is especially suitable for home use. The operating temperature along the contact line usually does not exceed +450 degrees in this case.

To make the process of connecting pipes by soldering as comfortable as possible, this will require the presence of the following tool:

1. A special grip-pipe cutter, to obtain an even cut of the pipe at the place of its future joining.
2. Equipment for chamfering and deburring.
3. A special expansion device, with the help of which the docking site of the required depth is prepared. This indicator is usually correlated with the diameter of the abutting pipes.
4. Welding machine or a gas burner. They serve as a tool for brazing copper pipes.
5. A thermal hair dryer that quickly heats up the joining areas up to +650 degrees. It is used in cases where the work is carried out with low-melting solder. This welding and heating device makes it possible to achieve simple compliance with the required temperature regime at the place of soldering, with the possibility of supporting it within the required limits. As a rule, the equipment includes replaceable nozzles, making it possible to direct hot air strictly to the desired section of the pipeline.

Solders for soldering at home

This name is used to refer to solders with high level refractoriness. Outwardly, they look like long rods with an arbitrary profile, which is very convenient when the metal is heated directly in the soldering area to a temperature of +900 degrees.

As for the so-called. "Soft" solders, then they are used for low-temperature processing of copper products at home. Most often they look like very thin wires made on the basis of tin, lead, zinc and their alloys. This form of solder is very convenient when deciding how to solder copper tubes at home.

How to properly solder using flux

In order to solder copper pipes yourself, it is important to make this process as simple as possible. Especially for this, the use of special pasty or liquid substances called fluxes is practiced.

With the help of these chemicals, the following goals can be achieved:

• Before welding the copper tube, harmful oxides and other substances that interfere with the quality of the connection are removed from the soldering zone.
• Work zone gets additional protection from oxygen exposure, which is usually rich environment... This prevents the substances used for soldering from entering into chemical reactions unnecessary in this case.
• Fluxes are very convenient for creating the most suitable conditions, allowing the solder to be distributed as evenly as possible over the entire joint area. As a result, the copper connection receives the necessary resistance to thermal and vibration effects, which protects it from the appearance of gaps and leaks.
• The degree of adhesion of the copper pipe and solder, due to the components contained in the flux, reaches the required quality level. This is especially important if the line is experiencing rupture effects.

Observance of the required temperature during operation allows the heated solder to uniformly cover all parts of the workpieces to be joined, which provides the connection with the required degree of reliability. When the soldering zone has cooled down, it is cleaned of all excess solder.

Even five thousand years ago, Egyptian minters discovered a new type of metal joining by soldering. The essence of the method consists in creating a connection of various metals by filling the seams with solder, which is a molten material with a melting point lower than that of the parts to be joined. Unlike steel, copper parts are better connected by brazing than welding. This is especially important if you have to work with thin-walled copper pipes, which are widely used in heating, plumbing, gas and refrigeration systems... Even a beginner can handle this kind of work.

Features of copper pipes

The chemical composition used in the production of copper pipes is 99% copper, but minor impurities of tin, iron, antimony, lead are allowed.

Copper pipes can be hard (not annealed) and soft (annealed). During manufacture at machining copper material loses its natural ductility.

This property can be returned by annealing the metal, that is, heating it to 600-700 degrees, followed by cooling in natural conditions. As a result of such actions, copper pipe gains some technological advantages over solid copper. Of course, a soft pipe loses in strength, but it is much superior in ductility, which increases the value of its elongation at break by 40-60%. This means that the soft tube can be bent easily without the risk of rupture. Due to the plastic deformation of copper, such pipes can eliminate the rupture of the water supply system if it is accidentally frozen.

Copper pipes have the following advantages:

Of course, the higher cost of copper, in comparison with other modern materials, can be attributed to its disadvantages, but the soldering technology saves on fittings.

Brazing Methods for Copper Parts

The permanent connection of pipes at industrial facilities, as well as soldering copper at home, is carried out in two ways:

1. High-temperature method - used on pipelines operated at high temperatures and under heavy load. Solder melting by this method occurs at a temperature of 600-900 ℃.
2. Low temperature method - used for systems household use... When using soft solder, the heating of the soldering point reaches 450 ℃, and for hard solder - more than 450 ℃.

Tools and fixtures

Of course, for soldering copper pipes with your own hands in a standard version, you can use many elements that are easy to find in your own home supplies. In extreme cases, you will have to purchase special devices for performing the soldering process. So, to produce quality installation copper products you may need:

The burners are subdivided according to the power:

1. For heating pipes and soft soldering.
2. For work with hard or soft solder (semi-professional).
3. For brazing (professional).
4. A hot air gun can be used to heat up low-melting solder. Such a tool is capable of producing a jet of hot air up to 650 ℃.

Copper bonding materials

The whole technological process brazing copper tubes gas burner can be done with flux and solder for copper, as well as with or without fittings.

Flux and solder paste

The flux for brazing copper pipes has great value for the formation of a high-quality connecting seam. It can be low-temperature with activity up to 450 ℃, and high-temperature - more than 450 ℃.

The use of a flux is necessary in the case of:

• high-quality cleaning of the surface of the pipes being connected from oxides;
• protection of the junction from oxygen, which is contained in the air;
• increasing the adhesion of the solder to the metal surface;
• improving the process of spreading of solder.

Today there are the following types of fluxes:

• activated;
• acidic;
• non-acidic;
• anti-corrosion.

Solder paste is a thick mass of flux, small solder particles and special additives. Such a composition is often used on industrial enterprises when soldering radio technical parts on printed circuit boards... The form in the form of a paste is very convenient for applying to small parts.

Types of solders

The connection of copper and its alloys can be made by both low-temperature and high-temperature brazing. A variety of soft and hard materials are available to provide ideal attachment to metal parts.

The use of solders with a low melting point makes it possible to solder parts under conditions that have little effect on the strength of copper, but at the same time the joint has the worst mechanical parameters. Solders for high-temperature joints increase the strength of the metal junction, but requires certain skills to prevent copper burnout.

Exists a large number of lead-free solders, which are capable of providing a fairly high quality of joining work. Basically, these are alloys of tin (95-97%) with copper, antimony, bismuth, silver, selenium. The best properties possess silver-containing solders. Wide application received and three-component types, which include tin, copper and silver. The use of tin-lead solders is limited due to the harmfulness of lead.

High-temperature brazing is carried out with hard solders of copper-phosphorus composition. Such compositions, when connecting two copper parts, do not require the use of fluxes. The same coefficient of thermal expansion of copper has a very favorable effect on the quality of the joint.

Hard solders are made in the form of shaped rods, and soft alloys are made in the form of a wire with a diameter of 2-3 mm.

Connecting fittings

In the absence of a special tool for quality cutting and expansion of the junction, technological copper adapters (fittings) are used, which have a strictly regulated socket diameter.

With all the variety of types of such parts, three main forms are often used: angles - contribute to a change in the direction of the pipeline by 90 degrees, tees - provide a branch from the pipe and a coupling - serve to connect two pipes.

Fittings have a rather high cost, so many specialists try to do without them, treating the joint with special devices.

There are special fittings with ready-made solder, which is placed in the form of a roller along the edges of the part. To solder pipes with such a fitting is very simple, you just need to connect the surfaces and heat them to the melting point of the solder.

Brazing technology for copper pipes

The whole technological process of joining parts from copper material can be conditionally divided into preparatory operations and the very stage of creating a strong joint.

Basic connection operations with a torch:

After the metal junction has cooled completely, it is necessary to remove the remains of the flux with a rag moistened with an alcohol solution.

Invalid errors

The reason for the poor-quality connection of two parts is most often haste, so you need to remember to control the edges of the product for the absence of foreign small objects that may form after cutting.

When applying the flux, it is important to try not to miss a single slightest area of ​​the surface, because any defect can cause poor contact.

If any part of the surface is slightly heated, this will lead to a weak fusion of the two metals. Overheating can lead to combustion of the flux and the formation of scale or oxide at the soldering point, which affects its reliability.

Safety engineering

Because soldering work are carried out using high heat, it is necessary to strictly carry out all operations with protective gloves.

The presence of hazardous chemical vapors can lead to respiratory injury, therefore work should be carried out in a well-ventilated area and wearing a protective mask.

Soldering copper pipes is not particularly difficult. Will tell you more about soldering copper wires video tutorial, which can be viewed on many Internet sites.

You can make a plumbing or heating system in a private house yourself, it is only important to understand how to solder copper pipes in order to get a reliable connection.

Copper pipes are inaccessible for steel pipes flexible, durable and resistant to impact chemical elements, which is why such a system is preferable.

Copper is one of the elements that have been well known to mankind for over 1000 years.

Therefore, it is not surprising that it has found application in many devices and systems, for example:

• as pipes in the water supply system;
• as pipes for the heating system of private houses.

Such systems serve throughout the entire life of the house, so you don't have to worry about providing access to them - brick them up, pour concrete, sheathe wall panels etc.

The only requirement for monolithic placement of copper pipes is to use cushioning material: corrugation or PVC insulation, which prevent the mechanical effect of materials on pipelines when the temperature regime changes (winter-summer).

Consumer market situation

Many consumers ask a natural question: since there are so many advantages of copper, why copper pipes do not prevail in the market for heating and plumbing equipment?

It's all about common misconceptions, of which a couple of main ones can be distinguished:

1. Copper pipes are quite expensive.
2. Brazing copper pipes is very difficult.

Indeed, in the production of copper pipes for heating and water supply systems, high quality copper is used, which has high anti-corrosion properties. She is perfectly soldered, withstands high pressure, does not lose hardness and ductility. And, accordingly, it is expensive.

But in terms of 1 running meter of an already installed water supply or heating system, a copper pipe system in cost is at the level of similar systems, for example, from plastic pipes by saving on expensive fittings.

The second point stopping consumers is the lack of information on how to properly solder copper pipes, and whether it can be done independently.

For reference: Copper is an exceptional metal that lends itself well to soldering. Its surface is well cleaned of oxides and impurities, and provides excellent adhesion to solders.

The very same adhesion (wetting) of copper surfaces during soldering contributes to the manifestation of the capillary effect, due to which the solder penetrates into the gaps, spreading in all directions, even upwards.

Learn to create a sustainable and sustainable system in own home everyone can. To do this, you just need to study the principle of copper soldering and gain a little experience.

Preparation for work

Before you start assembling a heating or plumbing system, you should stock up on tools, without which it is impossible to get sealed connections copper pipeline.

To work with copper pipes you will need:

1. Steel brush for cleaning internal surfaces pipes.
2. Brush for cleaning brazed surfaces. It, like a brush, is necessary to remove oxides and impurities that impede high-quality soldering.
3. Gas burner with flame control attachment.

You can use compact burners based on household gas cylinders for refueling tourist stoves (camping gas).

In addition, general construction tools will be required for the installation of the system:

• level;
• roulette;
• hammer (for a pipe expander);
• marker.

Soldering process

We are starting to learn some simple techniques on how to solder copper pipes:

Warning! It is forbidden to use fine-grained emery cloth for deburring and cleaning surfaces.

Due to the softness of copper, abrasive particles from the emery cloth will remain on the surface and prevent adhesion.

1. Similarly, we clean the edge of the expanded pipe from burrs and dirt.
2. We apply flux. It is best to apply it on a single pipe that is inserted (smaller diameter). Spread evenly over the surface with a brush.

Caution: If there is a lot of flux, then when heated, solder will get into the pipe through it, where a drop is formed. This can cause noise from water during operation.

1. We bring solder to the pipe joint. It begins to melt without a burner, from hot copper and, spreading, fills all the voids between the pipes due to the capillary effect. As soon as drops of solder begin to appear on the surface of the pipes, the soldering should be stopped.
2. During the cooling of the soldering point, do not blow on the connection, do not give physical exertion.

Do not let the process overheat the pipes. If the pipe begins to blacken, it is necessary to stop heating, because with an overheated pipe, the "capillary" effect of soldering will not work.

• If there are no soldering skills, then you should first practice on cutting pipes. Experts say that 2-3 times are enough to master the skills and get an idea of ​​\ u200b \ u200bworking with copper.
• It is best to pre-assemble the parts of the system on the table, and then solder them in place. For example, a ball valve is first installed on prepared parts of the system with threaded connections, and then assembled into the water supply system.
• After assembly, thoroughly flush the system with a pressure hot water to remove excess flux and solder.

Conclusions: As you can see, soldering a water supply or heating system made of copper can be mastered by everyone who knows how to handle simple tools... It is only important to do everything carefully, avoiding violations of the soldering technology.

Copper is one of the most readily available metals and is widely used in industry and housing and utilities. is a connection using fittings, using hard and soft soldering. The technology has been known since ancient times, and today it is especially relevant - using modern materials for soldering.

Conditions for ensuring strength

One of the conditions for the tightness and strength of brazed products is the appropriate width of the brazed joint. To ensure this condition, special devices are used for connectors, double-ended elbows, caps, tees. Copper can be soldered:

• soft solders (melting temperature below 450 C);
• hard solders (melting temperature above 450 C).

Solder types used on copper water pipes:

• 40 percent lead / 60 percent tin, for example;
• 95 percent tin-antimony / 5 percent lead;
• 50% lead solder is recommended on copper alloy lines that should not be used for drinking water;
• lead-free solder for pipes used in water supply.

Preparation of the workplace

Soldering copper pipes with your own hands should take place after preparing the workplace, and the work must begin with choosing the right tool for soldering copper pipes and related materials.

Required tools for soldering:

Installation of soldering joints in installations is carried out using appropriate burners with propane air or acetylene oxygen. The flame temperature of propane-air is about 1900 C, and the temperature of acetylene oxygen is about 3100 degrees. The high temperature of the oxyacetylene flame, on the one hand, accelerates the heating process to the brazing temperature, on the other hand, creates the danger of unacceptable melting of the pipe surface.

Soldering tool, in particular burner cap, is a critical factor affecting quality. Thus, even heating with a standard torch, despite the very high thermal conductivity of copper (411 W / m * K), can be difficult, especially in places that do not allow moving the soldering iron. In such situations, it is much more advantageous to use burners with caps that evenly heat the brazing area.

General order of work

Fasteners for copper pipes

The pipe clamps hold the pipes firmly against a wall, support beam, or other structure. These clamps are usually a single bracket with two holes for mounting to a hard surface, or a flexible metal strip with holes punched every few centimeters. Any type of clamp requires a wall or beam mount.

There are several types fasteners to choose from:

• copper pipe clamps;
• nails;
• screws and bolts;
• plastic clips and fasteners;
• alternative fasteners.

Such pipes usually require clamps, since using the same type of metal will reduce the corrosion condition from the low electrical currents created by joining different metals. Copper provides a flexible clamp that allows the pipes to expand and contract in a variety of weather conditions. Pipe clamps are available in molded C-shaped structures or in flexible copper strips with clips pierced along the strip. Any type is acceptable for copper plumbing.

Nails are inserted on both sides of the pipe clamp and secured in place to secure the clamp to a wall or other surface. They work best for wood, but can be used with drywall and open siding.

It is important to use zinc nails to avoid corrosion of the nail head over time. Installing fasteners requires caution. Copper pipes are easily bent, and a missed blow with a hammer can damage it. Before soldering, it is best to start with a video tutorial that demonstrates the correct technology.

Screws and bolts are another option for attaching the clamps. Screws require the use of a drill, but are much stronger than nails. Screws work well in wood, but can also be installed in concrete or other hard surfaces. Some pipe clamps are tied using bolts. As a rule, the bolts are supplied with clamps. It is best to use galvanized screws and bolts to reduce the likelihood that they will corrode over time.

You can use plastic clamps and fasteners with copper pipes. The plastic will not corrode on the copper surface and will hold as tightly as the copper clamps. Plastic zippers are also used to connect the pipe to another surface. This is especially useful when it is impractical to use a copper pipe clamp with nails or screws, such as when joining multiple pipes. Plastic zippers come in most different sizes for any application.

Difference between brazing copper and brass

Soldering - handy tool when it comes to refurbishing bathroom fixtures. Soldering is not the same type of operation, but in different cases other technologies are required. In particular, soldering brass pipes can be more difficult than brazing copper as brass fittings require higher temperatures.

The basic process for joining brass or copper water pipes is essentially the same, however the big difference between copper and brass is that brass requires much more heat to correct work solder. In fact, you have to heat the metal five or six times more than copper to get it to the point where the solder melts. This will require a higher torch temperature, more time, heat to the metal, and close attention. behind the behavior of the flame from all sides.

Brass pipes are somewhat unusual, therefore, before starting brazing, you need to ensure that the pressure inside the brazing does not accumulate, but is freely removed into the environment.

Experience has shown that propane burners are not hot enough to work with brass. Instead, brass uses a special gas, a mixture of methyl acetylene and propadiene, which reaches a higher temperature than propane. You don't have to skimp on the use of flux or solder paste when you need to mount pipes.