Despite the total electrification and gasification, the Russian stove can still be found in private houses, and not only in villages, but also in cities. The range of its application is wide enough. The Russian stove not only directly heats the room. You can also cook food on it, dry things, and just lie down on cold winter evenings. Thanks to this, the Russian stove continues to remain so popular to this day. It is quite possible to build it with your own hands, but this requires, of course, a certain amount of knowledge. If you are not sure about own forces, it would be better to turn to professional craftsmen.

What is good about the Russian oven

Let's note one point. In fact, Russian stoves can be different. In particular, they are distinguished, for example, by size, by:

• small;
• medium;
• big.

Let us warn you right away - the process of building it is rather complicated.

Before starting such work, you first need to study the features of such a structure, to understand its features. Generally speaking, the following departments should be present in the Russian oven:

• cold stove;
• baking;
• six;
• cooking chamber (crucible)
• overtube;
• bed;
• view.

Let's take a closer look at it. The cold stove is designed for storing dishes there. In principle, you can do without it - the decision in this case is made individually, taking into account other features of your project. Another department that not all Russian stoves have is baking. Its main purpose is to dry wood. Accordingly, baking is often rejected because it is unnecessary.

The six is ​​a niche located in front of the crucible. As a rule, a cooker is installed here. In addition, the six also serves to maintain the desired temperature of already cooked food. Such use is possible if the stove is located somewhere else.

The bottom of the crucible is called under. Install it with a slight slope towards the entrance to the cooking chamber. This advice has a very useful practical significance... The inclined bottom makes it easy to move the dishes. One more important point- the bottom surface will better need to be carefully sanded.

The crucible is one of the main parts of the Russian stove. They put firewood and dishes here. It should be noted that the vault of the furnace should have a slight slope towards the exit. This is necessary so that hot air accumulates under the ceiling, warming up the walls of the stove and the stove bench. The latter, by the way, is located above the furnace, behind the chimney. And, finally, the view is a window with a door that serves to block the chimney. In addition, it is possible to get through the view to the damper responsible for traction control.

The above scheme is, one might say, classic. Modern Russian stoves are complemented by such elements as the above-mentioned cooker for cooking, as well as a tank for heating water. To required temperature achieved faster, using heating of the underfloor section. This, incidentally, allows you to reduce the time required to accelerate the heating process of the room.

The design of the Russian stove provides for the presence of several departments. Accordingly, in summer period when there is no need to heat the room, it is used only for cooking. That is, only the hob is involved. V winter period as a rule, all departments are already warming up.

How can you make a Russian oven yourself

Preparatory work begins with choosing a location. This is one of the most important points, and there are many factors to consider, for example the material from which the walls of the house are made. In this case, we are talking, first of all, about security. For example, if the walls are wooden, then there should be a distance of at least 20 centimeters between them and the stove. It is also recommended to take additional fire-fighting measures. The most popular option is protection wooden walls houses with asbestos slabs.

In order to build a Russian stove with your own hands, you will need tools. In particular, here you will need:

• trowel, or trowel;
• building level;
• hammer pickaxe;
• plumb line;
• rule;
• measuring bar - with its help the width of the seams is measured;
• ordering - this device allows you to maintain the verticality of the masonry.

In addition, you will need the following materials:

• clay and sand for mixing;
• refractory and chamotte material;
• grate;
• wire (soft);
• doors;
• asbestos cord.

When building large furnaces, a foundation is indispensable. This moment is best taken into account even when building a house. The best option here would be monolithic construction from reinforced concrete. Another important point. The foundation of the stove is an independent structure, and it has nothing to do with the support of the house itself. Everything should be done thoroughly at this stage. During the construction process, be sure to check the horizontalness of the foundation, because the reliability of the entire structure depends on it.

After everything is ready, you can start building the oven itself. In order to get it right, it is best to use a pre-drawn drawing. The most important moment in the construction of a furnace is the correct order. To ensure the safety of the structure, the masonry must be completely sealed. Accordingly, bricks with cracks are immediately scrapped.

Typically, the thickness of the seams between the rows is between 5 and 8 millimeters. Some people recommend using clay to improve the tightness. However, in fact, by smearing the inside of the oven walls with this material, you will only reduce the thermal conductivity. In addition, clay promotes soot deposition.

It is recommended to soak ceramic bricks before laying. Thanks to this simple procedure this material then it will not then absorb water from the solution. Thanks to soaking, they will dry out at the same time, and as a result, the tightness of the walls will be enough high level... Now there is one more important point. Internal walls are laid out only in half a brick. This is quite enough. The thing is that the walls laid out in one brick will be thicker. Accordingly, the time required to warm them up will increase, and the fuel consumption will become much higher.

Now let's look at such an important point as the order mentioned above. During the construction process, you should adhere to a certain scheme. In this case, all rows must be laid dry. Before you start laying, you need to outline the location of the walls - this is done using chalk, a corner and a ruler. Next, the bricks of the outer wall are laid. Work should start with this. After that, the inner surface is already filled.

It is easy to guess that the strength of the entire structure depends on how the 1st row of bricks is laid. Therefore, in the process of work, pay to this moment Special attention... The 2nd row is the beginning of laying the stove wall. Internal channels for cleaning it are also formed here.

When erecting the 3rd row, doors are placed for the cleaning and blowing chambers. They are fixed with steel wire, the ends of which are then hidden in the seams between the bricks. 4th row - at this stage, masonry blocks the entrances to the internal channels. Here you should also be extremely careful and follow the drawing exactly.

Laying the 5th row, install a grate for a large firebox. From the inside, the firebox is laid out cut in two (in thickness) fireclay bricks... In addition, a small firebox door is also installed. 6th row - at this stage, they put a tank designed to heat water. We also continue laying the firebox - refractory bricks are best suited for this.

In terms of the complexity of construction, a classic Russian stove surpasses brick heaters of other designs, so without skills and practice it will not work to fold it with your own hands. The cost of construction does not inspire either, because even at modern model the hearth mini-stove will go about 800 pcs. quality bricks. But due to their high efficiency (efficiency over 60%) and heat capacity, these structures remain attractive to many homeowners. We also decided not to bypass them and give you detailed description masonry simple option oven equipped with a stove bench.

We study the device and principle of operation

At the moment, the traditional Russian stove has undergone many improvements. There are options for heaters with a fireplace, hob and an oven, as well as outdoor complexes - barbecues, built under sheds or in large gazebos. But the basis for all of these structures is an old hearth stove with a chimney pushed out to the front. Its structure is shown in detail in the diagram:

Reference. The approximate dimensions of the structure, most often erected in ancient Russia, are 3 x 2 x 2.5 arshins or 2130 x 1420 x 1780 mm. The last number indicates the height to the top of the bed.

Let's list the design features:

1. The building rests on a foundation and a guardianship - 4 walls with a cavity inside for storing household equipment or a portion of firewood - a bake (otherwise, a bake). Previously, the base was made of wood, now it is built of bricks.
2. The furnace body consists of two compartments. Front - bend - is enclosed by walls pre-furnace surface ending at the top with a chimney. The back part is an oblong crucible with an inclined hearth and a semicircular vault. The latter also leans towards the mouth at a certain angle.
3. The cavities between the outer walls and the crucible are filled with clean sand or a clay-sand mixture. The overlap over the top filling plays the role of a couch.
4. In front and on the sides of the heater, there are several small niches - stoves.
5. In its simplest design, the chimney is equipped with an inspection door and a damper (the old name is a view).

The movement of gases and heat in the firebox

The principle that the Russian stove uses when working is quite simple and at the same time effective. To the wood burned in the furnace, air enters through the mouth and the bend window, and the flow spreads along the lower part of the hearth, closer to the hearth. Lighter combustion products move towards it along the upper zone, leaving the mouth in smoke channel... How this happens is clearly shown in the figure above.

An important point. Effective heating of heat-consuming walls and sand filling is achieved due to the inclination of the vaults and the hearth of the stove. Hot air cannot escape until it cools and becomes heavier. This principle is used in modern bell furnaces.

After the flame has died out, thick walls return heat for a long time to the room and the furnace, where you can make delicious pastries, cook varied dishes or bake bread by home recipe. Detailed overview look at the video:

We spread the Russian stove with a stove bench

The most difficult moment is the laying of the inclined vaults of the furnace. Therefore, for a start, we propose to execute a classic design without additional elements - stoves, ovens, and so on. If you successfully build the stove shown in the photo, then later take a more complex project at your own discretion.

The drawing below shows a sectional view of a relatively small stove with dimensions of 1650 x 1270 x 1540 (the height of the bench). Such a mini-structure will fit into the interior country cottage, and in a small house in the country. From additional functions there is only a stranglehold for heating a samovar and a stove on one of the walls (you can make more of them).

Construction is carried out in several stages:

1. Procurement of building materials.
2. The device is a solid foundation.
3. Erection of the body of the furnace and chimney.
4. Drying and primary heating.

Now let's look at the whole process in stages.

Preparation of materials and fixtures

Before making a small Russian stove with your own hands, you need to buy the following materials:

• corpulent red ceramic brick - 1650 pcs .;
• a valve with a "live" section of 26 x 24 cm;
• cleaning door;
• dry clay-sand mixture for laying stoves and fireplaces, calculated for the preparation of 70 buckets of mortar;
• building materials for the foundation - cement M400, sand, roofing material;
• basalt cardboard or felt;
• roofing steel sheet.

Varieties of figured bricks

Advice. You should not experiment and make a mortar from clay and sand on your own, unless you are an experienced stove-maker. Ready-made price building mixture not so great as to save on the reliability of the structure.

Apart from ordinary bricks standard sizes 25 x 12 x 6.5 cm, now on sale there is a figured stone intended for laying arched vaults. It is divided into 2 types - a wedge-shaped brick and the so-called heel with one hewn edge, laid in the base of the arch.

To work, you need a regular masonry tool: a trowel, a pickaxe, a wooden or rubber mallet, as well as a building level, a tape measure and a plumb line. In addition, before starting work, you need to make a template for masonry arched vault, which is a frame made of a bar with circles and a flooring of boards. What a wooden fixture looks like is shown in the figure below.

Formwork for the formation of brick vaults

Pouring the foundation slab

As you can imagine, the Russian stove is a rather heavy construction. In our case, its weight will be 1650 x 3.5 = 5.8 tons (calculated by brick mass). The base must be appropriate, therefore, a pit 180 x 140 cm in size should be dug at the construction site, taking into account a protrusion of 50 mm on each side of the dimensions of the heater. The depth of the pit is determined by the location of stable soil horizons, and even easier - by the existing foundation of the house.

An important point. It is unacceptable to combine the stove base with the building foundation. Provide a minimum indent of 10 cm, as shown in the photo.

1. Tamp the bottom of the pit, then fill it with sand to a height of 100 mm and also compact it.
2. Prepare a very thin slurry of cement and clay.
3. When filling the pit with rubble stone, spill all cavities with mortar until you reach ground level.
4. Cover the resulting base in 2 layers with roofing felt to avoid capillary rise of moisture from the soil. Simply put, do waterproofing.

Ordinal masonry process

Before starting masonry work, a sheet of metal and basalt cardboard (or felt soaked in liquid clay) should be laid on the finished foundation. Then prepare a bucket of water and mix the mortar according to the instructions on the packaging of the building material. If you do not have enough experience in stove business, then first read general recommendations on the masonry set out.

Now you can lay the solid first row of the Russian stove, focusing on the order. Pay attention to how its corners are made of chipped bricks - three-quarters. This is necessary to ensure correct dressing of subsequent rows. Further, the walls of the guardianship and the arched opening are formed, with the help of stones chipped at the corners. To lay out the 5th row, which includes semicircular arch, install in the opening wooden formwork... In this case, the bricks of the two side walls are also constrained to fit the template that forms the arch.

On the sixth row, the sidewalls are laid out in half a brick, and the front and rear walls are in a whole brick, after which the arch formwork is placed. A vault of wedge-shaped stones and heels is arranged on it, and the body of the furnace is erected in parallel. After laying the 10th row, the opening is carefully covered with sand.

Advice. If you cannot get wedge-shaped bricks, put a vault of stones of standard sizes, wedging them with small fragments and mortar.

Row number 11 is made solid in order to block the backfill, and the 12th row forms under. Bricks that have turned out to be the bottom of the firebox (crucible) are not bound by the solution. The next steps are the laying of the walls of the furnace and the installation of the formwork at the mouth of the fuel chamber.

In the 17th row, 8 bricks must be cut under the large arch of the furnace, after which the formwork must be put back and the arch laid out. Having reached the 20th row, the sand filling operation is repeated.

Solid rows No. 21 and 22 are the basis of the bed. Further, the laying continues only in the front part, where the bend and the chimney are finally formed.

A door is placed on the 26th row, and a latch on the 32nd. Above, the laying of a chimney continues, diverting combustion products to the street.

To go through wooden floor in compliance with fire safety standards, chimney you need to lay out the cut. This is the expansion of the chimney, increasing the distance from the inner wall of the pipe to wooden structures... The masonry cutting scheme is shown in the order:

Drying and first kindling

If a Russian stove with a stove bench was laid out in compliance with the technology, including with soaking bricks, then initially its walls contain a large number of moisture. It takes time and effort on your part to remove it, since you cannot immediately heat the stove to the maximum - the masonry will crack. It is necessary to wait 3 days for the primary drying of the solution, and then proceed in this order:

1. Open the door and light a small fire right on the view, opening the flap fully. This will dry the chimney and remove airlock, because of which the stove will begin to smoke heavily into the room.
2. Put some brushwood in the crucible and light it. Then keep a small fire going for 2 hours.
3. Repeat the operation every day for 2 weeks, gradually increasing the portion of firewood. A sign of complete drying is the absence of dark streaks on the walls of the stove and chimney.

If cracks have formed in the masonry during the drying process, they must be carefully cut with a knife, and then filled with a thick solution of clay and water. The technology of building a brick heater is clearly demonstrated in the video:

Conclusion

If you have recently started mastering the furnace business, our publication on the construction of a Russian stove will be useful in an introductory plan, so that you can imagine the volume and procedure of work. To get the maximum information, we recommend that you study the popular book by Gennady Fedorov "Russian Stove", and also work with experienced stove-maker in apprentices. Armed with theoretical and practical knowledge, you can definitely take on such a construction.

Design engineer with over 8 years of experience in construction.
Graduated from the East Ukrainian National University. Vladimir Dahl with a degree in Electronic Industry Equipment in 2011.

Related entries:

Is it possible to fold a Russian stove with your own hands? This is really possible, but first you should carefully study the instructions, carefully disassemble all the schemes, but most importantly, it would be nice to have an internship with a professional.

The best option would be to do everything necessary work under the supervision of a qualified stove-maker who will prevent possible mistakes when reading an order in progress.

The problem is that just one incorrectly placed brick can ruin everything.

There are often cases when, due to such an oversight, the masonry had to be completely redone, since either there was no traction at all, or it was too strong.

If you are not afraid of warnings and are not afraid of possible difficulties, and you decide to test yourself as a stove-maker without making irreparable mistakes, it is important to follow the instructions exactly and follow the rules of work. In addition, the choice of material should be approached with all responsibility.

You need to know the necessary parameters for the device of capital heating devices so that they fully comply with specially developed standards: this is the only way to avoid claims from fire inspectors.

The main difficulty of cooking correct solution consists in the selection of components. The clay can be either too oily or too lean. For the masonry of stoves, a thicker material is preferable, giving the mixture the elasticity necessary for the seams. It is difficult to determine the optimal ratio of elements, which is important for the preparation of a composition of proper quality.

Before preparing the mixture, the soaked clay is rubbed through a mesh with a mesh size of 0.5 cm to obtain the most homogeneous mass. When they go to the hoard of the furnace, instead of sand, chamotte powder is often used, in proportion to three parts of clay, one part of chamotte.

To avoid becoming a source of danger in the home, the stove must be completely sealed. Poor quality materials, such as cracked bricks, must not be used. should be between 5 and 8 millimeters.

To ensure tightness, do not coat with clay inner surface ovens, as this mixture will aggravate soot build-up and also reduce the thermal conductivity of the device.

Masonry is carried out in different departments of the structure in different ways- brick length, quarter brick and half brick. The ligation of the stove corners is performed different ways, but main principle- this is an interlacing of a brick poke and a spoon. Lay out the building according to special instructions: the order of Russian stoves describes in detail how, and in which row, the brick should lie, which additional parts are needed at each specific stage.

Ceramic brick must be well soaked before laying so that it does not absorb water from the solution. Further, the mortar and the brick will lose moisture evenly, with good mutual adhesion, which ensures reliable tightness. The solution protruding from the seams is immediately removed from both the inside and outside of the masonry. So the structure will be as functional and tidy as possible.

Internal walls are usually laid in half a brick, external in half, or in a whole stone. Thick outer walls increase the heating time of the oven and also require more fuel. Therefore, the most commonly used the best option- half a brick for both sides.

Russian stove with a stove bench: drying

The masonry process is finally completed. But this does not mean that it is already possible to begin to fully exploit it. If you immediately start to drown it thoroughly, it will dry unevenly, acquiring ugly stains on the surface. The mortar filling the joints can begin to crack, which will lead to the depressurization of the system.

Russian stoves have come to the current user from the depths of centuries. Modern interpretations are somewhat different from the old ones, but in general they repeat all architectural and functional moments... The effectiveness of the structure with a stove bench and a cooking stove is beyond doubt. The only question is whether to make one or order project drawings (as well as masonry and test run) for specialists.

Before delving into the topic, you should understand the definition.

Until now, such a term as ordering is in use - this is:
• and the masonry itself (the brick is laid out layer by layer horizontally, with a detailed receipt for the locations of the equipment elements);
• and the type of stove structure (stove-ordering, in which each layer is associated with the placement of an element).

In general terms, Russian means a stove endowed with the following features:

• massiveness and scope (as a rule, the structure occupies at least ¼ of the hut, and sometimes half);
• the presence of beds (they are also called a couch - a place where people fit during sleep or in case of ailments to warm up);

• the combination of a heating base with a cooking stove;
• mainly firewood is used for heating.

V vintage models it was customary to use the firebox itself for cooking food, surrounded by red-hot wood-burning fires (fireproof food containers with porridge or stew with a "horned" grip were placed inside the firebox, where they languished for several hours).

Today there are, in which it is allowed to use coke coal in the furnace. It gives more heat than regular wood, but coal dust is also a big problem. At the same time, a horizontal stove is used in cooking food, and the effect of "languor" has to be abandoned.