Connection diagram of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning system(beginning): 1 - mounting block of relays and fuses in the engine compartment; 2 - mounting block of fuses in the passenger compartment; 3 - ventilation, heating and air conditioning control unit; 4 - fan operating mode switch; 5 - air conditioner switch; 6 - backlight lamp; 7 - heater fan relay; 8 - additional resistor of the fan motor; 9 - ECU Sirius D4; 10 - ECU MR - 140; 11 - ECU HV-240; 12 - heater fan electric motor; 13 - regulator of brightness of illumination of devices

Connection diagram of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning system (end): 1 - mounting block of relays and fuses in the engine compartment; 2 - mounting block of fuses in the passenger compartment; 3 - electric motor of the recirculation flap drive; 4 - air conditioner compressor relay; 5 - ventilation, heating and air conditioning control unit; 6 - air conditioner compressor clutch; 7 - ECU Sirius D4; 8 - ECU MR - 140; 9 - ECU HV-240; 10 - rear window heating relay

1) Circuit of the air conditioning control switch, resistor and electric fan control

a. CONNECTOR INFORMATION

b. SYMBOLS & CONTACT NUMBER LOCATION

v. LOCATION OF CONNECTORS AND GROUND CONNECTIONS

W / H INSTRUMENT PANEL

d. CONTACT PAD

s203

s204

2) AIR CONDITIONING CONTROL SWITCH, INLET FLAP DRIVE AND AIR CONDITIONING COMPRESSOR CIRCUIT

a. CONNECTOR INFORMATION

What information can be found in the service manual (instructions)
Service manual (instruction) contains information related to maintenance and minor repairs of this or that equipment. As a rule, you receive a service manual for your device upon purchase. In addition, today there are many Internet resources that provide instructions for devices of various models and brands.

What are schemas?
Circuits and schematic diagrams are an integral part of the electrical industry, as they provide a visual description of the design of certain devices. Diagrams are required for maintenance and repair various equipment and electromechanical systems.

Using manuals (instructions) for repair.
Repair manuals (instructions) for a particular device are usually issued by independent publishers that are not related to official manufacturers equipment. These are not the instructions that were originally supplied with the purchased equipment. Although, in general, the information contained in repair manuals is similar to that found in regular manuals, there are clear differences between these documents. The fact is that repair manuals provide us with more detailed, complete and specific information.

An air conditioner is a device for adjusting and maintaining optimal temperature in household premises, construction sites, in transport and other places where people are located. The most popular are compression-type air conditioners: they both cool the air and heat it.

The device is based on the ability to absorb heat during evaporation and remove it during condensation. Let's take a closer look at how this procedure takes place in a split - system.

Schematic diagram of the air conditioner

The main constituent parts this unit is:

• Compressor.
• Evaporating element.
• Thermoregulation valve.
• Fans.

Outdoor unit

The air conditioner consists of an indoor and outdoor module, the latter is located outside the building. This is caused by the noisy operation of the fan and compressor, as well as the independent exhaust warm air in atmosphere.

Outdoor unit device

Despite the variety of air conditioners, their external module always has the same components:

1. Compressor. He is able to compress freon and give a certain movement along the contour.
2. Condenser located in the outdoor unit. It converts the refrigerant into a liquid state.
3. Evaporator. The radiator is located inside the device - it is used to convert freon from the water phase to the gaseous state.
4. Thermostatic expansion valve (TRV). The device reduces the refrigerant pressure.
5. Fans. The purpose of these devices is to blow off the evaporator and condenser in order to create a more intense heat exchange with the atmosphere.
6. Filters. These parts of the air conditioner protect the circuit from the ingress of foreign particles (dirt, dust)

IMPORTANT! When the air conditioner operates in warm air injection mode, the outdoor unit is supplied with a four-way valve, which is controlled by the indoor unit. He is responsible for changing the modes of supply of warm and cold air flow.

Indoor unit

An indoor air conditioner is required to obtain cooled indoor air. The design of this block allows you to receive the incoming air from the street and distribute it evenly in the room. In this regard, the main elements internal device are:

Radiator(evaporator). It got this name because during the cooling stage, freon evaporates in the tubes, and the principle of the circuit is based on this phenomenon. The power of the unit largely depends on the size of this device: the larger the air conditioner, the larger the evaporator should be.

It is an interweaving of tubes with plates that increase the heat transfer plane. The refrigerant moves through the capillary vessels at a certain speed and temperature.

Fan(impeller, shaft). To quickly cool the room, it is necessary to force the air flow through the cooled radiator. This impeller helps with this.

In many models, the evaporator delineates the fan configuration, thereby making the installation of the indoor unit compact. This creates an effective circulation of air masses.

Fan motor... It is attached with a special bracket to the module box and serves to rotate the impeller.

Drainage bath... Condensation forms on the radiator when the air conditioner is operating. And this tray exists to collect it. In addition to moisture, it collects dust, dirt and other foreign particles. Therefore, for better care behind it, this device is removable.

Vertical and horizontal blinds. These elements move from small motors and are attached under the drainage tray. In this case, the horizontal curtains regulate the air flow up and down, and the vertical ones - right and left.

Command block... This microcircuit is a board to which all important starting elements of motors and sensors are connected through wires.

Filter rough cleaning ... It looks like a mesh of plastic, to which small particles of dust, dirt, wool adhere. This filter should be cleaned once every two weeks to avoid overloading the engine.

Air conditioner operation

All components of the unit are connected to each other with copper pipes and thus form a refrigeration circuit. Freon circulates inside it with a small amount of compression oil.

The air conditioner device allows you to perform the following process:

1. Refrigerant is supplied to the compressor from the radiator under low pressure of 2-4 atmospheres and a temperature of about +15 degrees.
2. While working, the compressor compresses freon to 16 - 22 points, in this regard, it heats up to +75 - 85 degrees and enters the condenser.
3. The evaporator is cooled by an air stream having a temperature lower than that of freon, as a result of which the refrigerant cools down and transforms from a gas into a watery state.
4. From the condenser, freon enters the thermostatic valve (in household appliances it looks like a spiral tube).
5. When passing through the capillaries, the gas pressure drops to 3-5 atmospheres, and it cools down, while part of it evaporates.
6. After the expansion valve, the liquid freon enters the radiator, which is blown by the air flow. In it, the refrigerant is completely converted into gas, takes heat, and therefore the temperature in the room decreases.

Then freon with low pressure moves to the compressor, and all the work of the compressor, and therefore of the household air conditioner, is repeated again.

Types of air conditioners

Manufacturers produce all kinds of air conditioners, investing heavily in their business. As a result, the modern consumer can choose any model for any parameters.

Split air conditioners

Split units are great for small rooms.

ON A NOTE! By installation, the units are divided into floor, window, wall and ceiling air conditioners.

There are two types of such devices: separation systems and multi-separation systems. Split-system wall-mounted devices consist of two blocks: a small internal unit and a large external module.

The external device contains the noisiest devices. The multi split system is formed by combining several indoor units to a single outdoor unit. This makes it possible to optimally preserve the design of the house.

Ceiling type air conditioners

In rooms with a large area, as a rule, units are chosen for installation on the ceiling. Their advantage is that the cooled air is evenly distributed horizontally throughout the room, without directly acting on people.

The massive ceiling-mounted air conditioner is almost invisible, and it is indispensable when you need an extensive air flow for the most distant parts of the room, while the jet length for some models reaches 55 meters.

There are also channel and cassette ceiling air conditioners. At the same time, the first devices are completely hidden behind stretch ceiling or in the channel, and the second type - cassette blocks have the form ceiling tiles 600 × 600 mm in size.

Split system

Although the disconnecting system consists of an internal and an external module, it does not differ in its principle of operation from that of a household ceiling air conditioner any other type.

In the case of the outdoor unit itself there is a heat exchanger, a fan and a compressor. Additional elements split - systems are dryer, expansion valve and connecting pipes.

And also for connecting the unit to the mains, it contains the necessary starting and monitoring devices.

Industrial air conditioners

Such devices are designed to serve areas of more than 350 meters and therefore they have a number of features, thereby differing from household air conditioners. The design of precision equipment may vary.

They are often installed in houses where a special microclimate is needed for each room - shopping centers, banks, hotels. Industrial air conditioners are classified into the following systems:

Multi-zone devices. These VRF and VRV air handling units include up to 64 indoor units and up to three outdoor units. In total, they are located on communications up to 300 meters long.

For each indoor module, it is allowed to set a separate temperature and provide its own microclimate in each room. The set temperature error is only 0.05 degrees.

Chiller-fan coil... Devices with this system differ in that not freon is used inside the circuit, but water or antifreeze. The central refrigeration unit is called the “chiller” and the heat exchangers are called “fan coil units”.

The advantage of such a unit is that the distance between these components can be any, since water flows through ordinary pipes.

Central and roof air conditioners. These devices are diverse in their action. They are used in the form of heat exchange units, fans, air purifiers and humidifiers.

It is called central because the air mass is processed during indoor unit and then moves through the pipes through the rooms. Installation of air conditioners of this type and communications are particularly difficult and require an external source of cold.

If possible, it is better to choose roof monoblocks that are easier to install.

Air conditioner malfunctions

Today's climatic equipment is equipped with a warning function about possible breakdowns. One has only to decipher the diagnostic information.

The unit does not turn on

This is the most common breakdown in an air conditioner and for sure every user has met with it. These problems are usually due to the electrical part:

• The device is not connected.
• The command chip is defective.
• There is no communication between the outdoor and indoor units.
• The control panel does not work.
• The circuit breaker has tripped.
• Erroneous commutation when applying signals.

And finally, the device can malfunction due to trivial wear and tear of parts.

Switching off the split system after a short period of work

This phenomenon occurs due to overheating of the compressor, as well as due to a breakdown of the protective relay. The unit heats up due to dirt on the radiator on the outdoor unit.

In such cases it is necessary to carry out preventive cleaning of the grate. And also after refueling, the balance in the radiator and condenser circuits may be upset.

Condensate leak from the indoor unit

V summer time owners of air conditioners can observe overflow of condensate tanks. The reason for this may be freezing of the heat exchanger, which should be insulated. If a leak appears in the joints, then you need to tighten the nuts. If the drain tube is clogged with dirt, it should also be cleaned.

The air conditioner is not operating at full capacity

Such a malfunction occurs mainly in the summer. The device during operation consumes a large number of energy, but is not able to provide the necessary temperature regime... The reason for this is most often due to dirty air filters.

ATTENTION! Fine cleaners, ozonizers, lamps ultraviolet light although they improve the air, they significantly affect the cost of the unit.

Smells

If an unpleasant odor began to appear from the device, then there are several reasons for this. In the case of a burnt odor, the wiring must be checked, and it is recommended to do this in service centers.

When the stench gives off dampness or mold, it means that a colony of bacteria has formed inside the unit. You can get rid of it with an anti-fungal drug.

The benefits and harms of an air conditioner

> Pros from the device

The main advantage of air conditioning units is that they create a microclimate suitable for humans in the room. This, in turn, increases labor productivity, improves mood and well-being.

Therefore, the main advantage of this air conditioner is the creation of favorable conditions for work or rest. The main task of such units is to lower the temperature in the hot season, and to heat the air in the cold season.

In addition, the installation of air conditioners in service centers or in the Internet rooms allows you to avoid premature breakdowns of computer equipment due to overheating.

And also some models of such units are capable of performing several more useful functions:

1. Clearing the airspace from unpleasant odors... For example, window air conditioners are often installed in the kitchen and toilet.
2. Humidification or dehumidification of the indoor air.

Cons of devices

However, if the air conditioner is used incorrectly, certain harm to human health can come from it:

• There is a possibility that harmful bacteria grow in these devices.
• Climate equipment is conducive to the spread of viruses.
• Air conditioners, passing air through themselves, kill useful elements in it.
• Compressors generate noise during operation.

In fact, in most cases, this refers to myths, and such statements do not correspond to reality. In order to avoid unpleasant phenomena, you do not need to be under a cold stream of air flow.

Systematic cleaning of the unit and its preventive maintenance will help to avoid improper operation of the device. And if you follow these elementary rules, the air conditioner will create a pleasant microclimate in the room, which is so necessary for a person to have a pleasant rest and fruitful work.

The principle of operation of any air conditioner is based on the property of liquids to absorb heat during evaporation and release it during condensation. To understand how this process takes place, consider the air conditioner circuit and its device using the example of a split system:

The main components of any air conditioner are:

• Compressor- compresses freon and maintains its movement along the refrigeration circuit.
• Capacitor- a radiator located in external block... The name reflects the process that occurs during the operation of the air conditioner - the transition of freon from the gaseous phase to the liquid (condensation).
• Evaporator- a radiator located in the indoor unit. In the evaporator, freon passes from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase (evaporation).
• TRV (thermostatic expansion valve)- lowers the freon pressure in front of the evaporator.
• Fans- create a stream of air blowing over the evaporator and condenser. They are used for more intense heat exchange with the ambient air.

Compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator are connected copper pipes and form a refrigeration circuit, within which a mixture of freon and a small amount of compressor oil circulates. During the operation of the air conditioner, the following process occurs:

• Gaseous freon is supplied to the compressor from the evaporator at a low pressure of 3 - 5 atmospheres and a temperature of 10 - 20 ° C.
• The compressor compresses the freon to a pressure of 15 - 25 atmospheres, as a result of which the freon heats up to 70 - 90 ° C and enters the condenser.
• The condenser is blown with air having a temperature below the freon temperature, as a result, freon cools down and passes from the gaseous phase to the liquid phase with the release of additional heat. This heats up the air passing through the condenser. At the exit from the condenser, the freon is in liquid state, under high pressure, the freon temperature is 10 - 20 ° C higher than the ambient air temperature.
• From the condenser, warm freon enters the thermostatic expansion valve (TRV), which in domestic air conditioners is made in the form of a capillary (long thin copper tube coiled into a spiral). As a result of passing through the capillary, the freon pressure drops to 3 - 5 atmospheres and the freon cools down, part of the freon can evaporate at the same time.
• After the expansion valve, a mixture of liquid and gaseous freon with low pressure and low temperature enters the evaporator, which is blown by room air. In the evaporator, freon completely turns into a gaseous state, taking heat from the air, as a result, the air in the room is cooled. Then gaseous freon with low pressure enters the compressor inlet and the whole cycle is repeated.

This process underlies the operation of any air conditioner and does not depend on its type, model or manufacturer. In "warm" air conditioners, a four-way valve (not shown in the diagram) is additionally installed in the refrigeration circuit, which allows you to change the direction of movement of freon, changing the evaporator and condenser in places. In this case, the indoor unit of the air conditioner heats the air, and outdoor unit cools it down.

Note that one of the most serious problems during the operation of an air conditioner arises if the freon in the evaporator does not have time to completely go into a gaseous state. Then a liquid enters the compressor inlet, which, unlike gas, is incompressible. As a result, a water hammer occurs and the compressor breaks down. There may be several reasons why freon may not have time to evaporate. The most common are dirty filters (this impairs the airflow to the evaporator and heat exchange) and the operation of the air conditioner when low temperatures outside air (in this case, supercooled freon enters the evaporator).

Many of us use air conditioners at home or at work to cool indoor air. But not everyone knows how they function. The purpose of this article is to explain the structure and principle of operation of a split system, which is most often encountered in our daily life.

Household air conditioner device

The modern split - system is divided into two parts - outdoor and indoor units. Each of them performs its function and contains a set of related equipment. Inside the casing of the outdoor unit there is a heat exchanger - a condenser, a fan designed to drive air through it, and a compressor - a pressure blower. Of the smaller, but no less important functional elements, a dehumidifier, an expansion valve and copper connecting pipes should be distinguished. In addition, the device of this unit provides for power supply from the mains, for which it has the necessary electrical elements, as well as automation equipment.

Note. In the case when the design provides for the operation of the split system for heating, a four-way valve with an electric drive, a compressor heater and a condensing pressure regulator are additionally installed in the outdoor unit.

The internal part of the air conditioner, in addition to the housing, contains a heat exchanger - evaporator, filter elements, louvers for directing the air flow and a tray for collecting condensate. Between the indoor and outdoor units, 2 refrigerant lines are laid, along a pipe with large diameter it moves in the form of a gas, with less - in a liquid state. The figure below shows the device of a split system with an indication of the main elements:

1 - compressor; 2 - four-way valve for switching between "winter - summer" modes; 3 - electronic unit; 4 - axial fan; 5 - heat exchanger - condenser; 6 - refrigerant lines; 7 - centrifugal fan; 8 - heat exchanger - evaporator; 9 - coarse filter; 10 - fine filter.

Principle of operation

Split - system, like any refrigeration machine, is very efficient. For example: a cooler consuming electrical power in the amount of 1 kW, has a cooling capacity of approximately 3 kW. In this case, no laws of conservation of energy are violated and the efficiency of the installation is not at all 300%, as one might think.

It should be understood that the principle of operation of an air conditioner is not to produce cold, but to transfer thermal energy from one place to another by means of a refrigerant called a working fluid.

Freon acts as a working medium, its boiling point is almost 100 ºС lower than that of water. The trick is that for vaporization, any liquid must receive a large amount of thermal energy, its working fluid and takes away from room air in the evaporator. In physics, this energy is called the specific heat of vaporization.

Freon evaporated in the indoor unit through the tube large diameter enters the compressor, which creates pressure in the split-system and then into the heat exchanger - the condenser. The working fluid, which is under pressure, intensively condenses in it upon contact with the outside air, releasing previously absorbed heat into the atmosphere. Only now it is called the specific heat of condensation, with a constant amount of freon in the system, its value is equal to the expended energy of vaporization. How the described process takes place is shown by the operation diagram of the split-system air conditioner:

After entering the liquid phase, the refrigerant passes through the dryer to separate moisture and enters the expansion valve. Here, due to a sharp increase in the size of the channel (nozzle), the pressure decreases and the working fluid returns to the evaporator for the next portion of heat.

From electrical equipment that consumes significant power, two fans and a compressor can be seen in the diagram, the other sources of energy consumption are negligible. That is, the 1 kW of electricity given in the example is consumed only for the rotation of the axes of the fans and the compressor, all the rest of the work is done by freon.

All other functions are for automation systems. Upon reaching set temperature in the room, the sensor sends a signal to the control unit, which stops the compressor and fans, the process stops. The air in the room has warmed up - and the sensor again initiates the start of the cooler, this cyclic operation is continuous. At the same time, inverter split systems, whose design is slightly different from the device of conventional air conditioners, never stop the process. Such units are characterized by smooth temperature changes and quiet compressor operation.

Note. During intensive heat exchange processes, moisture contained in the air falls out on the fins of the evaporator and condenser; for its collection and removal, the design of the air conditioner provides for a bath and a system of pipes.

To switch the unit to the air heating mode, the direction of movement of the working fluid is switched, as a result of which the heat exchangers change their functions, the external one becomes an evaporator and takes heat from environment, and the inner one acts as a capacitor, transferring this energy to the room. To redistribute flows, a four-way valve has been introduced into the circuit so that you do not have to be smart with the compressor.

Conclusion
Split - system like others refrigeration machines, is very economical due to the efficiency of its work. It is for this reason that they have gained wide popularity for creating comfortable conditions in buildings for various purposes.

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