Sewer drains in the house must be collected and sent to the central sewer or to or to.

This task is performed by the piping system inside and outside the house - internal and external sewerage.

How to properly lay sewer pipes in a private house

The sewerage diagram shows two vertical pipes crossing the house from basement to roof - these are sewer risers, which collect drains from nearby sanitary appliances.

Waste from sanitary appliances moves by gravity to sewer risers, and from there to horizontal drain pipes and further to the outlet outdoor sewerage.

Features of the movement of wastewater through sewer pipes

When developing a sewerage scheme, be guided by the following.

With a salvo discharge of water through the toilet bowl, a portion of water filling all, or almost all, of the section of the sewer pipe, moving along the pipe, acts like a piston. A vacuum is created behind the water flow in the pipe, which, if there is no ventilation, sucks water from the siphons of sanitary appliances connected to the pipe downstream.

A pressure builds up ahead of the water flow, which pushes water out of the siphons of sanitary appliances connected upstream.

The effect of increasing the pressure in the pipe is usually less pronounced, since the sewer pipe at the front usually has an open outlet at the end. Discharging in pipes with an incorrect sewerage system in the house often leads to the suction of water from the siphons of sanitary devices and odors in the house.

Similar processes in sewer pipes can occur:

• When emptying the bathtub or when draining water from the washing machine under the pressure generated by the pump.
• In very long pipes from sanitary fittings to the riser.
• With a large difference in height between the beginning and the end of the liner pipe.

Rules for laying sewage in the house

When developing a sewerage scheme for a private house, the following rules are observed:

1. The toilet must have a separate connection to the riser. No other sanitary appliances should be connected to the pipe between the toilet bowl and the riser. Failure to comply with this rule may lead to the fact that when the toilet is flushed along the full section of the pipe, water will be sucked out of the siphons of other sanitary devices.

2. The connection to the riser on the floor of other sanitary appliances should not be lower than the connection point of the toilet bowl. Otherwise, flushing the toilet may cause Wastewater in the drain hole of adjacent appliances.

Other sanitary appliances, besides the toilet, may have one common supply pipe to the riser.

3. When choosing the diameter of the pipes, they are guided by the rule - the diameter of the supply pipe to the riser should not be less than the diameter of the drain pipe of the sanitary device. If several devices are connected to one pipe of the supply line, then the diameter of the pipe is taken over the largest section of the branch pipe of the connected devices.

The diameter of the riser pipe should not be less than the diameter of the toilet drain pipe - 100 mm.; or 50 mm.- for a riser without a toilet.

4. The length of the supply pipe to the riser from the toilet should be no more than 1 m. Length of pipes for connections from other sanitary appliances no more than 3 m. For longer connections (up to 5 meters), it is necessary to increase the pipe diameter to 70-75 mm. Liners longer than 5 m made of pipes with a diameter of 100-110 mm. It is not necessary to increase the diameter of the supply pipes if the upper ends of the supply pipes are ventilated using an aeration vacuum valve or by connecting the supply pipe to the ventilation pipe of the riser. The length of the piping to the toilet can be increased by ventilating the end connected to the toilet.

5. The slope of the pipes for effective self-cleaning should be within 2 - 15% (2 - 15 cm. per meter of length). The difference in height between the beginning and the end of the piping to the toilet should not exceed 1 m. For other connections - no more than 3 m. If the difference in height is greater, then ventilation of the upper end of the liner is necessary.

6. Avoid installing corner fittings with an angle of 90 degrees on pipe bends. The angles of rotation and connection of pipes must be formed smooth, from standard parts with an angle of 135 degrees in the direction of the fluid flow.

7. Sewer pipes are laid with a bell in the direction - towards the flow.

8. Be sure to ventilate the risers. For this, the pipes of the risers are brought up, at least 0.5 m. above the roof surface. Lack of ventilation leads to the appearance of a vacuum in the pipes when draining water, emptying the siphons of sanitary devices and to the appearance of a sewage smell in the house and on the site. Ventilation sewer riser should not be associated with natural ventilation ducts.

9. For ventilation of risers and connections, in the cases indicated above, an aeration vacuum valve is installed at the upper end of the room. The aeration valve only lets air into the inside of the pipe, but does not release gases outside. The operation of the valve prevents the formation of a vacuum in the pipe, which leads to the emptying of the siphons of sanitary devices. If an aeration valve is installed, it is not required to ventilate such a riser. But ventilation of at least one riser in the house should be done without fail.

10. It is necessary to provide for noise insulation of sewer pipes. To do this, it is better to place the risers in the niches of the walls, cover them with a layer of mineral wool, and sheathe the niches with plasterboard.

11. The riser pipe at the floor level is rigidly fixed. On the floor, between the ceilings, the pipes are connected and fixed so as to ensure movement during thermal deformations. On the lower floor of the house, in an accessible place, a hatch is installed in the riser - an audit.

12. Horizontal pipes connecting the risers and the outlet of the external sewage system are laid in the basement of the house along the walls, in the ground under the floor. Every 15 m. and at each turn, a revision hatch is installed in the pipes.

13. The diameter of the horizontal pipes must be no less than the diameter of the riser pipes. The angles of rotation and connection of pipes are made at an angle of no more than 60 degrees. Pipes laid in the unheated part of the house are insulated.

It's dangerous to do that! A horizontal groove in the wall for sewer pipes reduces the strength of the walls. The possibility of arranging a horizontal groove in the wall must be confirmed by the calculation of the designer.

A device for laying sewer pipes in a vertical niche in the wall, for the entire height of the floor, or a horizontal groove, leads to a weakening of the strength of the wall. You should not make niches and grooves anywhere, at your own peril and risk. Niches and grooves with a depth of more than 3 cm. for laying communications in the walls should be provided for in the project of the house.

It is allowed, without agreement with the designer, to arrange vertical grooves in the lower part of the wall to a height of no more than 1/3 of the floor height.

External sewer outlet

Sewerage outlet - the outer section of the pipe from the house, it is connected to the well of the central sewerage system of the village (if any), or to a drainless storage septic tank for the removal of effluents by a sewage machine, or to a septic tank of local treatment facilities at the site.

Outside, directly near the house, it is recommended to install a revision well on the exhaust pipe. It is recommended to install in the well in the pipe check valve... The valve will prevent flooding of the underground part of the building (for example, when a septic tank is overflowing) and prevent rodents from entering the house through the sewer pipes.

The outer pipe at the exit from the inspection well is connected to the central sewerage system or to the septic tank of the autonomous sewerage system of a private house.

The outer pipe to the septic tank is laid with a slope of 2.5 - 3%, at a depth of about 0.4 m. If the length of the release is more than 5 m., then the pipe is insulated along its entire length with a shell made of foam or extruded polystyrene foam.

The outlet pipe should not be buried.- otherwise, this will lead to the need to install a septic tank on great depth, which will cost more and complicate the operation of the septic tank.

Siphon in the sewer

The drain pipe of each sanitary device is connected to the supply pipe through a siphon. The siphon is a U-shaped elbow, in the lower part of which there is always a layer of drained liquid.

Some sanitary appliances, such as the toilet, have a built-in siphon. A layer of water in the siphon serves as a barrier for gases, preventing them from escaping from the sewer pipe into the room.

The siphon of a sanitary device may not be filled with water and let gases into the room in the following cases:

1. With prolonged inactivity of the sanitary device, the water in the siphon dries up. For the period of inactivity (more than two weeks), it is recommended to close the drain holes of the sanitary devices.
2. When sucking water from the siphon as a result of the vacuum created in the pipes. The risk of water suction from siphons increases with increasing length and decreasing diameter of the supply pipe, as well as in the absence of ventilation of risers and long supply pipes.

Sewage pumps with chopper for home

The drains move in the sewer pipes by gravity, due to the laying of pipes with a slope.

However, situations sometimes arise in the house when it is difficult to create the necessary slope of pipes from sanitary appliances. For example, if a sanitary room is installed in the basement of a house. Or it is necessary to move the drains a considerable distance (from the bath), but the required pipe slope cannot be created.

A fecal pump with a grinder is attached to the toilet. The pump receives waste water from the washbasin.

To receive and forcibly move wastewater, special electric fecal pumps are installed. The fecal pump has a device for crushing the contents of the effluents and pumping them into the upper pipes of the sewer system.

A pump for forced movement of wastewater is installed after each sanitary device or for pumping wastewater from a group of closely located sanitary devices.

The fecal pump can lift wastewater to a height of 10 meters and move it by several tens of meters.

Inflow in sewer pipes air for ventilation occurs through the open end of the pipe in a septic tank or a receiving well of the central sewerage system. The outlet of the sewer pipe, through which the sewage flows from the house to the septic tank, should always be above the level of drains in it.

On the processes occurring during the movement of sewage through the sewer pipes, on the device and the correct use of the aeration valve watch this video:

Sewerage options - sewage disposal from a private house

What to do with drains in a private house if there is no central sewerage system nearby ?!

There are two drainage options- drainage of waste water from a private house:

1. Drain water into a closed storage septic tank (tank, cesspool) with periodic, as it is filled, pumping out and disposal of wastewater by a sewage machine to the treatment facilities of the nearest settlement.
2. Arrangement of local treatment facilities at the site and discharge of treated water into the natural environment - into the ground or onto the relief.

The first method provides the lowest construction cost sewage systems, but the annual operating costs (waste disposal) can be significant.

Sewerage option with local treatment facilities more costly to build, but can provide lower running costs for system maintenance.

Methods for cleaning sewage drains of a private house

In local treatment facilities, a biological method of purifying wastewater from pollution is used. Wastewater treatment is carried out by microorganisms capable of decomposing organic pollution. the main task biological treatment- removal of organic substances from wastewater. Biochemical reactions occurring in the process of biological treatment are partially removed from the effluent and many chemical elements reducing their concentration in waste water.

Distinguish anaerobic(bacteria without oxygen) and aerobic(bacteria in the presence of oxygen) biological treatment processes.

Two types of local sewage treatment plants for a private house

For wastewater treatment of a private house, use:

1. Anaerobic septic tanks, supplemented by ground treatment facilities with filter drainage through the soil layer. In the ground filters, the wastewater treatment process takes place with the help of aerobic bacteria.
2. Active septic tanks- treatment devices, in which the process of intensive biological wastewater treatment with the help of aerobic bacteria has been established. Treated wastewater after an active septic tank, as a rule, is discharged into the ground or onto the relief.

First option, anaerobic septic tank with drainage into the ground, as a rule, cheaper in design and operation. Here, in the treatment facilities, conditions close to natural conditions are created for the life of microorganisms. A simple device ensures long-term and reliable operation of the sewage system.

The second option with an active septic tank- more expensive and more difficult to operate. An active septic tank is a high-tech factory-made apparatus in which artificial conditions for the vital activity of aerobic microorganisms, which can significantly speed up the cleaning process.

Sewerage of a private house with an active septic tank provides the highest degree of wastewater treatment. Treated wastewater from an active septic tank is directed into the ground through the drainage system. With waterproof soils on the site, the drains are discharged onto the relief, into a ditch.

An active septic tank requires an electrical connection, does not tolerate long interruptions in the supply of drains, is sensitive to power outages, needs constant monitoring of work, as well as timely repair and maintenance.

Advantages - small dimensions, quick installation, independence from soil conditions on the site. For an economy-class house, it makes sense to use an active septic tank if there is not enough space on the site for placing a ground filter drainage or when high level groundwater.

Treatment of sewage drains of a private house in an active septic tank Topas

Autonomous sewage system Topas - effective and rational decision for the private sector, suburban and suburban estates, where connection to the central sewage system is impossible. Many consumers have already appreciated the presented system and characterize it from the best side, but what is it?

Septic tank Topas is a system of accumulation and treatment of waste water, as a result of which the purest industrial water is brought to the surface. The range of such devices is very wide - each customer can choose the optimal product that can be serviced as an individual private house, and a small cottage village.

The essence of the autonomous sewage system Topas

In the production of Topas septic tanks, expanded polypropylene is used; additionally, the storage chambers are equipped with stiffening ribs. This production technology allows you to achieve following parameters devices:

• High strength characteristics.
• Installation of the system in all weather conditions.
• System operation even in winter period time.
• Independence from the type of soil and the level of occurrence of groundwater.

Let's note some advantages of an autonomous sewage system:

• high level of water purification;
• there is no need to equip additional aeration sites;
• long service life;
• compact size, which allows you to install a septic tank in a minimum space;
• environmental friendliness;
• ease of maintenance with a minimum of labor costs, financial costs and no need to call special equipment;
• secondary products of processing can be used as fertilizer, and purified water for irrigation of plantings;
• no extraneous odors, noise;
• absolute tightness of the structure.

It is worth noting and cons of the system, although it is difficult to call it cons:

• dependence on electricity;
• the high cost of the product, but over time the costs will pay off;
• for installation, you will need to call a team of specialists, although independent installation is possible.

The principle of operation of an active septic tank

The principle of operation of an autonomous sewage system can be divided into several stages:

1. Wastewater enters the receiving chamber, where it is cleaned from impurities and heavy contaminants. The filling level of the chamber is regulated; after filling, the drains enter the aeration tank.
2. The aeration process takes place, as a result of which the sewage is treated with oxygen and special bacteria.
3. Treated wastewater accumulates in a sump, from where the sludge settling at the bottom is subsequently pumped out.
4. The process water flows into the stabilizer, from where it can be disposed of in the ground or used, for example, for irrigation.

Rules for the operation of an active septic tank Topas

Any model of Topas septic tank is equipped with detailed instructions manual, but let's highlight a few rules that must be followed:

1. In the event of a power outage, try to limit the flow of wastewater into the collection chamber to avoid overflow.
2. Do not allow aggressive substances to enter the system. chemical substances, alkalis, acids, etc. - they will destroy the beneficial microorganisms of the device.
3. Do not throw garbage into the sewer that is not intended for it - food scraps, bags, plastic, and other solid household waste.
4. The sludge is cleaned twice a year.
5. Some parts of the device are subject to mandatory replacement, for example, "Air Mac" compressor membranes - every 2 years, aeration elements - every 12 years.

Installation of an active septic tank Topas

The installation of an autonomous sewage system will not bring any particular difficulties, the whole process is divided into several stages:

1. Search for a place where a septic tank will be installed - a distance of at least 5 meters must be maintained from the foundation of the buildings, while it is worth remembering about trenches, a foundation pit, a drainage point that must be dug.
2. Digging a pit, the dimensions of which vary depending on the size of the station. If the type of soil is unstable, formwork will have to be installed.
3. Laying a sand or concrete cushion to prevent the station from floating up. For small models, a sand cushion is arranged, and for stations designed to serve a large number of users, a concrete cushion.
4. Installation of the station in the pit - manual or automatic method.
5. Sewer pipe laying.
6. Sealing the sewer pipes at the points of their connection with the device. A special polypropylene cord supplied with the station is used.
7. Connecting the power cord that goes underground in the corrugated pipe.
8. Backfilling with soil - final stage, in which water is simultaneously poured into the pit to a depth of 35 cm and covered with sand. The station must be completely submerged in the ground, otherwise the external pressure will not normalize.

Selecting a stand-alone station model

When choosing a septic tank Topas, the following factors should be considered:

• the number of future users;
• the depth of the drain pipe;
• method method of discharge of treated effluents - forced or free.

Any model of Topas septic tank will last a long time, subject to the rules of operation and installation. It is worth contacting professionals who will not only quickly and competently provide all the services for the selection, installation of an autonomous station, but also provide warranty obligations for all installation work.

How to make an anaerobic septic tank and ground treatment facilities for autonomous sewage in a private house with your own hands

More articles on this topic:

Where to direct sewage drains in a private house

For a comfortable life in a modern private house, the availability of amenities is simply necessary. In this, the main role is assigned to correct sewerage... Making it yourself is not easy, but possible. To do this, you need to have some knowledge.

The laying of the sewage system should begin with the preparation of a project for the internal and external systems for the removal of wastewater.

Internal sewerage system diagram

This system must be thought out even before the start of building a house, at the design stage. The first thing you need to know is how large the container will be, where all the waste received for processing will be processed.

The average volume is 200 to 250 liters. The next step is to decide on the type of sewage system. According to the rules for building houses, all premises with high humidity place in one corner or one above the other. For example:

Basic rules for organizing internal sewerage

1. No other equipment must be connected to the sewer pipe between the toilet and the riser. This is due to the fact that during flushing, water will be sucked out of all siphons connected to the system. This is why the toilet must be connected to the riser with a separate connection.
2. With the aim of better cleaning sewer pipes, their slope should be from 2 to 15 degrees, this corresponds to 2-15 centimeters per meter of length.
3. You should definitely take care of the ventilation of the risers. Without her, after a while will appear bad smell... In addition, this will empty the siphons and cause air congestion in pipes that prevent water from draining. Ventilation should be separate from the common natural exhaust duct of the house. In order for the ventilation of the risers to work properly, it is necessary that it be brought out half a meter above the roof. A sewer aerator is perfect for this purpose;
4. Sanitary appliances located on the same floor must be connected to the riser above the toilet bowl connection. If the appliances are lower, then dirty water will get into them when flushing the toilet.
5. The riser must be at least 10 centimeters in diameter (if a toilet is not connected to it, then it is possible to use a pipe from 5 centimeters).
6. the riser must be soundproofed. To do this, it can be sheathed with plasterboard, placed in a wall niche or covered with mineral wool.
7. Bends of pipes should be done smoothly, 30-60 degrees. It is strongly recommended to avoid 90 degree turns.
8. Each riser should have a check hatch underneath.
9. All sanitary devices, except for the toilet, can be connected to a common water outlet pipe to the sewer.
10. It is important to pave outer tube below freezing point. In addition, it needs to be insulated. An inspection well is being equipped for her next to the house. To prevent flooding, a sewage check valve is installed in the pipe. General Tips for sewerage design

In order to properly design the sewerage system, it is important to take into account the location of the house and calculate the distance to the proposed cesspool.

• The best option would be 5-10 meters.
• You also need to keep in mind that the law provides for the installation of a septic tank at a distance of 4 meters from the neighboring area.
• If you build a cesspool too close to your own home, it can lead to the destruction of the foundation. If you make a cesspool more than 10 meters from the house, this will provoke blockages and other problems in the sewage system.

Important: when drawing up a sewage scheme, it is necessary to take into account the location of the collector pipe and the riser, the relief of the site, its area and the composition of the soil.

It will be necessary to order compilation axonometric schemes systems, which will help you find and solve installation difficulties. You need to think about turns, pipe sizes, junctions, connections, angles of inclination and rise.

All risers in the house must be led out into the central sewerage system. In the case when this is impossible to do, you need to:

• Arrange local treatment facilities not far from the house. In this case, waste water will be discharged into the ground. This option is costly to build, but cost effective.
• The water must be discharged to a septic tank, and the waste must be periodically pumped out and removed. This method does not require large installation costs, but during operation it will become a pretty penny.

The drains are cleaned in several ways:

• Aerobic devices-septics- special bacteria that purify wastewater in the course of their life. This method is also called septic tanks without pumping.
• Treatment plants unpaved structures- equipped with a filter and drainage through the soil layer. It is important to take into account the composition of the soil (the soil from sandy loam and sand has shown itself to be a good filter, and from clay and loam - according to chemical indicators). This method is suitable for economy class houses.

If up to 1 m 3 (the norm for 4 permanent residents in the house) drains are produced per day, then you can arrange filtration well, if more than 1 m 3, then - drainage well.

Design of a sewerage system with a filter well

This sewage option is suitable for areas where a well can be located at a distance of more 30 metrov wells, the distance from the house and the fence should be at least 2 m, from large shrubs and trees - 3 m. Also, the soil must have high filtering properties so you can use any kind of soil other than clay. In addition, groundwater must flow at a depth of 1.5 m, that is, be lower than the drainage level.

Local sewerage project, provided that it is laid in the ground with low filtration rates and with a high flow of groundwater:

• As a result, accumulates in the well warm purified water that can be used for watering or simply drained in a convenient place.

Sandy soil treatment system design

Sewerage scheme for sandy soil

• This option is designed for a low water level in the ground, where treated effluentmerge directly into water... Crushed stone is needed only to improve the efficiency of the entire system (if the absorption goes well, then you can not use it). The branch pipe goes below the freezing point and must be insulated.

Outdoor sewerage project with gravity drainage organization

• Most economical option ... Due to the lack of pumps, wells and other additions, the cost is reduced to a minimum. This option can be used if the terrain allows and the distance is short.

Sewerage design with drainage system

This version of the sewerage system is easy and easy to develop and install yourself, and he easy to operate. Project example:

The system provides for a cesspool, with its own installation rules. The septic tank is located next to the house so that the water entering it does not have time to cool down. Under influence increased temperaturedrainsintensify decomposition processes waste... If the septic tank is sealed, then it can be installed even in the basement of the house.

An important condition : it is necessary to have an exhaust hood through the sewer riser.

In addition, there are leaking cesspools. They need to be located more than 5 meters from the house.

Many people who want to live in an individual building are interested in a separate sewage system for a private house: how to properly make a pipeline system for dumping and draining dirty liquid. However, you should immediately decide on whether it will be possible to mount the sewer pipe system on your own or if you need professional help from the outside.

In order to save money, it is possible to build a sewage system with your own hands, since it is not very difficult. The main argument in favor of a local sewage system is the presence or absence of a central highway. With the existing central sewerage system near the house, laying the sewerage system in a private house will not cause difficulties.

The application of the greatest efforts due to the laboriousness of the work process involves an external sewage system in a private house. It is necessary to dig several trenches to lay pipes in them to a depth of 50-150 cm. In other words, the depth is provided below the level of soil freezing in winter. If next to the house does not lie central system, then there is nothing left to do but consider stand-alone device sewerage system in a private house. There are several options for how to do this yourself. They will be discussed below.

Arranging your own sewage system should take into account the following points:

• tenants will be in the house periodically or live here all the time;
• the number of residents regularly present in the dwelling;
• the mark of occurrence of natural waters;
• the size of the site, will there be enough space to use it for the device of treatment plants;
• features of the soil near the house;
• weather conditions of this area.

More information can be obtained by studying the necessary sections in SNiP and SanPin.

Waste drainage systems in an individual house are divided into categories:

• accumulative (bottomless cesspool in the form of an ordinary pit, closed drive with a bottom);
• treatment facilities (1-, 2- and 3-chamber septic tanks, a septic tank based on a biofilter, with a regular intake of air).

Construction of a private sewerage network

Preparation period

Before starting to install a sewage system in a private house yourself, it makes sense to thoroughly plan a wastewater drainage device and prepare project documentation on how to arrange a sewage system in an individual house. Optimal in terms of convenience is the one in which the kitchen and bathrooms are placed nearby in the house being built. And if these premises are close, the points of the pipeline outlet to the street.

In a house with two floors, it makes sense to place the bathrooms one below the other. This simplifies the procedure for installing the internal sewerage system and its subsequent repair. Difficulties will arise if there is a bathhouse and a swimming pool in private housing. At a large number bathrooms and large volumes of wastewater will require a sewer pump.

As far as possible, on internal sewage networks, a minimum of connections, joints and interchanges are provided. When creating a project of drainage networks, it will not be superfluous to take into account the peculiarities of the landscape of the territory. The guideline when choosing a place for a septic tank should be the requirement for its location at the lowest point, while the pipeline should run obliquely. When deciding on the option for the device of treatment facilities and with the depth of the external pipeline, it is important to know the height of the groundwater in the area and the depth of soil freezing.

Sewer diagram for an individual dwelling

The sewerage scheme consists of two components:

• internal with a pipeline inside the house and with all the plumbing devices;
• external, which includes a well, a pipeline outside the boundaries of the house and an installation with a treatment plant.

Help in drawing up a diagram of a small individual dwelling can be obtained by contacting specialists. While it is possible to draw up a diagram yourself for a house of one or two floors, the main thing is to stick to the main points. When developing a schematic image, one should proceed from the location of the main collecting pipe and riser, since they are used for laying sewer pipes.

What is needed to draw up a sewerage scheme in own home?

• draw up a large-scale plan of the house;
• clarify the areas where the risers are located;
• mark all plumbing fixtures on the plan;
• take into account the way in which they will connect;
• depict all the pipes that connect the riser to all plumbing fixtures (planning is carried out separately for each floor);
• calculate the dimensions of the riser and fan pipe;
• calculate by adding the length of the pipeline, adjusted for the outlet;
• draw up a diagram of the external sewage system.

A diagram for the sewerage of your house of two floors is presented. It shows that the pipe goes into a septic tank or storage tank at a certain angle.

Another thing is the first septic tank. The list of its benefits is much broader. The calculation of the volume of the septic tank is made, focusing on the number of people living in the house. When living in a house of 3 family members, the volume of the septic tank is equal to 2-3 cubic meters. despite the fact that average consumption per day for one tenant is 250 liters, the sludge lasts three days.

Sewer pipeline layout

The construction of internal networks involves optimal choice made of PVC or PP pipes with a diameter of 50 mm and 110 mm gray... Their transportation and installation are simple, affordable, and no specialized devices are required for the device. In comparison with cast iron counterparts, they are more durable and not too expensive. For them, the choice of the necessary elbows and tees is not difficult. In the places of their docking, a special plumbing sealant is used.

For outdoor networks, a special type of pipes is produced with a distinctive orange color. Due to the fact that they perceive significant loads from the gravity of the soil, their degree of rigidity is quite high. Sometimes a corrugated two-layer pipe is used.

It is advisable to provide a place for a riser in the toilet. The option of open or concealed installation is possible. The connection between the internal networks and the riser is made by means of various adapters and tees. The connection of drainage pipes to plumbing fixtures such as a bathtub and a sink is carried out with the participation of collectors. To avoid the appearance unpleasant odors adapt water locks.

In general, the length of toilet drains should not exceed 1000 mm. To remove them, they are prepared with polypropylene or PVC pipes 110 mm each. Waste liquid from the bathroom and kitchen is discharged through PVC pipes (diameter - 50 mm).

Another type of septic tank is represented by a sealed container with large dimensions, from which waste liquid is periodically removed by pumping out with a sewage machine. This method is simpler than the previous one. To do this, they dig a hole in the area near the house and install an airtight container into it, which receives sewage and waste from all over the dwelling.

From inside the room, all pipes horizontally should go from the plumbing to the riser at an inclination of 2-15 cm / meter. For reliable turns, it is better to use 2 knees (45 degrees) or 3 knees (30 degrees), but not 1 knee (90 degrees). Then the blockage is less likely to appear, and the cleaning process becomes much easier. Connecting the toilet to the riser is done separately. This will make it possible to empty the plumbing siphons from the drainage water.

Other devices are connected above the toilet. Risers on any floor are equipped with inspection hatches. To ensure normal sound insulation, they are covered with mineral wool or covered with a drywall box.

When device external network pipes coming out of the house are collected together and connected to the street sewer. If the drainage system is planned even before the foundation is erected, then a sleeve must be installed in it, in the place of which a pipe with a diameter of 140-150 mm will be brought out. To carry out the external network, a hole is dug to the depth of freezing of the soil, a sand cushion is laid at the bottom and pipes are laid while maintaining a 3% slope. If it is impossible to provide for a large depth of laying, the pipeline is insulated. At the junction of the external and internal networks, an inspection hatch is mounted, and a check valve is installed in the pipe. This will serve as protection internal system from pollution by drains from the street when the septic tank is overflowed. The septic tank is placed in an area of ​​3-4 m² near the local area.

Ventilation device diagram

Great importance is attached to the funnel. She is responsible for the complete ventilation of the system and correct work septic tank. And also maintains the internal atmospheric pressure, protecting the network from water hammer and rarefaction of air. Ventilation helps to extend the life of the system and the efficiency of its functioning.

The waste pipe is a continuation of the riser. They take it out to the roof of the building, and an audit is installed in the junction area. It is not allowed to combine the ventilation of the sewerage system with the common building ventilation system or chimney. If possible, move the outlet of the waste pipe at a certain distance from the door and window openings, balconies. On the roof, the minimum indentation should be 70 cm. The ventilation and chimney outlets should be equipped at a different height.

Waste treatment plant options

The settling of heavy impurities in the effluent is provided in a septic tank. Following it, the outgoing liquid is purified in a filtration well, where, along with mechanical purification, biological purification also occurs.

Such a container can be purchased ready-made in the store or made with your own hands from metal, plastic or any other available material. It is possible to mount from concrete rings, also laying out the bottom and attaching a metal hatch. The main thing is that the container is absolutely sealed. Cleaning with a sewage machine is carried out at intervals depending on the amount of wastewater. With the regular residence of 4 residents in the house, using a bathroom and toilet, sink, washing machine, the minimum capacity of a sealed storage tank is 8 cubic meters. The need for cleaning is every two weeks.

A sealed cesspool is another option for how a sewage system is arranged in a private house, suitable for a high rise in groundwater. At the same time, the land and water sources near the house are relatively safe from the possibility of pollution. However, a significant disadvantage of this kind of system is the frequency of calling up sewage equipment. Therefore, even during the construction of the system, you should choose a convenient location for the container so that the car can simply drive up to it. The hole should not be dug below 3 meters above the ground so that the cleaning hose can reach the bottom. The cover should be insulated to prevent freezing of the pipeline. The cost of such a sewage system in your home will be completely determined by the type of material from which the drive is made. Most economical option- purchase of used euro cubes, expensive - pouring with concrete or brickwork... However, one should not forget about the costs of cleaning.

By drawing up a detailed layout of the pipeline, it will be possible to significantly save on reducing the gap from plumbing to the riser.

The lumen of the pipes should increase with each subsequent device connected. There should be no sharpening in the wiring, and the pipes should be laid with an inclination towards the riser or septic tank. On all floors, there should be a revision tee in the riser, which will allow you to clear the blockages that occur from time to time.

Arrangement of a sewage system in a private house begins with a layout and a laying scheme. This makes it possible to arrange all the plumbing as conveniently as possible, to make the correct slope, and to accurately calculate all consumables.

As a result, the system will work smoothly, and in the event of a breakdown or clogging of one of the elements, everything can be quickly and easily repaired. In this article, we will tell you how to correctly draw up schemes for conducting internal and external (external) sewerage systems for a private house or in the country, what is the optimal depth of laying sewer pipes and what consumables should be used when arranging and installing an autonomous system with your own hands in the house and outside.

Drawing up a diagram starts from a distant plumbing fixture in the attic or top floor... All horizontal lines must necessarily be reduced to one riser. To save money and Supplies bathrooms on different tiers are placed along the same vertical.

The sewerage system in the house consists of:

• Water traps preventing odors from entering the room;
• Drains from all plumbing;
• Pipes that discharge wastewater into the external sewerage system;
• Elbows and tees connecting pipes into a single system;
• Clamps in the walls that support the pipes and give them direction and angle of inclination.
• Central riser.

It is important that there is no transition in the house from larger diameter sewerage to less. Therefore, in the diagram, the toilet should be located as close as possible to the riser.

Accurate drawing of the internal system depends on the number of storeys of the building, the presence of a basement, the amount of plumbing used and the number of users. The depth of the septic tank and the connection to additional equipment (pumping station or separately for each device) also matter.

In the diagram all elements should be displayed to scale, so that in the event of a planned repair or emergency it was possible to quickly figure out the wiring and find a breakdown.

Outside line

External sewerage starts with a pipeline from the foundation... Wastewater is discharged to a septic tank, cesspool or filtering structure. At each turn of the pipe, revisions are installed (adapters with covers, with which you can quickly clear the blockage). Outside, there is also a revision well and a ventilation hood.

Ventilation is removed from the riser through a drain pipe. Due to strong foreign odors, it must not be mounted near windows, with an exit to the courtyard, or near smoke. Categorically it is forbidden to connect it to a conventional ventilation shaft... Instead of an umbrella, you can use a special vacuum valve at the top of the riser (not to be confused with a check valve!).

Advantages and disadvantages of different types of tanks

The final element of the system is the storage and cleaning tank. In the absence of a central collector for the collection of gutters, stand-alone installations are used.

1. Cesspool... It is easy to organize on site and is the cheapest option. But it cannot cope with large volumes of wastewater. There is a possibility of dirt getting into the groundwater and an unpleasant odor.
2. Do-it-yourself septic tank made of bricks, poured with concrete, or ready-made reinforced concrete stake c. It performs its functions well, is durable and strong. The disadvantages include a long installation time and serious construction costs.
3. Industrial stand-alone installation... Such a septic tank is more expensive, but the costs are covered by the speed of construction, high quality and long-term operation equipment.
4. Biological treatment station... The most expensive option that needs constant electricity. Differs in the highest degree of purification and high productivity.

Consumables, calculation and prices

It is imperative to decide on the volume of the septic tank. The calculation is carried out taking into account that 200 liters of water per day is used for each inhabitant of the house... The effluent in the septic tank is settled within 3 days. Based on these data, we get Exact size waste tank.

So, a family of 4 consumes 800 liters. In three days, 2400 liters are accumulated. Means, you need to select a septic tank of exactly this volume... If desired, you can make a small margin in case of maximum tank loading. Septic tanks with such parameters cost from 20 thousand rubles.

Main fittings:

• Crosspieces for connecting 4 sections at an angle (80-100 rubles).
• Tees with 45 or 90 degree lateral elbows.
• Elbow for connecting pipes with a difference in height (450 rubles / piece).
• A straight-line double-sided coupling with rubber cuffs in the sockets (from 30 rubles).
• Revision (60 rubles)
• reduction of different parameters (from 40 rubles / piece)
• Hood umbrella (from 50 rubles)

Before starting to equip the sewer system, you must carefully read the basic requirements put forward to it. As we will tell in a special review.

Water can be not only useful, but also harmful to the human body. Which coarse filter better fit for giving, find out from this.

Optimal slope and depth during construction

According to the recommendations of SNiP for pipes with a diameter of 50 mm, a stable 3 cm is made for each meter of laying... With a cross-section of 100 mm, this value can be reduced to 2 cm. In order to avoid clogging and "greasing" of the sewer in the kitchen, it is advisable to increase the slope by 0.5-1 cm for each meter of wiring.

When installing on a land plot, the same angle of inclination is observed. The sleeve (a pipe with a larger diameter than the main pipeline, protruding 15 cm from each edge) is installed in a hole made in the foundation. It provides a transition to an outdoor sewerage system, and located 30 cm above the level of soil freezing.

Burying pipes below the freezing level (on average, it is 1.6 m) is unprofitable- you will have to make a very deep septic tank. If a constant slope is observed, this will be 4-5 m, where groundwater may already appear. The cost is increased by additional concrete rings and more durable (corrugated) pipes that can withstand both the head of the drain and the weight of the soil.

The drain temperature is usually higher than room temperature, which prevents freezing, and if desired, thermal insulation or insulation with a heating cable can be used.

Selection of pipes and diameters

Pipes are used to drain wastewater from plumbing fixtures diameter 5 cm... The pipe from the toilet should have a cross section of 10-11 cm, which will help to avoid blockages.

Pipes can be used to organize the sewer system in a private house. cast iron, reinforced concrete or plastic. The latter are more acceptable due to their strength, durability, corrosion resistance and smooth surface.

Outdoor (PVC)

Designed for outdoor networks. They are distinguished by their characteristic orange or yellow-brown color. Despite the relative cheapness, these pipes have sufficient strength, which allows their use both for external and hidden installation ... For them, it is recommended to connect using the method cold welding... All turns are made using fittings and elbows.

Internal (polypropylene)

For internal communications they have light gray and have different technical parameters, depending on the manufacturer and model. Their common features are:

• Single or multi-layer.
• The foam is protected by an aluminum coating and a polymer layer.
• The connection is made by welding or using special fittings.

Rules for the arrangement and laying of an external system

Briefly instructions on how to properly make a local autonomous system sewerage in private country house(in the country) with his own hands, it looks like this:

1. Mechanical or manual excavation of a trench.
2. Sand cushion formation.
3. Layout of all constituent elements (pipeline, trays, fittings).
4. Connecting fragments starting from the exit from internal sewerage... For greater reliability the attachment points are treated with silicone sealant.
5. Testing the tightness of joints at maximum load.
6. Backfill the trench, trying to tamp the sand or soil only on the sides of the pipe, avoiding sharp loads at right angles. Sand filling thickness - not less than 15 cm.

For pipeline bends, fittings are used for external engineering networks... If the distance from the foundation to the septic tank is more than 10-12 m, it makes sense to equip the site with an intermediate inspection well.

This video presents how to properly make a sewer for a private house, as well as how to lay pipes on your own:

How to properly carry out the sewerage system in a private house, do everything according to the scheme yourself and lay pipes for the system without errors? Installation of the sewer system will be of better quality if observe several prescriptions:

When installing the sewage system it is important to take into account every nuance: arrangement of plumbing, site relief, location of the intake manifold or septic tank, the depth of pipe laying and the angle of inclination.

Only with careful drawing up of the scheme, careful planning and adherence to order installing the sewerage system in a private house or in the country with your own hands, you can guarantee that the system does not freeze in the middle of winter, and it will be good to drain drains without creating additional problems in the house and on the site.

A street toilet with a cesspool is gradually becoming a thing of the past. New house and even a small summer cottage should delight the owners with comfort and conveniences normal for the 21st century. The device is a completely affordable and safe event for the construction, if you wisely approach the design and use modern materials and technology. When building a house, the drainage system is laid at the design stage, along with other utilities, but in the old house it is quite possible to organize the construction of a bathroom with an urban level of comfort.

All private houses can be divided into two categories - those that can be connected to a centralized city or village sewerage system, and those that cannot. The progress of work and the arrangement of communications inside the premises for these cases will be the same, a significant difference will be only in the organization of wastewater disposal.

General principles of installing sewage in a private house

Basically, the sewerage system in a private house, as in a city apartment, consists of a vertical riser and pipes of a smaller diameter, through which drains from a sink, toilet bowl, etc. enter it by gravity. The wastewater then flows into horizontal pipes large diameter, and from them - into the centralized sewerage system or local autonomous treatment facilities.

When planning a sewerage system in a house under construction, it is worth locating the kitchen and bathrooms nearby, preferably near the place where the sewerage system goes out onto the street. If the house is two-story, then the bathrooms should be placed one under the other in order to reduce the number of risers and simplify the installation of the system and its subsequent maintenance.

V big house with big amount bathrooms, with a complex sewer system, it is rational to install a sewer pump. A pump may also be needed if the site has absolutely no slope.

When designing a sewage system, they also take into account:

• landscape of the site - sewage flows down and a septic tank or cesspool should be at its lowest point,
• the type of soil, its freezing and the height of the groundwater - the depth of the external sewage pipes and the choice of treatment facilities depend on this

Choice of materials

At the present stage, polypropylene or polyvinyl chloride - the best option... They are inexpensive, easy to transport and install, and does not require assembly. welding machine... In addition to pipes, you will need connecting elements: elbows of various configurations, fittings, tees, inspection hatches. The joints are additionally treated with a sealant.

The diameter of the pipes depends on the volume of waste water and the number of devices connected to the system. In any case, the diameter of the pipe from the plumbing device must be equal to or greater than its drain pipe. The diameter of the pipe for the riser must be from 100 mm if a toilet bowl is connected to it, and from 50 mm if there is no toilet bowl. The length of the pipes from the device to the riser should not exceed 3 m, and from the toilet bowl - 1 m. If this distance needs to be increased, then the pipes are taken with a larger diameter.

Installation of pipes and connection of plumbing

Before assembling the system, it is better to draw it in detail or design it in computer program... All horizontal pipes of the internal sewage system should be sloped from the device to the riser at the rate of 2-15 cm per 1 m.If you need to turn the pipe 90 degrees, then it is better to do this smoothly, using 2 bends at 45 or 3 bends at 30 degrees, for preventing blockages.

The toilet is connected to vertical riser separately, to avoid emptying the siphons in the plumbing when draining the water. Moreover, the rest of the devices must be connected above the toilet to prevent drains from entering them.

Sewer risers on each floor in the lower part are equipped with inspection hatches. For sound insulation, they can be wrapped in a layer mineral wool or close it with a drywall box.

The sanitary fittings are connected to the pipes through a U-shaped siphon, the bottom of which always contains a little water. Fetid gases from the sewer cannot pass through this barrier. Some sinks and bathrooms are already sold with a siphon, for others you will need to purchase it additionally, toilets have a built-in siphon.

The riser with external pipes is connected using horizontal pipes of the same or large diameter, located in the basement, plinth or under the floor. Such pipes are also equipped with inspection hatches (required when cornering). When connecting them, you should avoid right angles and difficult turns. If the pipe runs in the ground or unheated room, then it needs to be well insulated. At the point of exit from the house, all sewer pipes are collected together and through a hole in the foundation they are joined to the external sewer.

The sewer pipes are attached to the walls with clamps. Additional fasteners are installed near the places of tie-in into the riser, connections and transitions.

Sewer ventilation

A large amount of abruptly drained water, for example from a toilet cistern, moving along the pipe, creates an area of ​​discharged space behind it. In the absence of air entering the system, water from the siphons of plumbing fixtures leaves along this pipe, and an unpleasant odor appears. For this reason sewer system must be equipped with its own ventilation.

For pipes, risers are extended to the roof, the upper end does not close, but reliably hides from precipitation and debris. You can do it differently, an aeration valve is installed at the top of the riser, which does not release odors, but conducts air inside, which prevents the discharge of air in the pipe.

Outdoor sewerage

Outside the home, it is also optimal to use polymer pipes... To lay them, a trench is pulled out to the depth of freezing of the soil, at its bottom is poured sand pillow, and then pipes are laid at a slope of 2-3%. If it is impossible to ensure a sufficiently deep occurrence, then it is necessary to carefully insulate the pipes.

At the point of connection to the house and near the junction with the central sewerage system or autonomous treatment facilities, inspection hatches are installed. It is advisable to install a non-return valve in the pipe. It will protect the house sewage system from the ingress of sewage from the outside, for example, when the cesspool is overflowed, and from the penetration of rodents through the pipes.

Wastewater treatment plant

An autonomous sewage system at the end can have:

• cesspool,
• biological treatment station.

Each of these options has its own advantages and disadvantages, but, in general, it is possible to recommend a cesspool only for summer cottages where they do not live permanently, or for small houses for 1-2 people. A biological treatment plant is expensive, but once installed, maintenance and emptying will rarely have to be done. The septic tank is the best option, you can buy it ready-made or make it yourself.

A properly designed and installed sewerage system will make living in your own home even more comfortable.