To categoriarity: Garden

Tree planting

If you keep in mind that it is possible to dig trees only from late September or from the beginning of October, and in November sometimes the landing becomes the impossible consequence of frosts, it will become clear that sometimes dropping the anal trees for autumn planting can come too late; They have to go to spring. If frosts come, and the trees are on the way, it should be covered with a horsephawn place designed to touch the trees, so that the soil is not freezing, as it is very difficult to relent with frozen ground. But also for those gardeners who prefer the spring landing, you can advise you to write out trees in the fall and pin them for the winter, as in the spring, often trees are late, especially when discharge from more northern localities. There is nothing, it seems more unpleasant, how to be forced in the spring to be laundered due to the late arrival of the discharged trees. That is why in the sense of the landing certainly better to write trees from autumn to be able to plant in early springWhat has great importance for success; Especially harmful to plant trees late in spring when the kidneys is already being blown. With the autumn discharge of trees for the seaside landing, it is necessary to keep in mind that the roots do not stop the livelihoods and after the leaves of the leaves. It is noted that after the festivities of the foliage, the roots form s places damaged during the discharge, or on artificial sections. Here I very much important is very important to produce roots with the roots with an autumn touch of trees, and not to postpone this operation until spring (cropping the roots before planting, Lli was so-called refreshment of the roots). If you cut carefully roots (as before landing) and then picked trees, then with the autumn there are influx, and such trees in the spring are rather rooted and better accepted.

Spring trimming of trees stimulates vegetative growth and speeds up the aging branches. The arborists of the company "Industrial climbers" professionally perform the cleaning of trees in early and late spring in Moscow and Moscow region. We serve the organization and private clients. Cutting branches on large-carriers growing in any conditions. Cut fragments of wood export and remove the place of work.

Why is the most relevant spring trimming

The dispute about when it is better to carry out the trimming of trees, it seems that will be forever. In favor of the spring cleaning, the bookmark and formation of young branches, as well as favorable weather conditions. Such a procedure is performed before the start of the deployment (until the swelling of the kidneys). For fruit trees, violating this rule is unacceptable (otherwise the crop will decrease). Decorative species can be cleared after the formation of foliage.

Removing even a small branch, it is necessary to smell the slice of a garden harness or another special means.

Such trees like maple, chestnut, mulberry, a poplar can be cleanedly subjected to cleaning after the end of the coilment. When injured, they have active socket. Therefore, such a procedure even late in spring or in the summer they are not terrible.

Among conifers perfectly carry a haircut different kinds Juniper, Tui, Tis and ate. Other types of evergreen largests are subjected to light spring sanitary trimming. To form their crown is not necessary with the help of a cutting branches, but a piece of young shoots. Moreover, it is quite difficult to work with conifers - the juicy gentle-salad tips of the branches are quite fragile, easily bend and broken. Yes, and the risk of breaking the top.

The slightest damage to the evergreen plants, with the improper formation of the crown, will lead to a violation of the vertical of the tree. With the growth of two tops, one of them needs to be urgently removed.

In the spring, fruit trees cut off annually. It stimulates the yield and help extend the life of the plant. but garden trees It should be trim correctly - otherwise you can forget about large and abundant fruits.

Rules of spring trimming trees

The most important rule of any (including spring) removal of branches is the use of a non-coated rust tool. In this case, the toolkit should be well sharpened. Garden fixtures Must do not tear the fabrics of the plant, but carefully cut up too much. It is necessary to work extremely neatly, not harming the remaining branches.

This is especially true when removing large bans. Before cropping them, it is necessary to remove as much as possible a small twig growing on them. And only after you can proceed to sleep with a massive branch, cutting off it in parts. The edges of large sections are carefully protected. Such an operation will contribute to the rapid increase in callus (connective tissue that promotes the healing of wood wounds).

Slices made not at the post, rarely overgrow. Therefore, such places, when trimming in the spring months, need to be carefully treated with a wound-healing composition.

In addition to torn edges, sections should be without grooves. They will become a place for the accumulation of water, which will lead to rotting of wood. The mascara used should be waterproof, sterile and antiseptic. Only in this case the microorganisms and disputes fell into the wound will die and will not leave the chance of new pests to settle on the cut.

Types of trimming trees in spring

Early spring is performed both strong and weak cleaning of trees. W. flowering species Strong contributes to active blossom, with a weak formed a lot of small colors. In this period, such types of branches are produced:

• Formative. Helps create a special form of crown. This creates a certain type of "green cap" with the desired density temporary and skeletal branches.
• Adjusting (support). In addition to saving the shape, such trim supports certain parameters of the crown by the level of illumination.
• Rejuvenation. It is especially indicated by aging and old trees, since as a result of such trimming, the growth of young branches is activated.
• Restoration. Returns the victims of weather conditions and launched, fluttering blossoms, fruiting and growth.
• Sanitary. It makes it possible to remove damaged, intersecting, dead or sick branches and helps increase the illumination of the leaves.

In the conditions of the metropolis, it is quite difficult to perform spring trimming Largemen. Cramped conditions a large number of People and transport make such work complex and dangerous. Therefore, this work requires obtaining a carbon ticket. Upper the trees of the company "Industrial climbers" not only quickly, professionally and at reasonable price will have this service, but also take out the export of cropped material, as well as cleaning the territory. Contact us, we cut the trees as it should!

Fruit trees grow in one place for several decades. Therefore, the right planting of trees is of great importance. Errors made by landing are in the future difficult to correction, and often completely incorrect.

To avoid these errors, it is necessary: \u200b\u200bto prepare the soil; properly place plants on the site; Choose the best variety for this terrain; comply with the rules for planting seedlings; Provide timely care of seedlings after landing.

The most suitable for landing the garden plots with a slope of no more than 5-8 ° protected from winds. When choosing slopes in the middle lane, preference is preferred to the southern, south-west. It is not allowed to plant trees in closed basins - "sauces". Cold air is stared in them; they are especially dangerous at the occurrence spring frosts During the flowering of trees.

When choosing the soil, severe clay, strongly podzolic, sandy and saline should be avoided.

Fruit trees grow well where grow wood breeds: Oak, ash, maple.

The most important condition for choosing a plot is the level groundwater. Groundwater for seed rocks (apple trees, pears) should not be closer than 2-2.5 m from the surface of the soil, and for cherries and plums - 1.5-2 m.

With nearby groundwater fruit trees Do not develop poorly, annual growth does not ripen and freeze in winter, the tops of shoots often dry out.

In areas where water is delayed for a long time or closed the pederate water, before planting trees, you need to dig deep ditches for water drain or arrange drainage.

In those areas where in this way it is impossible to drain areas, the trees are planting on the hills with a height of 40-50 cm and a width of 2-3 m. For the hollochi use upper layer Soil, well-processed and fertilized.

Apple tree is growing better on light chernozem, deep turf and medium thin and squeaned soils; Pear - on loosely thin, nutrient soils; plum - on fertilized clay, secured moisture soils; Cherry - on lungs of sulace soils.

Definition of soil on the site

Depending on the mechanical composition, soils are distinguished: clay, dusty loams, sandy loams, sandy, sandy, etc.

Light soils contain nutrients, as a rule, less than heavy. Act mineral fertilizer Enharged on lighter soils.

The soil analysis make agrochemical laboratories at MTS. In the household plot, the mechanical composition of the soil can be roughly determined using the table below.

Table for the definition of the soil

Soil	Sensation when rubbing the soil between the fingers and the action of the knife	Low view	Rolling cord from moistened soil
Clay	Thin homogeneous powder. The skin of the grain of large sand is not scratching. When cut, the peer knife is not heard of the crunch of sandy particles	Large sand grains are missing	Give a long cord
Dusty loams (by the number of lodges are divided into light, medium and heavy)	When cut, the knife gives a flat surface	Small Sand	Long cord do not give
Sandy Suglinki (sand content can be light, medium and heavy)	With rubbing, a large amount of sand is clearly noticeable. The knife makes a characteristic creaking sound	-	Give a very continuing cord (crumbs)
Supply	Sand particles prevail with a small admixture of clay	& nbsp.	Cord roll fails
Sandy	Consist almost exclusively of sandy grains

Preparation of the site

Usually, fruit trees plant in the pit, but the garden develops better if the soil has been treated (reverse) to a depth of 40-60 cm. Podzolic soils are treated with a smaller depth. For spring landing, pits are prepared from autumn, and for autumn - in spring or in extreme cases no later than 20-30 days before landing.

Pits digged round with sheer walls.

On the application of fertilizers in the preparation of the site is stated below.

Sizes of landing poems

Distances at landing

In the household gardens, as well as in collective gardens of workers and services, the distance between the trees gives a slightly smaller than in the collective farm and state-farm gardens, where cars and guns are widely used.

Apple trees and pears are planted at a distance of 6x6 m or 5x6 m, plums and cherries - 3x4 m. The ranks of the landings for a while can be sealing.

Tree planting

Planting trees - responsible work. From proper landing In many ways, the success of the observing of plants, their further growth and fruiting are depends.

Many amateur gardeners are fond of landing adult 5-10-year-old trees. Of course, this can be done if adult tree To transplant with a lump of land weighing 3-4 tons. The transplant of such trees requires high labor and funds. And this is not everyone forces. If an adult tree is transplanted without a coma with briefly cropped roots, there will be little sense from it; It for a number of years will not normally develop and will not get ahead of the trees planted with 2-3-year-old seedlings produced by fruit nurseries.

Than younger seedlingsThe easier it is to plant it and, even rather, it is better for it.

In the gardens, along with grazing and dwarf fruit trees. Dwarf calls such trees that are grafted on the flows that have a weak increase. The trees of one variety, such as apple trees, grafted on gravity and slaughterhouses, conditionally called dwarf, differ in both the strength of growth and other features.

Unlike an apple tree, grafted on a strong-corneous stock, growing 70-80 years, dwarf trees grow only 20-25 years. But dwarf trees have their advantages. They come into fruction for the 3-4th year (a number of varieties before), and the strongest - for the 6-12nd year.

Dwarf trees of the yield, the fruits on them are larger and better painted. From the area of \u200b\u200bSquare, such trees give more harvest than stronger.

Dwarf trees are placed on the site at a distance of 3x3 m, and therefore, on the same area of \u200b\u200bdwarf trees, it is twice as much more than stronal, more than the overall harvest.

Dwarf trees it is advisable to plant in the rows of landings of heavy-dust, one tree between the gravily apples or pears.

Dwarf seedlings are grown by vaccinated varieties on the weary laying - the paradise (paradise apple tree) and Dussen. The plants vaccinated on the paradise possess more lowness than grafted on dosen.

Landing and care for dwarf trees is almost no different from landing and silent care.

Dates of landing. In areas middle strip the USSR best time For landing - early spring, before the dissolution of the kidneys from seedlings.

Autumn plantings also give good results, but in this case the landing should be made in early October (2-3 weeks before the onset of sustainable freezers).

Preparation of seedlings to landing. The roots of seedlings are carefully viewed and parts of patients, dried, durable and damaged roots when spraying plants from the nursery are cut off with a sharp garden knife. The ends of healthy roots are very slightly cleaned (clipped). The longer the roots and the better they are branched, the better saplings Surrive and develop in the future.

Each of the branches of the crown seedling are shortened by 1/3 of length. Shortening branches should be cut them on the so-called external (outer) kidney (see Fig. 1). In this case, the side shoots will develop on the parties and will not compensate to the crown of wood. Branches can be cut before landing, as well as after it.

To proper planting seedlings need a landing board. It is made with a length of 2.0 m, 12-15 cm wide and a thickness of 2-3 cm. In the center of the board there should be a triangular cutout with a depth of 4 cm. The same cuts are made at the ends of the board, retreat from the average cutout for 75 cm (Fig. 6).

Faruing planting is shown in Figure 7.

Garden protection from winds

Garden protection from winds - prerequisite Successful grieving of trees, their yields and durability.

Aptic aspirations are arranged simultaneously with planting fruit trees, and better - 2-3 years before landing.

Approximate schemes of the device of the hydrochilding plantings are shown in Figure 8. Along with the planting plant planting, the site must be disappeared.

In collective gardens in separate sites it is impractical to arrange agenic planting. In this case, the entire garden array is protected from the winds, while planting plants on the roads, alleys and the boundaries of the land.

Characteristics of trees and shrubs for sato protection

Wood breeds used for hydration plantations must be enduring in data climatic conditions, fast-growing and durable, with a sufficiently thick, but not sprawling the crown.

Trees and shrubs designed to protect the site should not give excessive root row and should not have common pests and diseases with garden plantings.

Caring for a young garden

A young garden requires constant and careful care.

In the household and collective gardens, the aisle is usually used under vegetables, potatoes, sometimes strawberries, currants, gooseberries. Sowing and landing of raspberries, tobacco, sunflower, corn are not allowed in the rivers. These plants adversely act on fruit trees.

Apple trees can be used for 10-15 years, cherries and plums - 7-8 years. Prioric circles can not be occupied by inter-rowed crops.

The width of the priority circles depends on the age of plants. In the first two years after planting trees, rolling colors make up to 2 m wide; In every next two years, the width of the circles is increased by 0.5 m. Starting from the eighth of the year and further the width of the coil circles is set to 3.5 m.

Prioric circles during the entire growth period of trees contain in loose and clean from weed. Loose soil 3-4 times. Stop loosenings in early August. After each watering or rain, the soil necessarily loose (centimeters on 5). Mulch the soil of priority circles with a thin layer of humus, peat.

In the autumn, rolling circles are dripped by 10-15 cm, not allowing damage to the roots, especially near the strain. Early spring, rolling circles are leaving the second time, but already at a lower depth.

In areas of insufficient moistening, fruit trees in the early years after landing should be good to water. During the spring and the first half of the summer, the trees should be poured three or four times. In arid areas, the amount of irrigation should be doubled. The norm of irrigation to one planted tree is from two to four buckets, depending on the amount of precipitation fell. With an increase in the age of the tree, it gives more water. Pour plants along ring grooves carried out on the outer border of the rolling circle. After watering, the groove is warmed, and the soil is mulched. The fertilizer of fruit trees and the protection of the garden from pests and disease can be found in the relevant sections.

The most important work in the young garden is pruning and forming trees. Without trimming, the crown is thickened, the branches are elongated, bare, unstable. Crop the trees need during their rest (before the swelling of the kidneys in the spring and after the leaf fall). In the middle strip of the USSR, the trimming must be carried out in spring. In the fall, you can cut only the bushes of black and red currant.

In the garden it is necessary to form trees on the system started in the nursery. In our nurseries fruit plants Formed on the long-pass (five-way) and soluble-long-tier systems. The long system is most widespread and easy to perform.

Fruit Garden Care

Soil care

Soil on surgeless circles Fruit trees, as well as in ordinary bands, early in spring and autumn after leaffall are leaving with shovels or garden pods, preventing damage and degradation of the root system. Early spring, organic and mineral fertilizers are introduced in front of the resistance.

During the entire season during germination weed herbs And the soil seal after the rains are carried out with hoes. Prioric circles are recommended after loosening to mulch (stenten) by manure, humus, peat, grass.

Watering

With a lack of moisture in the soil, watering the garden is a necessary event not only in southern regions, but also in the middle, the USSR strip. Watering significantly contributes to the development of trees and increase their yield.

Terms of watering: the first - in the spring, to the dissolution of the kidneys on the trees; The second is 12-15 days after the end of flowering; Third - 15-20 days before harvest. In the lowbot period, watering is done in the fall. When watering, it is necessary to moisten the soil layer to a depth of up to 0.8-1 m, i.e., to the depth of distribution of the active part of the root system of fruit trees. For bone breeds and berries, this layer will be slightly smaller.

Water trees in several ways. You can watered into circular grooves - grooves arranged around the circumference of the rolling circle, or in the holes, pierced scrap. After the water is absorbed and the soil is dry, it needs to be exploded and pronounced by manure, humus, peat.

Sleeping of the crown of a tree

As the crown groves the tree thickens, the branches in it dry and die. In a thickened crown of branches and leaves weakly illuminated by the Sun, the fruits are poorly matured and insufficiently painted, pests and diseases in the thickened crown cause significant damage.

Curonal care during this period is thinning - removing unnecessary branches. The breaking of the crowns is carried out in the fall, after the leaffall, or early in the spring, before the start of the creation on the trees. Sluorrow is as follows. Initially, all dry branches, patients and frost damaged by frost are cut out. Then remove the branches of the old, stopped fruiting. The broken branches are cut below the breakfast place, to healthy wood. If two branches interfere with each other in development, one of them is less valuable - removed or shortening. Cut. Also branches growing inward crowns and thickening it. Unnecessary "fat" shoots (wipes) are also cut out.

Cut branches are removed from the garden and burn. Crop the branches with sharp garden saws, the edges of the wound are smoothly cleaned with a garden knife and are deceived by a garden dressing or painted with paint - okra on a natural olife.

Technique cut branches

A circular influx at the base of the branch or one-year increase (escape) is conventionally called "ring". The correct slice of the branch is considered to be such when the area is the smallest (i.e. round), without leaving hemp; On a slice there should be only a slight protrusion on its lower side (Fig. 9, 10).

If the branch is cut below the "rings" or after spill, there remains a funeral, such wounds, as a rule, almost do not overshadow that it is often the cause of the formation of a hollow on trees.

Crouch shoots over the kidney, from her opposite side. The upper part of the cut should be at the level of the twist of the kidney, and the lower - at the level of its base (Fig. 11). Leaving hemp above the kidney is also unacceptable.

How to cut a thick branch

The usual reception used when cutting the branches, the thick branch is possible to cut. Often, such a cut causes split branches with a tree of serious damage (Fig. 13). In order to avoid this thick branches are cut off so.

The rendusted from the base of the branch per 1 m, they laid out the bottom, followed by half the thickness of the branch. The second inspirate produces from above, retreat from the first to 15-20 cm, after which the branch is chipped. The remaining part of the branch is removed by the saw, as when cutting thin branches (Fig. 12).

Basin of split branches

Under the weight of the crop on the tree, especially with the wrong or insufficient installation of the PORT, as well as strong winds Branches are sometimes laid out, split.

If you do not accept timely measures, the places of cracks can lead to the formation of a hollow, a disease of the branches.

Two split thick branches can be firmly copped, after which they completely or partially grow together and continue to bring the crop of fruits.

One of the reliable ways is to fasten the branches with two wooden bars. Footed places are pre-slightly cleaned with a sharp garden knife, then the branches bring together and bind to thick wire or bolted. Under the born branch, it is advisable to install a suborary.

In all cases, it is necessary under the bars and wire to put slices of roggee or burlap in order to avoid damage to the healthy tree of the tree (Fig. 14).

CARE FOR THE WATER STAB

Healthy and strong strab - pledge of the durability of the fruit tree. In the cracks of dead crust of the strain, many pests of the garden are winter. Early in the spring, and better late in autumnThe stamper cut out "on the ring" the pigstream growing on it, the strab is cleaned by the scrapers from the dead crust, collecting it to the entrance of the earth, burlap, and then burn.

Cleaning the strain is carried out carefully, not allowing mechanical damage to a healthy bark. After cleaning the stack and the bases of thick branches are deprived by a solution of fresh lime (1.5-2 kg of lime on the water bucket).

Summer whitewashing stabes uses little. Very helpful in the fall not only to break the strains and the foundation of the branches of lime, but also spray all the tree lime solid.

Lime whitewings serves as a means of combating pests and diseases, but also retains trees from the ranksalone (March) sun burns bark.

Treatment of Doupel

The hollow on fruit trees in most cases is formed from splitting branches, floors and irregular trimming.

Dumpy trees are short-lived. Timely treatment of Hollow lengthens the life of a tree and his fruiting.

Close up the hollow early in the spring, and better late autumn. Pre-housing is purified from removable wood, disinfected with a 3% solution of copper sulphate (300 g per bucket of water) or 5% iron Municipality (500 g on the water bucket). Copper Kuner It can be replaced by carbolic acid or lizol 3% concentration.

Dupla large sizes Filled in rubble or broken brick, they are tamped, and then poured with a thick solution consisting of a mixture of sand, lime and cement in a 6: 1: 1 ratio.

In the heap of small diameter, but deep, clog the wooden sleeves, which are overlooking the garden putty.

Grafting "Bridge"

With circular damage to mice bark, trees are inevitably doomed on death. Although such trees from spring and grow some period of time, but later - at the end of the summer, they still die inevitably. You can only save them in a timely vaccination "bridge" early in spring (at the beginning of the sludge), when the bark is fluently behind the wood. The vaccination is made with cuttings, harvested in autumn or early spring, to swelling. On both ends of each cutlery, they make slashes with a length of 4-5 cm. Then the cuttings are inserted into the upper and lower T-shaped sections of the crust. The vaccination place is tightly tied and covered with a garden maletper (Fig. 15). After two weeks, the strapping weakened, and at the end of the summer it is removed.

Rejuvenation of fruit trees

The average-age trees with excessively sparsed crowns, bare branches and dead peaks can not give high yield. After rejuvenation, such trees after 3-4 years restore their growth and significantly extend the period of fruiting. Rejuvenation is carried out in the following way.

In the spring, before the dissolution of the kidneys, the trees intended for rejuvenation are cut off, screaming the main skeletal branches at a distance of 1-1.25 m from their base, wounds are cleaned with a garden knife and deceive with a garden dressing.

At the ends of cut branches, several shoots grow in the same year, of which they leave 3-4; The rest are pouring over the 5-6th sheet, and in the fall cut from the base.

Crossing trees

On the panstones Sometimes you can meet wild trees, as well as trees that give very bad fruits by taste. Such trees can be instilled in the best cultural varieties, and after 3-4 years they will give the fruits of such a variety, which was brought into the crown.

By rewriting on one tree, you can also have several different varieties.

IN fruit garden The All-Union Agricultural Exhibition is growing two trees, on each of which several dozen various varieties Apple tree.

It is advisable to rewrite trees (apple trees, pears) under the age of 25-30 years.

Reflection technique. In the spring, at the beginning of the sludge, when the bark is easily separated from the wood, the thick branches of the tree are cut into the same way as when they are rejuvenated, at a distance of 1-1.25 m from their base.

The ends of the cuts are smoothly cleaned with a sharp garden knife.

At the ends of the branches make longitudinal cuts of the cortion of 3-4 cm long, in which the cuttings are inserted (3-4, depending on the thickness of the branches) of the graft variety. On the cutlets make a slant cut, as well as when grafting "bridge". On each vaccinated cutting should be 3-4 kidneys.

Places of vaccination tightly tied up and smear a garden putty. Also failed with the smelting and surface of the cutting branch. Cuttings for vaccination are bought in autumn or early spring until the downstream.

Vaccination can also be made to the strambed and roasting piglets and in separate branches different thickness (Fig. 17). Thick branches are vaccinated with cuttings, and thin as well as an eyepling-vaccination "eye" (kidney).

Birds are sometimes sitting on the graft cuttings, cuttings can be laid out or shifted in the places of vaccinations. To prevent this, the vaccination will be taught to the placement of rods, to which it is later possible to suspend growing shoots to avoid fraud by the wind (Fig. 18).

Transplant adult trees

Adult trees are transplant with a lump of soil with a diameter: for trees aged 7-10 years - 1.25 m; At the age of 10-15 years - 1.5 m. The height of the soil coma should be 60-70 cm. Come on the dig of the roots are cut, and the ends are smoothly cleaned with a sharp gardening knife. With long-distance shipments or with very loose soil, they are trimmed by boards (Fig. 19). Drop the trees in late autumn or early spring. You can carry dug trees in winter time at a temperature not lower than -6 °. For landing prepare pits with a size corresponding to the magnitude of the soil component prepared for tree transplantation.

Under the bottom of the coma "bother" nutrient soil; It is filled with emptiness around coma.

Care of transplanted wood. The tree is strengthened with stretch marks (thick wire) (Fig. 20). The main branches are shortened by 1/3 lengths. Stack and bases of branches are tied with moss, loggy, burlap. For 20-30 days, the strapping is systematically moistened with water or spray with a lime solution. In the arid time, trees are abundantly watered. They fight pests and diseases.

Installation Pouch under the branches of trees with harvest

The branches with the crop of fruits require a mandatory setup. The absence of a sub-project or lagging with their installation will often lead to splits and fears of branches, to the loss of harvesting from the wind and the severity of the fruits.

To the installation, the sub-order is started when the fruits reach about 3 cm in diameter, and the branches are deviated from the initial position under the severity of the fruit

The number of the sample depends on the value of the crop on the tree.

Under each branch carrying 8-10 kg of fruits, it is necessary to establish one subeauge.

Purified from the bark, pointed at the bottom and having a developed on top of developed, the suborae is driven into the ground in a vertical position. In order to avoid damage to the branches, slices of rogas, burlap. After removing the crop, the suburbs are cleaned.

Protection of the garden from spring frosts

Spring frosts are dangerous for gardens during flowering trees. They lure flowers, and therefore the harvest. According to many years of observations, in the middle lane of the USSR, the latest freezing is around June 6.

About the approach of frosts warns by radio Central Institute of Weather Forecasts.

The simplest way to combat frosts during flowering trees is the fumigation of the garden by burning a pile of manure, peat, garbage (Fig. 21).

Heaps of heaps with a sharp drop in temperature to +1, + 2 °, and finish the smoke 1-2 hours after sunrise, but not earlier, in order to avoid quickly catching the frozen flowers.

The conditions of the smoke: a bunch should smoke, not to burn, which is achieved by the coating of the heap of the layer of land in those places where the flame appears. In case of attenuation, the heaps are loosened with pods and raise stakes. Most convenient for smoking the garden smoke checkers.

One of the measures to reduce the action of frosts is the placement under the trees of barrels with water, as well as the spraying of the soil under the trees and the trees themselves.

Of great importance is the coating of priority circles with a layer of manure, peat, sawdust. It slows down the melting of snow and delays the blooming of the kidneys. As a result, the trees "leave" from freezing.

The trees whisked from the autumn lime, in the spring, are also somewhat later rolled into growth, and the flowers often do not fall under frost.

Determination of the possibility of the onset of spring frosts. One of the signs of the offensive frost-sharp drop in temperature from 8-9 pm (on the eve of freezing) with quiet, windless weather and cloudless night.

Frost offensive is also determined by the device consisting of two thermometers: dry and moistened. The result of the readings of both thermometers is determined by the table shown in Figure 22.

The readings of the dry thermometer (in degrees) are indicated in the table in the left vertical graph, and moistened - in the upper horizontal. The place of intersection of the readings of the temperatures of both thermometers determines the possibility of freezing.

Preparation of trees to wintering

Fruit trees that do not use due care are easier to frozen.

In order to avoid frost damage to the root system of trees, as well as their strabs and branches, it is necessary: \u200b\u200bto process and fertilize the soil in the gardens;

fight pests and diseases;

prevent damage to the branches and the strain, as well as the root system;

in the arid autumn trees under winter water water;

the crowns of young trees for the winter to bind, and then together with the strabbing to toss with fir branches;

the stans of young trees fall in the fall of the soil at a height of 25-30 cm;

stans and the founding of skeletal bruises of fruiting trees also bind fir branches and trees to fall;

surveillance circles cover the layer of manure, peat, sawdust to prevent the soil freezing;

in winter, accumulate snow on the priority circles and dip the strains.

Care of frozen fruit trees

Too reduced long winter temperatures are negatively acting on fruit trees.

One of of most important conditions Normal overcoming fruit trees is timely stopping their growth and aging wood.

Excessive moisturizing, loosening and fertilizer of the soil in the second half of summer does not create conditions for the end of vegetative processes and, as a rule, leads to unpreparedness of plants to resist unfavorable conditions wintering. But late autumn, in the absence of moisture in the soil, the trees are watered.

When frozen fruit trees, it is necessary to take the following measures.

Measuring branches cut, and damaged parts to shorten after full blooming, trees.

Damaged by frost trees in spring are abundantly watered with water (10 buckets per adult tree) and feed the fertilizers at the beginning of growth, and then after 15-20 days.

To reduce the evaporation of moisture, the stack and the base of the skeletal branches is tied with moss, grass, hinders and other materials.

Every day the air is all the cooler, and the sky is growing. It means that it's time to save bright colors Autumn in our homes. A few simple and inexpensive accents can make any interior truly cozy and attractive. It will help us in this queen of autumn - pumpkin. it universal Materialfrom which you can do great amount interesting crafts. Pumpkin decor looks mysterious and attractive. It can be infinitely varied.

Sweet pepper came to Europe in the 15th century from South America and so emerged to the Europeans, that, for example, in Hungary there is even a museum dedicated to solely to peppers. This vegetable is extremely rich in vitamins and minerals, which makes it an indispensable product. healthy nutrition. In this article I want to tell about his cultivation experience bulgarian pepper in open soil. And why I manage to receive good crops of this indispensable vegetable every year.

The smell of raspberry for me is firmly connected with childhood - granny grandmother's hands and amazing delicious jamwhich was issued by tea spoons and only during a cold. Already then I dreamed that I had a lot of raspberries. My dream came true, every year I collect a double harvest. The first - from the usual raspberry and the forces of the second year by repairing. And in the fall - the second - 3-5 cups a day with the repair of the original. How to care for Malina in the fall, I will tell in the article.

Apple mustard From Antonovka, cooked at home with their own hands, will shut up for the belt of all industrial competitors. Mustard thick, crooked, mustard grains make a texture diverse. Such a seasoning to meat, fish, sausage fits perfectly, even just on a slice of fresh bread to smear - it will be delicious! A large quantity to harvest a large amount is not worth it, it is always better to deliver a portion of fresh mustard sauce, just 3 days mustard pulls the fortress, it will become a burning.

Among the countless varieties and hybrids of sweet peppers, there are such as the Pereziro pepper, whose popularity has literally global scales. And if most vegetables on the supermarket shelves are unnamed, and it is almost impossible to learn about their varietality, the name of this pepper "Ramiro" will certainly be on the packaging. And, as my experience showed, this pepper is worth the other gardeners learned about him. In this connection, this article was written.

Autumn is a favorite time of many gardeners. The main crop is already assembled and processed, but the rest is not coming. Deals in the garden and in beds are still a lot, but it is important to pay time and flower bed. It is true that there are something to do, because many flowers are transplanted and put it in the fall, and the appearance of the soil in the flower beds will largely depend on decorative Garden in next year. About what needs to be done in a flower bed in the fall, read in this article.

Fruit and sour cream filling cake - easy in preparation and delicious homely pie, which can be prepared less than an hour. For the filling, you can take any fruit or fresh berries, but I advise you to prefer sweet and dense, for example, as in this recipe - pear, bananas, sweet plums. For preparation, you will also need a form with non-stick coating and a low side, suitable for a cake with a removable bottom.

Autumn - the most mushroom time. No longer hot, abundant dews fall in the morning. Since the earth is still warm, and on top of the foliage already attacked, creating a very special microclimate in the surface layer, the mushrooms are very comfortable. Mushroom pickers at this time are also comfortable, especially in the morning, when the cooler. It's time to meet other things. And if they are not represented by each other - to meet. In this article, will introduce you to exotic, little-known and not always edible mushroomsCoral like.

Leader in healing properties Aloe Vera is still inferior in popularity with a simple, almost invulnerable aloe tree. Even his folk name "meal" suggests that the plant can withstand almost any care and is very durable. But aloe tree rarely meet the most decorative species not by chance. To keep it in shape and not grow huge prickly gigs, you need to know some secrets of formation of this plant.

Pumpkin puree with zucchild and apples - gentle, cream, sour-sweet. Puree, cooked, on this recipe is suitable for children and diet nutrition. Kids can be mixed with a puree with milk or cream, add several spoons of soft curd to it. Determine the taste of pumpkins and zucchini in this dish is very difficult. The aroma of apples plays the first violin, the remaining ingredients seem to eat, but you need to be an expert in kitchen tricks to name vegetables that are part of the puree.

If you are a busy person, but at the same time they are not deprived of romance, if you have your own site and you are endowed with an aesthetic taste, then learn the opportunity to purchase this wonderful decorative shrub - cariopteris, or walker. He is the "wiormnik", "blue fog" and "blue beard". In it, indeed, unpretentiousness and beauty are fully combined. His peak of decorative painter reaches at the end of summer and autumn. It is at this time that he blooms.

Awave from pepper - vegetable caviar or thick vegetable sauce from Bulgarian pepper with eggplants. Pepper for this recipe is baked, and for quite a long time, then also extinguished. In Aivar add onion, Tomatoes, eggplants. For the billet for the winter caviar sterilize. This Balkan recipe is not for those who like to make the workpiece quickly, unsolved and unfinished - not about Aivar. In general, we approach things in detail. For sauce, choose the most ripe and fleshy vegetables on the market

Despite the simple names ("Lipki" or "Room Maple") and the status of a modern substitute for room hibiscus, Abutilons - plants are far from the simplest. They grow well, abundantly bloom and delight a healthy view of greenery only in optimal conditions. On thin leaves, any deviations from comfortable lighting or temperatures and disorders are quickly manifested. To reveal the beauty of abutilons in the rooms, it is worth finding an ideal place for them.

Fritters from zucchini with parmesan and mushrooms - a delicious recipe with photos from affordable products. Ordinary zucchini pancakes are easy to turn into an obscure dish by adding several spicy ingredients into the dough. In the Zabachkaya season, pamper the seven vegetable pieces with forest mushrooms, it is not only very tasty, but also satisfying. Zucchini - universal vegetable, it is suitable for stuffing, for blanks, for second dishes, and even for sweet delicious recipes - Compote and jam make from the zucchini.

It happens that among the summer or at the beginning - the mid-autumn, some fruit trees, berry or decorative shrubs Suddenly re-bloom. Gardeners in such cases are worried: why does this occur and will not damage the plants?

Some media covers such a phenomenon as a kind of biological sensation, considering it by the reaction of plants for the warming of climate. In fact, nothing unusual in it. Perennial scientific observations in collectible gardens allowed the author to make some conclusions about the causes of such flowering not within the season. That is what they conclude.

The appearance of flowers at the very beginning of summer is a consequence of late development of some flowering kidneys, when this process has not fully ended completely (due to the cold autumn, the lack of certain nutrition elements, etc.) and ends only next season. In such cases, late bloom is observed only on perennial branches, and it is insignificant.

But more often the cause of re-flowering happensaccelerated growth and development of plants due to early and warm spring, moving to roast and sunny summer. In such cases, the flowers appear in the middle - the end of the growing season mainly on the strengths of the current season, which is typical of only moporic cultures and varieties. This is due to the fact that the abundance of heat contributes to the accelerated formation of flowering kidneys and they have time for the summer period to form even on the growth of this year.

The most formed of them bloom, therefore such a picture is observed as in the photo,

where ripening pear fruits are adjacent to flowers on the growth of the current year. Some varieties sometimes even approach, but they don't even have time to mature (photo 2, see above).

As a rule, secondary bloom fruit crops There is no mass, only single inflorescences are dissolved. A small number of summer-autumn flowers either on the future harvest, nor on the upcoming pumping plants is usually not reflected, unless, of course, winter will not be extremely harsh. But, if possible, young trees, it is better to break the emerging inflorescences in advance to their complete dissolution, as the formation of such late flowers, the tree is consumed with nutrients.

Only in the southern regions it happens that some species of trees bloom in the fall pretty much. Known examples abundant flowering, for example, chestnuts in a very warm autumn. Secondary bloom in such cases can lead to a general weakening of the plant and even to death in the winter.

In the middle lane, it may be very dangerous to be autumnal blooming of the kidneys and flowers at the honeysuckle edible. This Siberian and Far Eastern culture is characterized by high winter hardiness. But in the conditions of the middle band, there is often warm preliminary weather, which provokes premature output from certain varieties. And subsequent frosts lead to the death of blooming kidneys. Sometimes because of this, up to 30% of the potential crop, which is very noticeable. Therefore, watch themselves behind your plants, and if such a phenomenon is repeated, it means that these honeysuckle varieties are not suitable for your locality and better replace them more adapted.