The hut was the main residential premises of the Russian home. Its interior was narrowed by strict, long-standing with established forms, simplicity and expedient location of items. Its walls, ceiling and gender, as a rule, no painted and not salary, had a pleasant warm color of wood, bright in new homes, dark in old ones.

The main place in the exorbitant was held by the Russian oven. Depending on the local tradition, it stood on the right or to the left of the entrance, the mouth to the side or front wall. It was convenient for the inhabitants of the house, since the warm oven was blocking the way with the cold air, penetrating from Seine (only in the southern, centrally black membrane band of European Russia, the furnace was in the far from entering the corner).

Diagonal from the furnace stood a table over which the Borean was hung with icons. Along the walls were stationary shops, and above them were embedded in the walls of the same width of the shelves - drills. In the back of the furnace of the furnace to the side wall under the ceiling arranged wood flooring - flavors. In the South Russian areas behind the side wall of the oven could be wooden flooring for the spongo - the floor (platform). All this fixed furnishings of the hut was built by carpenters along with the house and was called a choir outfit.

The space of the Russian hut was divided into parts that had a certain purpose. The front corner with the blade and the table was also called great, red, holy: family meals were arranged here, read aloud prayers, the gospel, the psalter. Here on the shelves stood a beautiful dining room utensils. In the houses where there was no barbell, the front angle was considered a parade part of the hut, the place of reception.

The space near the door and the furnace was called the Babi corner, the oven angle, the middle angle, heart, heart. It was a place where women were preparing food, engaged in various works. Pots were stood on the shelves, bowls, near the oven - grasp, a kocher, a pomel. The mythological consciousness of the people determined the furnace corner as a dark, unclean. In the hives, there were no two sacred centers on the diagonal: the center of Christian and the center of the pagan, equally important for the peasant family.

A fairly limited space of the Russian hut was organized in such a way that there was a family of seven or eight people with a large or smaller convenience. This was achieved due to the fact that each family member knew his place in the overall space. Men usually worked and rested in the afternoon on the male half of the hollows, which included the front angle with icons and shop near the entrance. Women and children were in the afternoon on the female half near the oven.

Sleep places were also strictly distributed: children, guys and girls slept on the reagents; The owner with the hostess of the house - under the reservation on a special flooring or shop, to which a broad bench moved; Old men on the furnace or Golbse. It was not necessary to break the order headed in the house without extreme need. A person, his violating, was considered not a knowledgeable commandments of fathers. The organization of the internal space of the huts found its reflection in the wedding song:

I will enter the parents' brightlist,
Pray for all on four sides,
Another first angle of the angle,
I will ask the Lord blessing,
Into the body is white - healthy,
In the mind of the mind-mind
In white handle reduced,
To be able to please in someone else's family.
I will give the corner the average
For bread for salt,
For a pouremian, for a fourth,
For warm dresan.
And the third bow will give the corner to the heat
For his sogrevian
For Calenny Corn
For bricks hot.
And in the last worship
Corner kutno
For his silence,
Behind the gloves down
For sleep, for a sweet dormant.

The woo was kept clean, which was most characteristic of Northern and Siberian villages. The floors in the hut was soap once a week, and at Easter, Christmas and to the prestial holidays, the Golitsa with sand rave not only the floor, but also walls, ceiling, shops. Russian peasants tried to decorate their horses. On weekdays, its decoration was rather modest: a towel on the ship, dominant rugs on the floor.

On the festive day, the Russian hut was transformed, especially if there was no flax in the house: the table was covered with a white tablecloth; on the walls, closer to the front corner, and the windows embroidered or covered with colored towels were hung on the windows; Store and stood chests covered in the house with elegant tracks. The interior of the courtyard was somewhat different from the inner decoration of the hut.

The hill was the front room at home and was not intended for permanent residence families. Accordingly, its inner space was solved otherwise - it had no flats and platforms for the spongas, instead of the Russian oven stood the holland, adapted only for the heating of the room, the shops were covered with beautiful addresses, the front dining room was placed on the climbers, on the walls near the Born. Pictures of religious and secular content and towels. Overhast of the rest of the horses, the harmless outfit of the hill repeated the stationary outfit: in the corner of the corner the Borent with icons, along the walls of the bench, over them the shelves-drills, many chests, sometimes set alone on the other.

The peasant house is difficult to imagine without numerous utensils accumulated decades, if not in centuries, and literally flooded its space. Utensils are dishes for workpiece, cooking and storing food, feeding it on the table - pots, marks, lommers, kinks, bowls, dishes, endands, buckets2, crops, etc.; All sorts of tanks for collecting berries and mushrooms - baskets, body, Tues, etc.; Various chests, straws, caskets for storing household goods, clothes and cosmetic accessories; Items for burning fire and internal lighting Houses - fire, Svets, candlesticks and MN. Dr. All these necessary to keep household Items in a larger or smaller number were available in every peasant family.

Home apparatus was relatively monotypes on the entire space of the settlement of the Russian people, which is explained by the community of home the life of Russian peasants. Local versions of the objects of utensils were practically absent or, in any case, were less obvious than in clothing and food. Differences were manifested only in the utensils submitted to the table in holidays. At the same time, the local originality found its expression not so much in the form of dining room dishes, as in its decorative design.

A characteristic feature of the Russian peasant utensils was the abundance of local names of the same subject. The vessels of the same shape, a single destination, made of one material, in the same way, were called in their own ways in different provinces, counties, mosses and further villages. The name of the subject changed depending on its use by a specific hostess: the pot in which the porridge was cooked, in the same house called "Cashnik", the same pot used in another cooking house was called "puppy".

Differently called utensils of one destination, but made of miscellaneous material: The vessel of clay is a pot, from cast iron - cast iron, from copper - Mednik. Terminology often changed depending on the method of manufacturing a vessel: the vessel of the cooler work for the journey of vegetables - a shredding of a tree duck - Dolbenka, isolated from clay - Korchag. The decoration of the inner space of the peasant house began to undergo noticeable changes in the last third of the XIX century. First of all, the changes touched the interior of the hill, which was perceived by the Russians as a symbol of the richness of the peasant family.

Hardware owners sought to furnish with their objects characteristic of the urban lifestyle: instead of shops - chairs, stools, canapels - sofas with lattice or deaf backs, instead of an antique table with a substolete - urban-type table covered with a tablecloth-"File". Indispensable to the troops became the dresser drawers, hill for festive dishes and elegantly cleaned, with large quantity Pillows Bed, and near the Borean hung in the pictures of the photos of the relatives and clock-cladders.

After some time, the innovations also touched over: the wooden partition separated the oven from the rest of the space, the city life objects began to actively displace traditional fixed furniture. So, the faults gradually replaced the bed. In the first decade of the XX century. The decoration of the hut is replenished with cabinets, buffets, mirrors and small sculpture. The traditional set of utensils persisted significantly longer, up to the 30s. XX century, which was explained by the stability of the peasant lifestyle, the functionality of household items. The exception was only a festive dining room, or rather, tea utensils: from the second half of the XIX century. In the peasant house, along with a samovar, porcelain cups, saucers, sugar bowls, vases for jams, milkers, metal teaspoons appeared.

In wealthy families during the festive trapes, individual plates, shapes for a jelly, glass glasses, glasses, glasses, bottles, and tons were used. Changing the lifestyle of peasants in the XX century, orientation on style and lifestyle big City They led to an almost complete replacement of previous ideas about the internal decoration of the house and gradually eliminating the traditional household culture.

In the morning the sun was shining, but only the sparrows sniffed - the right sign to the blizzard. In the twilight fell frequent snow, and when the wind rose, it turned off so that the outstretched hands did not see. It was all night all night, and the next day Bran did not lose its strength. Izbo cooked to the top of the board, on the street, drifts to human growth - do not even go to the neighbors, but for the sideline of the village and do not get at all, but it is not necessary to go anywhere, except for firewood in the barn-wood bar. Prips in the hut is enough for the whole winter.

In the cabinet - barrels and risers with salty cucumbers, cabbage, mushrooms and lingonberries, bags with flour, grain and bran for birds and other living creatures, on hooks Salo and sausages, dried fish; in the cellar Potatoes and other vegetables are covered in the boots. And in the cattle yard Order: Two cows fierce hay, to which a tier is littered over the roof over them, pigs fuck behind the fence, a bird hassle on the pepper in the corner of the chicken coop. Cool here, but frost is not. Folded from thick logs, carefully, cocoon walls of drafts are not allowed and maintaining the heat of animals that transferting manure and straw.

And in the sickness itself about the frost, it does not remember - a hot oven cools down long. But the kids are bored: while Bran does not end, you will not get out of the house, you will not run away. Lie kids on the reagents Listen to the fairy tales, which tells the grandfather ...

The most ancient Russian horses - until the XIII century - built without foundation, almost a third burned in the ground, it was easier to save warmly. Digged the pit in which they were taken to collect criminations. Before the board facilities were still far away, and they were left earthen. On a carefully tumped floor from the stones laid out the hearth. In such a twilight, people spent the winter along with their homework, which was kept closer to the entrance. Yes, and there was no doors, but a small inlet - just to squeeze - covered from the winds and cold shields from a semi-gravel and a cloud.

Passed century, and the Russian hut got out of the ground. Now it was put on a stone foundation. And if on the piles, the corners were based on massive decks. Those who are cooled they did the roofs of Texa, Selyan the victory of the wings of chip-duncan. And the doors appeared on forged loops, and the windows were cut, and the sizes of peasant buildings increased markedly.

It is best known to us by traditional horses, what they have survived in the villages of Russia from Western to the eastern limits. it hole-five-ranking, consisting of two rooms - hay and residential room, or six-sextWhen a residential premises actually shares another transverse wall on-two. Such huts put in the villages until the very last time.

The peasant hindering of the Russian north was constructed differently.

In fact, northern Izba is not just a house, but a module of full family life Of several people for a long, harsh winter and cold spring. Single spacecraft on joke, the ark, Traveling not in space, and in time - from heat to heat, from crop to harvest. Human housing, space for livestock and birds, supplies of supplies - everything is under one roof, everything is protected by powerful walls. Is that the woody barn da and barn-genuat separately. So they are right there, in the fence, pierced them in the snow the path is not difficult.

Northern Razba built in two tiers. Nizhny - Economic, there is the parking courtyard and the supplies of the supplies - sweet with cellar. Top - housing of people, hill,from the word of the mountain, that is, high, because at the top. The heat of the livestock rises up, these people knew from time immemorial. To get to the hubber from the street, the porch did high. And, climbing him, I had to overcome the whole staircase. But no matter how dumping the Buran drifts, the entrance to the house they will not be mistaken.
From the porch, the door leads to Seni - spacious vestibule, He is the transition to other premises. There are various peasant utensils here, and in the summer, when heat comes, they sleep in the Seine. Because cool. Through the senia, you can go down to the barnyard, From here - Door to the upside down. Just enter the hill need carefully. To save the heat, the door was low, and the threshold is high. Raise your legs higher Yes, do not forget - is unwinding an hour of a bump about the sod.

The spacious dump is under the hill, Entrance to it - from the cattleship. They made a tunnel with a height of six, eight, or even ten rows of logs - the crowns. And starting to engage in trade, the owner turned the dump not only in the repository, but also cut into the village of the window-counters for buyers.

Built, however, in different ways. In the museum "Vitoslavlitsy" in Veliky Novgorod there is a hut inside like ocean vessel : For a street door, moves and transitions begin in different compartments, and in order to get into the hill, you need to climb the roof on the stairs.

Alone, such a house will not build, because in the northern rural communities of the hut for the young - new family - put all world. Built all Selyan: together cut And they drove the forest, the huge brices saw, put the crown behind the crown under the roof, together rejoiced to the built. Only when the stray artelers of master-carpenters appeared, the housing began to hire them.

Northern Izba outside seems huge, and residential premises in it one - the hillside the square of twenty meters And even less. Everyone lives there together, and old and small. There is a red corner in the hollow, where the icons hang and the lamp. Here the owner of the house sits down, honorable guests are invited.

The main place of the hostess - opposite the oven, is called Kut. And narrow space behind the stove - a snack. Hence the expression " crash " - in a close corner or tiny room.

"In my hill light ..." - It goes in popular not so long ago. Alas, for a long time it was not at all. For the sake of conservation of the heat of the window in the hill, cut into small, tightened them with a bullish or fish bubble or washed canvas, with difficulty missing light. Only in rich houses could be seen slyudy windows. The plates of this layered mineral were fixed in curly bindings, which is why the window became similar to stained glass windows. By the way, from mica were even the windows in Peter I, which is kept in the collection "Hermitage". In winter, plates from ice inserted into the windows. They were cut on a frozen river or wrapped in shape right in the yard. It came out lighter. True, it was often necessary to prepare new "ice glacials" in exchange for melting. The glass appeared in the Middle Ages, but as the building material, the Russian village found it only in the nineteenth century.

For a long time in rural, yes, and in urban Stoves stove stove without pipes. Not because they did not know or did not think, and everything for the same considerations - as if better to save heat. The pipe, no matter the dampers, and the frosty air penetrates the outside, speaking the hut, and the furnace has to be treated much more often. Smoke from the oven fell into the hube and went out on the street only through small window-smoke Under the very ceiling that was opened at the time of the furnace. Although the furnace was treated well dried "smokeless" lanes, smoke in the hill grabbed. Therefore, the horses were called black or curly.

Chimneys on the roofs of rural houses appeared only in the XV-XVI centuriesYes, and then where winter was not too harsh. Holidays with a pipe called white. But at first they did the pipes are not stone, but knocked out of the tree, which often became the cause of the fire. Only at the beginning XVIII century Peter I Special Decree commanded in the city houses of the new capital - St. Petersburg, stone or wooden, put stoves with stone pipes.

Later in the outstanding peasants except russian stoves in which the food was prepared, Peter I brought to Russia began to appear dutch stoves, Comfortable in its small size and very high heat transfer. Nevertheless, the furnace without pipes continued to put in the northern villages until the end of the XIX century.

Oven - the fun bed - Lenabelonging to the tradition of the oldest and youngest in the family. A wide shelf is stretched between the wall and the oven. There is also warmth, so put on the polls sleep children. Parents were located on shops, and on the floor; Bed time has not yet come.

Why do children in Rus punishing, put in the corner?

What did the corner meant in Russia? Each house in Starina was a small church, in which there was a red corner (front angle, holy corner, the rood), with icons.
It is in this The red corner of the parents put their children so that they pray to God for their misconduct and in the hope that the Lord will be able to enjoy a naughty child.

Architecture of Russian His Gradually changed and became more complicated. Residential premises became more. In addition to Seine and Torny, appeared in the house svetlitsa - really bright room with two and three large windows Already with real windows. Now in Svetlice, a large part of the family life was held, and the barbell served as a kitchen. Heathered by the Svetlitsa from the rear wall of the furnace.

And the wealthy peasants shared extensive the residential log cabin of the hut with two walls of the cross will turn the four rooms in this way. Even a big Russian oven heard the whole room could not, here and I had to put in the most distant room in addition chunk-Dutch.

The bad weather is raging a week, and under the roof of it is almost not heard. Everything goes to your woman. The mistress is the troubles most: in the early morning to make cows and pour the grain to birds. Then unpiring bran for pigs. Water to bring from the village well - two buckets on the rocker, one and a half way with a common weight, yes, and I need to cook food, feed the family! Kids, it is clear to help than they can, so it was heavily.

In men in winter, worries are less than spring, summer and autumn. Host home - Cormal - Works without tired all summer from dawn to dawn. Plows, mowing, tits, throws on the field, rubit, saw in the forest, builds at home, fish mining and forest beast. As the owner of the house will work, so his family will live all winter until the next warm pore, because winter for men is a resting time. Of course, without male hands in a rural house, do not do: repair what needs to be repaired, pour and bring to the house of firewood, clean the hlev, make a sleigh, and make a dressage to horses, to the Fair. Yes, in the village of rustic, many cases requiring strong male hands and smelts, which is neither a woman nor children by the forces.

Solidal skillful hands Northern huts stood a century. Generations were replaced, and house-arcs still remained a reliable shelter in harsh natural conditions. Only mighty brica dark from time.

In museums wood architecture « Vitoslavl " in Veliky Novgorod and " Small Cores » under Archangelsky there are horses whose age has passed for one and a half century. They were wanted in the abandoned villages, ethnographers and bought out the owners who were deployed in the city.

Then carefully disassembled, transported to the museum territory and restored Original form. They appear in front of numerous excursions coming to Veliky Novgorod and Arkhangelsk.
***
Cool - a rectangular one-room log house without a set of size most often 2 × 3 m.
Crate with stove - Izba.
Sweet (reconcile, risps) - Lower floor of the building, Located under the crate and used on business purposes.

Tradition to decorate home carved wooden platbands and others decorative elements It originated in Russia not from scratch. Initially wooden carving, like the ancient Russian embroidery, wore a cult character. Ancient Slavs applied to their home pagan signs designed to protect Residence, ensure fertility and protection against enemies and natural elements. No wonder in stylized ornaments, you can still guess signs denotes sun, rain, women of raised hands to the skySea waves, depicted animals - horses, swans, clarops or bizarre weaving plants and wonderful paradise colors. Further, religious meaning of wooden thread lostBut the tradition of attaching various functional elements of the facade of the house artistic view remained still.

In almost every village, village or city you can find amazing patterns of wooden lace, adorning the house. Moreover, in various fields there were absolutely various styles Wooden carving for housekeeping. In some districts, it is predominantly a deaf thread, in other sculptural, but mostly, the houses are decorated with slit carvings, as well as its type - a carved decorative wooden invoice.

In antiquity, in various parts of Russia, and even in different villages, cutters used certain types of threads and elements of the ornament. This is noticeable, if we consider photos of carved platforms made in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In one village traditionally used certain elements of the thread on all houses, in another village, the motifs of carved platbands could already be completely different. The farther from each other these settlements were, the stronger differed in the appearance of carved platbands on the windows. The study of the ancient house thread and platbands in particular, gives ethnographers a lot of material for studying.

In the second half of the 20th century, with the development of transport, printing, television and other means of communication, ornaments and types of threads inherent in previously one of the region, began to be used in neighboring villages. The widespread mix of wooden thread styles began. Considering photos of modern carved platforms in one settlement, they can be surprised by their diversity. Maybe this is not so bad? Modern cities and villages become brighter and unique. Carved plants On the windows of modern cottages often choose the elements of the best samples of the wooden decor.

Boris Rudenko. For details, see: http://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/21349/ (Science and Life, Russian Izba: Ark among forests)

The inner decoration of the Russian hut is an integral part of the history and culture of Russia. It is she, an old element, became the main part of the folklore and even the heroine of many fairy tales and legends. Recall at least the hut on the bitter legs is a fabulous dwelling of Baba Yaga, a terrible sorcerer, which scares young children. It often dodges around the finger the main fabulous heroes.

So, Ivan-Tsarevich appeals to her for help, in order to deliver his beloved from the terrible fate, and not without tricks receives the gifts of the old sorcerer. A grandmother-tower is a negative character that helps in the creation of atrocities to blasphemes to the immortal, snake Mountain and Kotu Bayun. But together with this, this "heroine" is quite fun, funny and satirical.

About sourdists

The word "hut" in Russia had many interpretations, depending on the place of residence of people, therefore was called differently. There are such synonyms such as: Yizba, Istiba, kiss, source and origin. These words are often used in Russian chronicles, which, again, talks about the integrity and association of housing with human life. Such a phrase has a direct connection with such Russian verbs, as "coat" or "toasty". This building had first of all the functional load, since it was designed to warm in frost and to strengthen the natural conditions.

Which was the hut in general

The inner decoration of the Russian hut is difficult to imagine without a furnace, since it was she who was the center of the room and a favorite part of it. It is known that many East Slavic peoples, Ukrainians, Russians and Belarusians persisted, the term "Istopka" remained. Well, as mentioned earlier, he indicated heated structure. These were also storerooms for storing vegetables stocks, and residential premises of different sizes.

To know how to draw the decoration of the Russian hut, you need to understand what it meant for a person. The significant event was the construction of a house for a peasant. It was not enough to solve the practical task and secure a roof over his head. First of all, the house was a full-fledged residential space for the whole family. The decoration of the hut should have been filled with all the necessary life benefits, to provide residents with warmth, give them love and feeling of peace. Such housing can be built only at the longtime covenants of the ancestors, and the traditions of the peasants were always observed very carefully.

About tradition

Of particular importance in the construction of the house was given a selection of places so that the structure was subsequently light, dry and high. Ritual value had no less meaning.

A happy place is the one that has passed a strict test of time and was covered earlier: it became prosperous for the previous owners who lived here. The liberties were considered the territories near the burials, the baths that were built there earlier, as well as near the road. It was believed that the hell himself walks on this path and can look into the dwelling.

About building material

Materials for the construction of horses were chosen very carefully. Russians used to build a birch of pine or larch. These trees have long and smooth trunks, smoothly fall and tightly adjacent to each other. They hold well inner heat And long do not rot. The choice of logs in the forest was a rather difficult occupation, centuries from fathers to children were transferred to the set of rules, the log selection algorithm. Otherwise, if you choose the wrong, unsuitable material - the house will bring trouble and misfortune.

Even on the inner decoration of the peasant hut it was impossible to chop sacred trees. They could bring heavy kilives to the house. There was a belief that said that such special breeds should live only in the forest and die their death. If you break the ban, they will bring death and grief to the house.

Dry wood was also unsuitable for construction. The place where the trees have grown, also essential. A tree that grew at the crossroads of forest roads is "violent" and can bring a big misfortune into the house - to destroy the log house and thereby kill the owners of the house.

Rituals

Without rites, the Slavs did not affect the process of building a house. At the beginning of construction, a sacrifice was committed. The victim in this case was considered a chicken or ram. Such a process was carried out when laying the first crown of horses. Under the brica put money, wool and grain as symbols of wealth, prosperity, love, family heat. Also there put incense as a sign of holiness at home, as well as a kind of charm from unclean power. At the end of the work (construction), all participants in the process sat down at the table and treated with delicious disasters.

The sacrifices were not profitable. The victim was supposed to create a fortress of the house and protect against the misfortune. Sometimes a gift to the gods brought a man, but it is in rare cases in order to protect the entire tribe from enemies. Most often betrayed a major cattle: bull or horse. During the archaeological excavations, their skeletons were found on old houses, as well as horse skulls.

For the rite, a special fossa was made, the remains needed to put there. It was under the red corner, where the icons and other charges were located. There were other favorite animals for the construction sacrifices. Such a favorite for Slavs was a rooster or chicken. This is also indicated by the tradition of placing the floods in the form of cocks, as well as an image or statuette of this animal on the roof of the house.

It is possible to bring an example of the immortal classical work N. V. Gogol "Viy". All evil spirits disappeared after the crunch of the rooster. Therefore, "Krikun" is designed to guard the dwelling from unclean power. Photo, the decoration of the Russian hut on which is shown in all its glory, are presented in this article.

Roof Device Scheme

The roof was also made according to a special scheme:

• chute;
• okhlupin;
• stamik;
• run;
• flint;
• princess Snow (Knes);
• snowball;
• male;
• fowed;
• schelin;
• hen;
• skip;
• oppression.

General view of hut

The decoration of the Russian hut is outside, such as they imagined and built our great-grandfathers were special. Thousands of years have built the old traditions of horses. The Russian decoration of the hut depended on where the person lived and to which tribe he belonged, because each tribe had their own traditions and laws for which they could be distinguished.

And even now it is impossible not to distinguish between the European territory of Russia. After all, the raised houses prevailed in the north, as the forests there were plenty there. In the south, there were huge clay reserves, so Mazani huts built it. The inner decoration of the Russian hut was also drawn up. The photo will be clearly visible for this example.

According to ethnographers, no folk thought was created immediately in pristine form, such as we can observe now. History, culture, and with them and the thought of people, changing and developing, bringing in everything that was created, harmony, beauty and great power of love. This also applies to the dwelling, which was formed and became more functional and convenient. These statements prove the mass of archaeological excavations conducted.

Russian decoration of the huts in many ways depended on the climatic conditions in which people lived and from the existing building material. So, in the north there was wet soil and dense forests, complete logs suitable for the construction of housing, and other products prevailed in the south and actively used other products. Based on this, in the southern regions, a twilight was spread. This dum was with a deepening by one and a half meters to the ground, respectively, had a bulk sex. This type of dwelling in Russia existed until the 14-15th centuries.

After that, the time period began to build ground buildings with wooden floors, because they learned how to handle brices and make boards from them. Also made at home raised above the earth. They were more multifunctional because they had 2 floors and provided opportunities for comfortable life, storage of vegetable stocks, hay and housing for cattle in the same house.

In the north, with an abundance of thick forests and a sufficiently raw cold climate, the semi-mining quickly turned into terrestrial houses, faster than in the south. The Slavs and their ancestors occupied a fairly large territory and differed from the age-old traditions, including in the construction of housing. But each tribe was best adjusted to the surrounding conditions, so it is impossible to say that some horses were worse. Everything was our place. Now you can understand how to draw the decoration of the Russian hut.

More about construction

Below is a photo. The decoration of the Russian hut on it is demonstrated most typical for the lady, corresponding to the time period of the 9-11st centuries. The base of the house was square, that is, the width was equal to the length, which reached 5 meters.

The construction of a logged hut required a careful and careful approach, since the crowns had to coincide, and Birovna - to fit tightly to each other, and all the work of the whole work.

The bars should have gone as close as possible in order to protect the inhabitants from cold winds and drafts. Therefore, they were groaned in a litter through one log. In this hole, another timber was placed in a convex edge. The grooves between them were insulated with marsh moss, which carried not only thermal insulation value, but also antibacterial. From above, this building was missing clay.

About construction nuances

The inner decoration of the Russian hut sometimes assumed an earthen floor, which was poured by water and was afraid, which was becoming solid and smooth. During the harvest, the dirt layer simply swept the broom. But most often the inner decoration of the peasant huts assumed the floor wooden and raised above the ground to a height of one and a half meters. This was done in order to build underground. From him in a residential premises with a stove of Luke. In the underground, all vegetable stocks remained.

The Russian decoration of the healing people suggested another superstructure from above. Outside, this house was similar to three-tier.

About extensions

Internally, the decoration of the Russian hut also had several nuances. Russian people often attached an entrance hall to their dwellings with large wide windows. She was called Seni. So, at the entrance to the house, it was necessary to first go to Seni, and then enter the doors. Such an entrance hall in the width reached 2 meters. Sometimes the Songy was connected to a humble for livestock, therefore, accordingly, they did them more.

In addition, this extension had a mass and other destinations. There were well kept and mastered something needed in bad weather, because the peasant never sat down. In the summer there you can go to sleep guests after a noisy holiday. This dwelling, archaeologists gave the name "two-chamber", since it was 2 premises.

The inner decoration of the peasant hut did not work out without a cage. Since the beginning of the 10th century, this room serves as an extra bedroom, which was used only in the summer, since it did not hear. There, all year round it was possible to store products. And in the winter - even perishable dishes, because there is always cold.

As Kurya was built

The roof in the exhaust was made in several technicians: she could be wooden, a truncated, seal or from the drasi. With the development of history, and with her and the abilities of the people, in the time period of the 16-17th centuries, the Slavs developed the unique concept of covering the roof of the birch bark, which protected from the flow. She also carried aesthetic destination, because he betrayed the nature of the construction. On the roof lay a little earth and jam. It was an old "smart technology", the protection of the house from the fire.

Dugouts and windows of windows, as a rule, did not have. The internal decoration of the Russian hut because of this looked, of course, not as we used to imagine. There were small window holes tightened by the stomachs of cattle. However, later, when the hut "grew up" above the earth, began to make large glazed windows, which not only passed the light, but also allowed to see what was happening on the street. The exterior decoration of the Russian huts was supposed to be glazed, which at first (10th century) were only at the prosperity owners.

The toilet in Russia was named "the back" and was located, as a rule, in the Seine. It was a hole in the floor, which "watched" down, towards the ground tier, where they usually kept cattle. He appeared in the out of the time of the 16th century.

About building windows

Russian decoration of horses lately did not seem without windows. Usually window hole He was 2 adjacent logs that were blocked up to half. A rectangular frame that has a valve, which "walked" in the horizontal direction was inserted there.

Internal space is

The inner decoration of the Russian isbi was from one to three residential premises. The entrance to the house began with Seine. The room intended for housing has always been very warm and heated oven. The inner decoration of the hut (photo) perfectly illustrates the life of commoners of those times.

As for the prosperous peasants and people with high rank, there was a place and an extra room in their dwelling, which was called the hill. It took guests in it, and she was also very warm, bright and spacious. Heated with a dutch stove.

The inner decoration of the Russian hut did not seem without a fuum furnace, which occupies most of the room, which was located at the entrance. However, in the southern part of the country, it was located in the far corner.

The inner decoration of the Russian hut was different, but with this enough simple, placement of items. The dining table was usually in the corner, diagonally from the furnace. Right over it was the "red corner" with icons and other overalls. Along the walls stood shops, the shelves embedded in the wall were located above them. Such an internal decoration of the Russian hut (photo) was almost everywhere.

The oven had a multifunctional load, because it brought not only warmth and delicious food, but also had a sleeping place.

Internally, the decoration of the Russian hut also demonstrates that there existed a lot of common with the traditions of East Slavic peoples, but there were also differences. In the north of Russia, people built kameni stoves. They received their name because they were folded from stone without using a fastening solution.

In the areas of Old Ladoga, the base of the stone firebox was equal to one and a half meters in the diameter. The decoration of the peasant huts in the Islaska area assumed a furnace made of clay, but on a stone base. In length and width, it reached up to 1 meter, as well as height.

In the southern regions of Eastern Slavic countries, the furnace was built larger and wide, the stone base was laid with an approximate calculation of one and a half meters in length and 2 - width. In the height, such stoves reached 1.2 meters.

Izba - Peasant log house, residential premises with a Russian oven. The word "hut" was used only in relation to the house, chilled from the tree and located in the countryside. It had several values:

• first, the hut is the peasant house in general, with all the surviving buildings and economic premises;
• secondly, it is only a residential part of the house;
• third, one of the premises of the house, heated by the Russian Spirit Outline.

The word "hut" and its dialectic options "istba", "istiba", "exposure", "exposure", "express" were known in Ancient Russia and used to designate the room. His huts cut into an ax from pine, spruce, larch. These trees with smooth trunks went well into the log house, tightly adjacent to each other, kept warm, did not rot for a long time. Of the same material, Paul1 and the ceiling were made. Window and door shoes, doors were usually made from oak. Others deciduous trees Used in the construction of the gap rather rarely - both by practical considerations (curves of the trunks, soft, quicklyeping wood) and by mythological.

For example, it was impossible for the cut. It was impossible to take Osin, because on it, according to the belief, Judas, who betrayed Jesus Christ. Construction machinery On the huge spaces of Russia, with the exception of her southern regions, was completely the same. At the heart of the house lay a rectangular or square log house with a size of 25-30 square meters. m, composed of horizontally laid one on the other round, purified from the bark, but non-shaped logs. End logs connected without nails different ways: "In the angle", "in the paw", "in the hook", "in the cooling", etc.

Between the logs were laid for the heat of moss. The roof of the log house was used usually with a double, three-tie or four-tie, and as roofing materials used tens, duch, straw, sometimes reed with straw. Russian huts differed at the overall height of the dwelling. High buildings They were characteristic of the Russian northern and northeastern provinces of European Russia and Siberia. Due to the harsh climate and the strong moisture of the soil, the wooden floor of the huts lifted here at a considerable height. The height of a liner, i.e. non-residential space under the floor, varied from 1.5 to 3 m.

There were also two-story houses, the owners of which were rich peasants and merchants. Two-storey houses and houses on a high bondage built and rich Don Cossacks, who had the opportunity to buy a terrain forest. Significantly lower and smaller in size were hung in the central part of Russia, on average and lower Volga region. The beams for the floor were handed to the second - the fourth crown. In the relatively warm southern provinces of European Russia, the lending horses were put, that is, the floor floorings were laid directly to Earth. The hub consisted usually from two or three parts: properly huts, both cages associated with each other into a single overall roof.

The main part of the residential building was hut (called in the villages of southern Russia Hatha) - heated residential premises of a rectangular or square form. The crate was a small cold room used mainly for economic purposes. Seni had a kind of unheated entrance hall, the corridor, separating the residential premises from the street. In the Russian villages of the XVIII - early XX century. Houses, consisting of hips, crates and Seine, were prevailed, but they often met at home that included only the hut and crate. In the first half - middle of the XIX century. In the villages began to appear built, consisting of Seine and two residential premises, one of which was hollow, and the other is a mist, used as non-residential, the front part of the house.

The traditional peasant house had many options. Residents of the northern provinces of European Russia rich in forest and fuel were built for themselves under one roof several heated premises. There already in the XVIII century. A five-lane was spread, often stood up-twins, crosses, hubs with ads. Rural houses of the Northern and Central provinces of European Russia, the Upper Volga region included many architectural details, which, having a utilitarian purpose, simultaneously played the role of decorative decoration of the house. Balconies, galleries, mezzanines, the porch smoothed the severity of the appearance of the hollow out of the thickness, which became gray from time to the logs, turning the peasant horses in excellent architectural structures.

Such the necessary parts of the roof design, like oven, seats, eaves, whims, as well as windows and shutters have been decorated with carvings and painting, sculpturally processed, giving hollows extra beauty and originality. In the mythological ideas of the Russian people, the house, the hut is the core of the main life values Human: happiness, wealth, rest, well-being. The hut defended a person from an external dangerous world. In Russian fairy tales, byilichki, a person is always covered by the unclean strength in the house, the threshold of which they are unable to cross. At the same time, the hill seemed to be a Russian peasant housing pretty poorly.

A good house assumed not only the hut, but also a few hillitary, centes. That is why in Russian poetic creativity, idealizing the peasant life, the word "hut" is used to characterize a bad house in which poor people deprived of fate live: Bobily and Bobills, Widow, Unfortunate orphans. The hero of the fairy tale, entering the hut, sees that it sits the "blind old man", "grandmother-tailoring", and then Baba Yaga - bone leg.

White hut - Residential premises of the peasant house, heated by the Russian oven with a pipe - in white. His stoves, smoke from the furnace, went through the pipe, got spread in the Russian village fairly late. In European Russia, they began to actively construct from the second half of the XIX century, especially in the 80-90s. In Siberia, the transition to white huts occurred earlier than in the European part of the country. They were distributed there at the end of the XVIII century, and by the middle of the XIX century. In fact, all the huts were heated with a stove with a pipe. However, the absence of white lords in the village until the first half of the XIX century. It did not mean that they did not know the chimney furnaces in Russia.

In archaeological excavations in Veliky Novgorod in the layers of the XIII century. In the collaps of rich houses there are chimneys from burned clay. In the XV-XVII centuries. In the Grand People's Palaces, Goromas Boyar, rich landing people had premises that were heated in white. Until that time, white huts were only rich peasants of suburban villages, engaged in trade, wrapper, crafts. And already at the beginning of the XX century. Only very poor people were treated in black.

Izba-twin - wooden house, consisting of two independent log cabins, tightly pressed with each other side of each other. The logs were put under a double roof, on a high or middle fill. Residential premises were located in front of the house, the general senses were attached to them, of which the doors were on the indoor courtyard and in each of the rooms at home. The logbs were, as a rule, the same sizes - three windows on the facade, but they could be muttered: one room had three windows on the facade, the other two.

The installation of two log cabins under a single roof was explained both by the care of the host about the family's comforts, and the need to have a reserve room. One of the premises was actually accustomed, that is, a warm, heated Russian furnace room designed for the life of the family in winter. The second room, called the summer, was cold and used in summer timeWhen the stuffing in the hollow, heated even in a hot, forced the owners to move into a cooler place. In rich houses, the second hoodie sometimes served as a parade room for receiving guests, i.e. with a hillside or a light.

In this case, there was an urban-type furnace, which was not used for cooking, but only to obtain heat. In addition, the hill was often becoming a bedroom for young marriage couples. And when the family has grown, then the summer hut, after installation in it, a Russian oven, easily turned into an exterior for the younger son, remaining and after marriage under the father's roof. It is curious that the presence of two log cabins set nearby, made the hip-twin rather durable.

Two log wallsOne of which was a cold room wall, and the other - warm, set up with a certain gap, had their natural and fast ventilation. If there was one between the cold and warm rooms general Wall, then she would condense moisture contributing to her fast booting. The twins usually built in places rich in forest: in the northern provinces of European Russia, in the Urals, in Siberia. However, they met in some villages of Central Russia with wealthy peasants engaged in trade or industrial activities.

Help Kurkayaor Black hut - Residential premises of the peasant log house, heated with a tube without a pipe, in black. In such huts, with a furnace furnace, the smoke smoke rose upstairs and went outside through the chimney in the ceiling. It was closed after going to the board or stuck with rags. In addition, smoke could go out through a small wolf window, carved in the front of the hut, if she did not have a ceiling, as well as through an open door. During the furnace, the oven was smoky and cold. People who were here at this time were forced to sit on the floor or go out to the street, as the smoke ate eyes, climbed into the larynx and the nose. Smoke rose up and hangs there with a dense blue layer.

From this, all the upper wints of the logs were covered with black resinous soot. Supplies that came out over the windows served in Kurknya hollow for sedimentation of soot and were not used to arrange utensils, as it was in a white hollow. To keep warm and ensure a quick yield of smoke from the hut, the Russian peasants came up with a number of special devices. So, for example, many northern huts had double doors, Whether in the sense. Outdoor doors that fully closed the doorway, opened the lash. The internal, which had a rather wide opening, closed closely. The smoke went out through the top of these doors, and the cold air, which went to the bottom, met the obstacle on his way and could not penetrate the hut.

In addition, the smoke of the ceiling was suitable for the ceiling, a long exhaust wooden tube, the top end of which was decorated with through threads. To make a living space of huts free from the smoke layer, clean from soot and soot, in some areas of the Russian north of the huts made with high vaulted ceilings. In other places of Russia, many horses even at the beginning of the XIX century. At all did not have the ceiling. The desire to withdraw as soon as possible smoke from the offshore explains the usual absence of the roof in the Seine.

Kurtic peasant huts with rather gloomy paints described in the late XVIII century. A. N. Radishchev in his "Traveling from St. Petersburg to Moscow": "Four walls, up to half covered, as the entire ceiling, sage; The floor in the cream, on the top of at least the swords; stove without pipes, but the best protection from the cold, and smoke, every morning in winter and summer filling horses; Occupas, in which stretched bubble rushing at noon passed the light; Pot two or three ... Wooden cup and crash, plates called; The table, with a fledged ax, which is scraped on holidays. Corto feed pigs or calves, you are, sleeping with them together, the swallow air, in which the burning candle seems to be in the fog or for the curtain. "

However, it should be noted that Kurkureza had a number of advantages, thanks to which it remained for so long to be in everyday life of the Russian people. When heating with a test-tube furnace, heating huts occurred quite quickly, as soon as the firewood was burned and closed outdoor door. Such a furnace gave more heat, there was less than a firewood. The hut was well ventilated, there were no dampness in it, and the tree and straw on the roof were unwittingly disinfected and retained longer. The air in Kurnya Hollow, after its protood, was dry and warm.

Curly huts appeared in ancient times and existed in the Russian village until the beginning of the XX century. They began to actively replace on white huts in the villages of European Russia from the middle of the XIX century, and in Siberia - even earlier, from the end of the XVIII century. For example, in the description of the Shushensky volost of the Minusinsky district of Siberia, made in 1848, it is indicated: "black houses, so-called emblems without output pipes, there is no strong anywhere." In the Odoyevsky district of the Tula province, in 1880, 66% of all lines were smoking.

Honor with bunch - Wooden house, consisting of one cut and a living room of a smaller size under a single roof and one common wall. Combination could put immediately when erecting the main log cabin or add to it in a few years, when there was a need for an additional room. The main log house was warm, with a Russian oven, organized a summer cold or a room heated by a dutch - a downtown furnace. Hisners were built mainly in the central regions of European Russia and in the Volga region.

Lesson on the topic "Decoration of the Russian Hisp". VII class.

The topic is designed for two lessons

Used textbook "Decorative and applied art in a person's life." Gorazhey N.A., Ostrovskaya OV; Moscow "Enlightenment" 2003.

Type of occupation : Binary lesson (double lesson).

Type of lesson : Studying a new material.

Used model : Model 1.

The purpose of the lesson: Introduce students with the interior of Russian hut.

Tasks lesson :

1. For students to the student imaging about the organization and wise of the arrangement of the internal space of the hut.

2. Give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe life of Russian peasants of the XVII -XVIII centuries.

3. Using the drawings, consolidate the knowledge gained.

4. Brief interest in everyday life of the peasants, the traditions of our people.

Ensuring lesson:

For teacher . 1) reproduction of samples of public life.

2) Exhibition of Literature: "Russian Izba" N.I. Kravtsov; С. Spicalova "Folk Creativity"; Textbook for grade 8; Magazine "Folk Creativity" (1990, No. 2).

3) Demonstration PC.

For students. Albums. Pencils, rubber band, paints (watercolor, gouache). Workbook on from.

Lesson plan:

Org. Part - 1-2 minutes.

Report the goals and objectives of the new material - 1-2 minutes.

The story of the teacher's "life of peasants".

Practical work. Drawing an interior of horses.

Outcome 1 lesson.

Work in color.

Outcome 2 lesson

I. Organization moment

Set proper discipline in the class. Mark absent. Report the goals and objectives of the new material.

II. The story of the teacher "life of peasants"

fig. 1.The view of the view of the hut.

From a long time, we read and watched the Russians folk tales. And often the action in them unfolded inside the wooden hut. Now they try to revive the traditions of the past. After all, without having studied the past, we will not be able to appreciate the present and the future of our people.

Let's rise on a red carved porch. It seems to invite to enter the house. Usually on the porch of the host houses meet expensive guests Bread and salt, so expressing hospitality and wishes of well-being. Having passed through the Songs, you get to the world of domestic life.

The air is special, spicy, filled with fragrances dry herbs, smoke, sour dough.

Everything in the hut, except for the furnace, wooden: ceiling, smoothly cracked walls attached to them shops, shelves-climbing, stretched along the walls, below the ceiling, flavors, dining table, sots (guest stools), no good home stuff. Be sure to hung the cradle for the child. Washed from Lohani.

Fig. 2.

The interior of the hut is divided into zones:

When entering the hut, the left is located russian oven..

Fig. 3. Russian oven.

What role did the oven play in the life of the peasant hut?

The furnace was the basis of life, a family hearth. The furnace gave heat, it was cooked food and baked bread, in the furnace of the soaps of children, the furnace got rid of his rhodes. And how many fairy tales are told to children on the furnace. No wonder the saying: "The oven of the beauty is in the house of wonders."

See how important it was easy to hide the white grudge oven. Before the mouth of the furnace, the seals are arranged - a wide thick board, on which pots, cast-iron hosted.

Near the corner there are grasp and wooden shovel for garbage stove. Next to the floor wooden ears with water. Next to the oven, between the wall and the stove, there was a door to Golball. It was believed that behind the stove, the housework lives over the gallball - the patron saint of the family.

The space near the oven served female half.

Fig.4. Red corner

In the front right corner, the brightest, between the windows were located red corner, red bench, red windows. It was a landmark to the east, with whom the poverty representation of the peasants about the paradise, blissful happiness, life-friendly light and hope; East treated prayers conspired. It was the most honorable place - spiritual center of the house. In the corner, the icons were stood on a special shelter in the savings, decorated with embroidered towels and bunches of herbs. Under the images stood the table.

In this part of the huts occurred important events In the life of the peasant family. The most expensive guests sat in the red corner.

From the door, a wide bench was arranged along the furnace. On which the neighbors were sitting. On it, men were usually engaged in economic work - Pellee Napti, etc .. On her, the old owner slept on it.

Above the entrance, in the polits under the ceiling, near the furnace strengthened wooden flavors. Children slept on the yield.

Significant place in the hut occupied wooden weaving machine - CROZNO, Women's Women Wool and Cleck Fabrics, Rugs (Tracks).

Near the doors, opposite the oven stood a wooden bed on which the owners of the house were sleeping.

Fig.5.

For the newborn, they suspended the ceiling of the hilt cradle. She was usually made from a tree or spilled out of the vine. Mildly swaying, she burned the baby under the peasant singing song. When the twilight came down, Zhgli Lucina. For this served forged svetts.

Fig. 6.

In many northern villages, the Urals have survived at home with painted interiors. See which wonderful bushes bloomed.

III. Practical work.

Students are invited to perform a sketch of the interior pencil of the Russian hut.

Are considered different kinds Interior Izb:

Explanation of building an interior of the exemplary different options.

Vi. Repetition with students traveled material.

Thus, we approached the next section of our topic "Decoration of the Russian Hisp." Now everyone is trying to revive the traditions of the cultural and spiritual life of the Russian person, but for this you need to understand and explore. And the first question is class:

What is appearance His

What is the main material used during the construction of the hut?

What kind natural materials were used in the manufacture of dishes and household items?

What kind of zones was divided by the interior of the hut?

What rules did you apply when building an interior of horses?

What kind of riddles and sayings do you know on the topic "Russian hut?"

("Two brothers look, and together will not come together" (Paul and ceiling)

"One hundred pieces, one hundred beds, each guest has its own bed" (logs in the wall of the hut)) IT.D ..

II lesson.

VII. Continuation of the practical part - the drawing of the interior in color.

Color when painting are used all the peephones of brown, ocher, not bright yellow. Stages of drawing in color:

Color the walls with different shades of brown.

Coloring the floor and ceiling, another shade of ocher.

Glasses in the window - gray.

Furniture - the next tint of brown.

The furnace can be painted with light gray, light brown.

VIII.. Exhibition of children's work. Analysis.

Students hang their work on a special place. It is proposed to analyze their workselves. Using leading questions:

What did you want to show in your work?

What means of artistic expressiveness did you use?

What presented works are similar than different?

Did you use the laws of perspective in your work?

Your impressions of this work?

Assessment of teacher. I liked how you worked, liked your work on building, according to a colorful decision, according to the ability to correctly convey the life of Russian peasants.

IX. Completion of the lesson and job task.

At the end of the lesson, students are reported that work on acquaintance with the traditions of the Russian people we will continue in the next lesson.

At the end of the lesson, folk music sounds.

Students stand up, lead their jobs in order.