Sewerage laying - important stage in the construction of a private house. If there is no public sewage system, then in order to equip a fully autonomous drainage system, you need to lay a network that delivers wastewater from sanitary and household appliances to a collection well. Installation of a sewage system for a private house is not a quick matter, however, with self-fulfillment work, there should be no serious difficulties. The help of specialists may be required only in the most difficult sections of the pipeline.

The drainage system of a private house consists of an internal and external sewerage system and a collection well. In cottages with more than two floors with their own bathrooms, the sewer network is additionally equipped with fan pipe.

Water supply and sewerage systems are usually designed and installed at the same time, since the same plumbing and household equipment is connected to them.

The procedure for laying the sewer network:

• Prepare a pipeline project, taking into account all devices connected to it, a slope of 2-3 cm by running meter, and calculate the amount of required building materials.
• Purchase pipes, fittings and fittings.
• Cut pipes into lengths in accordance with the project.
• Carry out internal wiring and lead the sewer pipe to the outside.
• Install the waste pipe.
• Lay the external sewage system.
• Equip a collecting well and connect a pipeline to it.

Internal wiring

Indoor sewage is collected in such a way that its lowest point is the place where the pipeline is taken out. In order not to be mistaken with the angle of inclination, you can start assembly from this point.

If there is a project, the order of connection is not important, but you must strictly follow the rules of execution internal wiring:

• Each device and functional section of the pipeline requires a pipe of the appropriate diameter: for a riser and a toilet bowl - 11 cm, for shower cabins, bathtubs, kitchen sink- 5 cm, for everything else, 3.2 cm is enough, but if several devices are connected to one pipe at the same time, its diameter should be at least 7.5 cm.
• Since the wastewater flows through the pipes by gravity, a pipeline slope of 2-3 cm per linear meter is required.
• The pipe connection must be hermetically sealed and not impede the free flow of liquid: the pipes are connected along the flow, there must be no roughness or burrs at the junction.
• Right angles should be avoided, as it is in them that blockages are most often formed. It is better to use several knees with smaller angles to complete the turn.
• It is necessary to prevent back suction from the sewer and the penetration of unpleasant odors into the house. To do this, a siphon or an S-shaped curved pipe is installed on the branch pipe of each plumbing fixture, which performs the function of a water seal.
• If the house has several floors and each of them has plumbing, you should equip a common riser.
• Toilets are installed closer than other household and plumbing fixtures to the riser.
• Nodes of the pipeline should not be performed in places where walls or ceilings pass.
• Holes for pipes passing through walls and ceilings are cut with a margin, it is advisable to insert special sleeves or sections of wider pipes into them.
• The connection points to the riser and pipeline bends are equipped with a tee with an inspection window, closed with a plug. Through these windows, the pipes will be cleaned in the future in case of clogging.
• The riser is located as close as possible to the place where the sewer is taken out.

When arranging engineering networks of any kind, you need to find compromises that will allow you to create really working communication, and at the same time not spend much money. This also applies to the issue of the depth of the sewer system, here it is worth considering not only the depth of freezing of the earth, but also the price of earthworks.

Creating the outer part of the sewer, use a closed or open way... In the open version, the pipe is placed directly on the ground (after preparing the drainage from the sand). When closed, special "covers" made of reinforced concrete are used.

It is clear that with the help of such protection for pipes, their service life is also extended. Kind of covers help protect the pipeline from earth pressure, but they will have to be paid well for.

If the question of saving money comes first, then experts recommend making narrow trenches, this will also enhance the protection of pipes. You can also protect materials using special spacers between the edges of the ditch. Such parts are made of wood or metal, and are installed every 0.5 - 1 meter.

What depth is needed

Today, the process of arranging sewerage systems is constantly being improved. Working methods that were used 20 years ago are now considered obsolete. So, if earlier small booths on the street were used as a toilet, today this no longer suits anyone. When there is no desire or time to do all the comforts on your own, you can use the service of special companies that will do everything quickly and efficiently. And if it is important not to spend a large amount of money, then everything can be arranged on your own. The most practical and simple option would be to install a septic tank.

Such a container is mounted in a special pit on the site. The distance from the septic tank to the living quarters should be at least 5 meters. As for the depth, here the indicator of 1.5 meters is considered optimal. So that the septic tank is not damaged by soil pressure or exposure groundwater also make special concrete sarcophagi.

Given the depth of the septic tank installation, it is also possible to determine the depth for the installation of the pipeline. It must be remembered that the pipe section from the housing to the septic tank should be practically even, without any knees and turns.

The pipes are installed slightly higher than the freezing rate of the earth, and in general, the depth should not be more than 80 centimeters. The best option there will be a depth of 50 cm. According to this principle, pipes are laid in places where there are no roads or other areas that are cleared of snow.

How to determine the depth of the pipeline in a private house

Consider the following points:

• Pipe sizes;
• The slope of the pipe (according to the standards, it is 2-3 cm for each running meter of pipes);
• Applicable materials.

If it was decided to apply for country house septic tank, then the depth should also be calculated taking into account the characteristics of the terrain, and taking into account the point of exit of the system from the housing to the pit with a septic tank.

A prerequisite is the correct determination of the slope of the pipes. If you miss this process, then the drains will leave the house with difficulties, and frequent blockages are also possible.

Inside the building, bends, elbows and different connection points can be used, but in the external pipeline, all these elements should be used only if absolutely necessary.

Why is the question of depth so important

There are many different issues associated with this issue. So, if the pipes are mounted at the level of freezing of the soil, then the wastewater will begin to cool down, this will lead to blockages and subsequent malfunctions in the sewer system. In such situations, you often have to "endure" up to freezing temperatures, and go without drainage throughout the winter. A small number of different connections will also have a positive effect on the operation of the sewerage system. So, if you avoid turns in outdoor system, then in the future there will be no need to dismantle and clean pipes.

When turns are nevertheless necessary, it is better to install a special well at these points so that there is always easy access to the problem area of ​​the pipeline. Such a simple solution will allow you to regularly check the sewage system, and, if necessary, clean the pipes.

An important point is also an indicator of the freezing depth of pipes. To calculate it correctly, you need to take into account regional characteristics. There are even special maps of soil freezing that will help solve this issue.

Climatic factor

The fact that the laying of the pipeline should be carried out taking into account the depth of freezing is understandable, but how to determine this indicator? In this case, you need to use the regulatory standards (SNiP 2.01.01.82). Thanks to this document, you can familiarize yourself with a map of certain areas with indicators of soil freezing. So, in the Moscow region, this figure will be around 1.4 m, and in a warm region near Sochi, the soils freeze at a distance of 80 cm from the ground.

SNiP also recommends that when using pipes with a cross section not exceeding 500 mm from the index of the climatic features of the terrain, 0.3 m must be subtracted.If pipes of weighty diameters are used in the work, then the laying depth must be reduced by 50 cm.

An example will help you understand the question more easily. When pipes with a diameter of 200 mm are installed in one of the regions of the Moscow region, then taking into account the SNiP standards, the depth should be 110 cm (140-30). But such calculations are accurate mainly during construction. large rooms, and small country houses are equipped with a different approach.

The peculiarities of building a country house is that the sewage system must work by gravity here. An important point will be compliance with the slope angles of the pipes, because if this is not done, then problems cannot be avoided, especially with a long pipeline.

So, if we take, for example, the same house in the Moscow region with a pipe laying depth of 110 cm, and a septic tank located 20 meters from the house, then the calculations will be as follows. Subject to the recommendations of the slope (2-3 centimeters per linear meter), this figure will be at least 40 centimeters. This means that the hole for the pipe in the septic tank should be at a distance of 1.5 meters from the earth's surface. This is in view of the fact that suburban area will be perfectly flat, but this is almost unrealistic, so you will also have to take into account the height difference indicator.

If the septic tank is equipped with concrete rings(3 pieces), then its depth should be approximately 2.7 meters (standard ring size is 90 cm). In this case, the indicator of the useful depth will be half as much (2.7 m - 1.5), i.e. 1.2 m, which is less than one and a half rings.

Application of a biological treatment station

When, instead of a septic tank, the owner of the house decides to use the station biological treatment, then the depth level will also be 1.5 m.This means that difficult excavation digging a pit, and you will also need to spend large sums money for the installation of inspection wells, which are needed to maintain modern systems.

All these points will greatly affect the total cost of arranging the sewer system, and at the same time will not bring the desired effect. In country houses, there is no such heavy load on the pipeline.

There are three more factors that indicate the uselessness of this lesson:

1. In residential premises temperature Wastewater keeps at room level, so the frost in the pipeline is removed on its own;
2. If the house does not live permanently, but only periodically, then there will simply be nothing to freeze during the moments of downtime;
3. During the wastewater treatment process, heat is also emitted from a septic tank or other system, which allows ice to thaw.

Therefore, the laying of pipes on great depth not necessarily, especially since it will also result in a lump sum. For the middle part of the system, the recommended depth is 50-70 cm, and then pipes must be installed taking into account the required slope.

If it is possible to connect your system to the central sewage system, then the main point in determining the depth will be the location of the connection point. When pipes are laid below such a point, then the performance of the whole system will be questionable, because in such cases, gravity is impossible.

How to solve the problem with gravity

Today experts offer two ways to help solve this issue:

• Installation of fecal pumps. Such equipment is used in those places that are previously located below the level central system... At this point, it must be borne in mind that the sewer system will now be dependent on electricity, which brings many inconveniences in areas remote from cities, where the supply of electricity can hardly be called uninterrupted;
• Insulate the system. To equip a gravity sewer system at a shallow depth, you need to apply closed version installation. This will require special trays. Pipes need to be wrapped in special insulating materials or heating elements are installed, this will prevent the freezing of wastewater.

If an open method is used for the installation of pipes and at the same time insulation is used, then a layer of special material must be waterproofed. If the insulation gets wet, then it will quickly lose its ability to maintain the required temperature.

Thermal insulation and heating cables should also be installed in areas where the weather is very harsh in winter. In some places, the level of soil freezing can be up to 10 meters. Of course, it is not necessary to dig out pits of such depth; it is better to take care of the thermal insulation of the pipeline.

Durability of pipes

When determining the depth of the pipeline, one cannot ignore such an indicator as the strength of the materials used. Now the most popular option for arranging the outer part of the sewage system is PVC pipes.

When choosing pipes for your sewer system, you need to carefully study all the requirements and recommendations of manufacturers. On the street, you need to install pipes with high strength characteristics and the ability to work in an aggressive environment. For internal sewerage the requirements are not so strict.

If the pipes are installed at great depths or there is a road at the top, then only a closed installation method should be used and the pipes themselves must be very strong. Double-layer corrugated products based on polyethylene are perfect.

On the street, orange-colored pipes are most often installed, they will be clearly visible in the ground. In the production of such materials, various additives are added to plastic that increase the strength of products. This allows the pipes to withstand varying degrees of stress. These materials are intended for installation at depths of up to 3 meters.

Indoors, there is no question of depth, but there are also some tips to help you do everything in the best way. The interior of the sewer can be equipped with different forks, knees and sharp turns, but it is better to simplify the sewer system as much as possible, this will give several advantages at once:

• It will be possible to save money when buying materials and installing pipes;
• The simplest possible sewage system will work perfectly.

Indoor sewerage must be done so that the wastewater flows out smoothly. When the drainage is done in a room on the 1st floor, it is better to hide the pipes under the floor. Also, according to this method, the system is mounted in two-story houses.

When between inside sewerage and external significant difference in height, then you need to use special elbows to connect the pipeline. At the same time, do not forget about the knee at 30 degrees, it will provide a smooth drainage of wastewater, which will exclude damage to the pipes.

Earthwork during the construction of an external system

Today, when building a country house, both machine and manual work is used. It is much easier to carry out work of this kind using special equipment. In such situations, the dimensions of the trench depend on the diameter of the materials and the level of the slope. When using pipes of 110 mm, the width indicator should be around 600 mm. At the same time, the required depth indicator is also determined.

When the site is heavily built up and there is no access to special equipment, then all earthwork will have to be done by hand. In this case, the dimensions of the trench are needed the same as in the first case with special equipment. In depth, you need to dig a hole 5 centimeters more than the required level of pipeline installation, because you need to leave a little space for the sand layer.

How to install pipes outdoors

To install the outer part of the sewage system, you need to perform work in several stages:

• First, it is necessary to cover the bottom of the dug trench with 50 mm sand, and then compact the base;
• Next prepare necessary materials(pipes, seals, fittings, etc.);
• You need to start the installation of pipes from the foundation of the building. In most cases, a special conclusion for the pipeline is made even during the construction of the foundation. If you were not lucky enough to calculate this even during construction, then diamond drilling is used for this purpose;
• For a good indicator of the density and strength of pipes, you need to use silicone grease... To do this, silicone is applied to the smooth end of the material and all this is inserted into the socket with a sealing cuff;

• When the pipeline system needs a turn, then smooth bends (special fittings) are used, they perform the function of collecting external network;
• With a long system (from 10 meters), special wells are needed at turns, they will allow you to check and clean pipes in a timely manner;
• After assembling the piping system, you need to check if the angle of inclination is correct and fill the pipes with sand. Before backfilling, you can also make a small check by pouring water into the sewer. If there are no leaks, then you can fall asleep and proceed to the next stages of work;
• You only need to ram the sand that will be on both sides of the pipe, you do not need to touch anything above the pipes;
• The layer of sand above the pipes should be at least 15 centimeters. After that, and to the very top, the trench is covered with soil. By the way, it needs to be poured with a slide, because subsidence will occur over a certain period of time.

Video

Regardless of whether it connects private house to the central or autonomous sewerage, the sewage disposal system on the street must be equipped by yourself. Before starting this work, you need to develop an installation scheme that makes it possible to dispense with minimum size pipeline and sewerage network wiring.

This will reduce material procurement costs and improve the efficiency of the wastewater disposal system. Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to the depth of pipe laying, the angle of their inclination and the reliability of flange connections, since the operability of the sewage system depends on these parameters.

Connecting a private house to the sewer

Circumstances and scheme of laying the external sewage system

The outer part of the sewerage system in a private house connects with a pipeline network the outlet of the internal drain with the waste storage tank located on the site, or with the central sewerage system. Read about the internal wiring in the house in the article. Laying external sewer pipes is carried out according to a scheme developed in advance, taking into account the following circumstances:

• features of the terrain;
• weather;
• remoteness of wells and reservoirs;
• the total volume of wastewater, depending on the number of people permanently living in the house;
• the depth of soil freezing and its composition;
• access ways of the sewer truck, if necessary.

In the layout of the external sewage system, it is imperative to provide for its ventilation, since in otherwise over time unpleasant odors will penetrate living quarters. Read about the rules for the ventilation of the sewage system in the article. Ventilation is equipped with a fan pipe, which can be placed on the lid of a septic tank or on the section of the pipeline that runs from the house to the waste collection tank.

Arrangement scheme for autonomous outdoor sewerage

The septic tank is equipped at the lowest point of the geological topography of the site. This arrangement allows for the most optimal installation of the external sewage system. It should be laid in a straight line to the location of the outlet pipe. internal system wastewater disposal.

Selecting a plum location

When choosing the location of the drain, it is worth, first of all, to ensure that bad smell did not penetrate living quarters. As a result, it should be located at least five meters from the house. The optimal distance will be ten meters, it is also not worth placing a septic tank too far, since this significantly increases the cost of performing work on laying the pipeline network. The external sewerage connection to the house should not be carried out at right angles. In addition, the following should be considered:

• water sources should be located at least thirty meters;
• it is impossible to install a septic tank on the border of a neighboring area;
• for the convenience of pumping out sewage, it is better to place the drains near the road;
• especially careful sealing of the storage tank is needed when the soil water is located close;
• the laying of the pipeline network facilitates natural slope terrain.

Rules for placing a septic tank on the site

A cesspool for sewage has been used for a long time. Previously, they did not waste energy on sealing its walls and, when the hole was filled, they threw earth into it and dug a new one. Now the walls are laid out of bricks, from concrete rings and others. building materials.

Liquid fractions of waste seep through the soil at the bottom, filtering, solid components gradually fill the mine, and, after a while, they need to be pumped out.

Arrangement cesspool it is advisable if the volume of wastewater in a private house does not exceed one cubic meter per day. If this rate is exceeded, pollution will occur environment.

Instead of a cesspool, you can equip a sealed container for the accumulation of wastewater. In this case, a thorough waterproofing of the bottom and walls of the shaft is carried out. Thus, the possibility of contamination of soil and drinking sources is prevented. The disadvantage of this system is the need for frequent cleaning, since the sealed container fills up rather quickly.

Determining the type of treatment plant

Treatment facilities for a private house are equipped in the form of a simple cesspool without a bottom or a sealed tank for wastewater. A single-chamber septic tank with soil cleaning or a two-chamber septic tank with a filter well can improve the filtration of wastewater. A variant of the construction of three chambers with a filtration field is possible, as well as with the use of a biofilter and an air supply system.

Septic tank with filtration from tires

A single-chamber septic tank, in essence, is a cesspool with a drainage layer. At the bottom of the well, rubble or gravel mixed with sand is poured. Passing through the filter layer, the liquid fractions of waste are cleaned before entering the soil. After a while, the drainage layer needs to be replaced, as muddy deposits settle on it. A single chamber septic tank is suitable for a private house with a small volume of waste water.

A two-chamber septic tank consists of a storage tank and a filter well, which are connected by an overflow pipe. In the sump, feces are partially clarified, then they fall into the mine with a drainage layer at the bottom. They seep into the soil when they are already sufficiently cleaned.

A two-chamber septic tank is a popular sewerage option for a private house, since it does not require large financial costs for its equipment and works efficiently.

Installation of a septic tank from two or more chambers, as well as a filtration field, virtually eliminates the possibility of environmental pollution. While settling in the first tank, the partially clarified wastewater flows through the overflow pipe into the next chamber with anaerobic bacteria that decompose organic residues. Read about how to make a septic tank with your own hands from scrap materials in the article

Sequentially passing through all the sections, the drains enter the filtration field, which is an area under the ground of about thirty square meters where the final soil cleaning takes place. If available on the site free space this method of arranging the sewage system is optimal.

Diagram of a septic tank with a biofilter

A septic tank with a biofilter is a deep sewerage cleaning station. In principle, it is similar to treatment system with a filtration field, only in this case it is replaced by a water separator and anaerobic bacteria introduced at the outlet of the overflow pipe to the fourth section, which purify the effluent by about ninety-five percent. This water can be used for technical needs.

It is irrational to install deep cleaning stations in private houses with periodic residence, since if a sewage system of such a design is not used constantly, bacteria that decompose organic residues die. In addition, they are quite expensive.

Sewer pipe laying depth

The depth of soil freezing is a fundamental factor when sinking sewer pipes into the ground. They must be laid below the freezing point, otherwise they will freeze in winter, and it will be impossible to use the sewage system until the spring thaw. The appearance of even small build-up of ice on internal surfaces pipelines leads to a decrease in their permeability and the formation of blockages.

Map of normative freezing depths

In the southern regions, the depth of laying sewer pipes is fifty or more centimeters, in central regions- seventy or more centimeters. You need to know exactly the depth of soil freezing in your region, so as not to sink into the ground more than necessary, since in this case the cost of performing the work will increase.

Organization of the withdrawal of the sewer pipe from the house

The organization of the withdrawal of the sewer pipe from the house depends on the stage of readiness for operation of the building. If the house has just been built, the foundation may shrink, therefore, a hole in it for the outlet of the sewer pipe must be drilled with a noticeably larger diameter than the cross-section of the pipe itself.

Options for drainage schemes from the house

If the house is just being built, the outlet pipe can be walled up in the process of laying the foundation. The foundation of a house built a few years ago will not settle, so the diameter of the hole drilled for the outlet pipe need not be increased. Plumbing fixtures must be located at a short distance from the general drain, since in this case it is easier to connect them to general conclusion... If the house has two or more floors, the bathrooms should be placed on top of each other, and in this case, you can get by with one riser.

Installation of an external sewage system with your own hands in a private house

The external sewerage system consists of a purification tank and a piping system that connects the septic tank to the house. Before doing installation works an external sewerage scheme is applied on the site plan.

Practical options for removing the sewer from the house

Then special pipes with a diameter of at least 100 mm are selected, intended for outdoor use. They usually have Orange color... A trench is dug to lay the pipeline. Its depth is selected depending on the climatic features of the area, the composition and characteristics of the soil, as well as other factors. If necessary, the pipeline network is insulated.

The most time-consuming part of the work when installing a sewage system with your own hands in a private house is digging a pit for a cesspool or septic tank. The optimal distance to which the septic tank is removed from the house is about ten meters.

The volume of storage capacity directly depends on the number of people permanently living in the house and the frequency of their use of plumbing fixtures.

Connect the storage tank to the outlet of the internal sewage best in a straight line, kinks and bends in the piping system increase the likelihood of clogging. For easy cleaning long line in places where the direction changes, it must be equipped with inspection hatches.
This is how a properly equipped external sewage system looks like.

Wastewater flows through the pipeline system by gravity, under the influence of gravitational forces, so it is necessary to maintain the correct angle of inclination. If it is too small, large pieces of waste will be trapped and the sewer will clog.

If the slope is too great, solids will be thrown to the walls of the pipe, and again it will become clogged. Information on the correct slope of the sewer can be found in the article

The desired angle is maintained and controlled building level when digging a trench, its depth increases as it approaches a storage tank or a central sewage system. A shock-absorbing cushion is laid at the bottom of the ditch, which is a filling of sand, pipes are laid directly on it. If it is necessary to change the slope angle of the pipes, sand in the right place poured.

Important operational parameter sewerage system is the depth of the pipeline network. It must necessarily be below the freezing point of the soil in this region. Otherwise, in winter, frozen wastewater can rupture the pipeline network and damage the sewage system. For renovation works will have to wait for the spring thaw.

How to properly equip the thermal insulation of the pipe

To prevent the occurrence emergency situations in the cold season, it is better to insulate the sewage system. Many modern materials e.g. polyurethane foam, fiberglass or mineral wool... You can properly equip the thermal insulation of the pipe by simply wrapping it with insulation and placing it in a shell made of a mixture of asbestos and cement.

External sewerage insulation options

Can also be fixed on top of the thermal insulation plastic wrap... In cold northern regions, to protect the sewer pipes from freezing, the insulation layer is additionally equipped with an electric heating system. In any case, the pipeline network must be laid below the level of the soil freezing depth, especially if snow drifts melting in the spring form on the surface. Interesting experience on laying pipes for external sewage can be gleaned from the following video.

Comfortable living in a private house provides for the mandatory installation of communication systems, the main of which is the sewerage system. Since it provides a constant drainage of water, its design requires special attention.

When laying pipes, it is important to consider the burial standards and adhere to certain technologies aimed at reducing the risk of environmental pollution by sewage.

System design

Sewerage in a private house is a complex system consisting of internal, external circuits and a septic tank. In order for all devices to work smoothly and smoothly during operation, their installation requires correct design. Inside the building they spend sewer pipeline, the details of which are connected into one common channel using fittings. He is taken out and equipped check valve protecting the system from an increase in the water level when the external tanks are overfilled with liquid. At the same time, pipes can be installed not only inside the house, but also in other outbuildings located on the territory of the land plot.

As for the outer part of the communications, it looks like a cesspool or a station with biological treatment. The outer part is characterized by a different principle of operation and may consist of additional devices, since it will depend on the size and complexity of laying the overall system. If its performance allows, then they also lay storm sewer with a separate drain.

Internal circuit

Design and installation of internal sewerage in country house provides accurate calculations, since the slightest mistakes can lead to operational problems, and installation work will have to be done in a new way. The internal communication scheme consists of a set of pipes, plastic risers and fasteners, their main task is to drain used water from plumbing and other devices. The main element of this system is considered vertical riser which collects water from the entire horizontal distribution. Often in large buildings, two risers are installed, this allows you to conveniently plan rooms and simplify installation work in general.

Compared to a centralized city, the system in a private house is much more complex. This is due to the fact that she needs to provide quality services not only to the residential building, but also summer kitchen, barbecue, sauna and shower, since all additional outbuildings need improvement. In this case, pipes can be placed both inside and on top of walls, as well as in the floor. Many homeowners try to hide communications in walls, but this is a very time-consuming process, in addition, all connections must be open.

The upper part of the riser, as a rule, is taken out 50 cm above the roof of the house and equipped with a special valve or cover, this is necessary in order to avoid the breakdown of the water seal. Many designs also often provide for vent ringing where the horizontal piping is connected to a riser just above the drain. The riser is taken out of the building to the outside into a well through the space under the floor or basement. Siphons must be placed between the plumbing equipment and fittings to protect the premises from the penetration of unpleasant odors.

In the event that the layout internal schemes is carried out independently by the owner of the house, and not by a specialized company, then it is necessary to correctly plan the placement of piping, bathrooms and kitchens.

If the plumbing is planned to be installed on several floors, then the schemes are made floor by floor, noting in the drawings the location of all equipment and risers.

Outer part

The outer part of the sewage system is a scheme consisting of pipelines transporting wastewater to the disposal site, containers for collecting waste and a sump (cesspool). Its design is carried out taking into account the current norms and standards, since a properly equipped sewage system is considered a guarantee of comfortable and reliable living conditions in the house. Any inaccuracy in the layout of the external part of the sewage system can lead to various problems, including the formation of blockages, in which it is possible for dirty drains and waste to get into places located near sources drinking water... To prevent this from happening, the outer pipes complement drainage system and make accurate calculations of the cesspool: it should be located below the laying of pipelines. In the event that the delivery of wastewater is carried out using pumps, the circuit is provided with an appropriate pressure.

The main part of the external sewage system is a sump, all sewage is fed to it through pipes, accumulate and seep into the soil over time or are easily disposed of. After filling the pit with heavy fractions, it is necessary to clean it using a special sewer technique.

Depth of laying

The process of installing a sewage system in a country house is simple, but it is best to trust it to specialists. If the work is carried out independently by the owners, then it is necessary to carefully consider the arrangement of the system and select quality basis to collect wastewater: most often a septic tank is used for this. In addition, the depth of the well and trench should be correctly calculated, it should be minimal. During installation drain pit it is recommended to maintain a distance of 5 meters close to the house, and the septic tank needs to be deepened into the ground by 1.5 m. Thanks to these parameters, it is possible to protect the septic tank from negative impact groundwater and avoid damaging it.

To know at what depth to lay communications, it is necessary to determine the level of the location of the building. When laying the pipeline from the building to the septic tank, it is advisable to make the system absolutely straight, avoiding knees and turns. It is best to lay pipes to a depth that is slightly above the freezing point of the soil. At the same time, we must not forget that under the sites or roads where the pipeline is located, they may freeze in winter, since the snow will be cleared. In such situations, the depth is increased.

Norms according to SNiP

The installation of the external sewage system is carried out in accordance with the norms of SNiP, which stipulate the maximum and minimum permissible depth indicators, but they may vary depending on the characteristics of the system and the methods of pipe laying. For structural elements that are used to drain dirty drains, a deepening of 30 cm from the earth's surface is allowed, their cross-section is chosen no more than 50 cm.Pipes with a diameter of more than 500 mm must be laid at a depth of at least 50 cm.

In addition, it is worth remembering that sewage waste at the exit even in winter time have a high temperature, which on average can reach + 18C. Therefore, they never freeze when passing to the collector. Applying this property, it is possible to reduce the depth of the pipeline, but this is most often done when the distance between the exit of the system from the building and the collector is insignificant. It is also worth noting that the minimum laying of the sewage system according to SNiP standards also depends on the type of loads that affect the soil surface in the areas of the system arrangement. If they are high, then the pipes must be closed.

Factors for selection

The choice of trench depth is important for many reasons. For example, if pipes are laid at the level of freezing of the ground, then liquid waste can cool down, as a result of this, a blockage will appear, and the sewage system cannot be used until warming. You can also avoid blockages by installing the minimum number of connections. In those cases when during the installation of the pipeline it is impossible to do without turns, then a well is installed at the joining points. Access to it must be free.

To calculate the optimal depth of laying external communications, it is necessary to take into account the diameter of the pipes, the material from which they are released, and the angle of inclination of 0.03 m for each running meter of the system. The point of exit of the sewer from the house and the location of the cesspool also play a huge role.

The spontaneous transportation of effluents will depend on the angle of inclination, if it is incorrectly determined, then during the operation of the communication, clogging is possible.

Reduction options

In some cases, it is possible to reduce the installation depth of the outer pipes. Most often, this is available if the system is connected pumping stations, they provide quick cleaning of channels and thereby clean pipes, whether they are cast iron or steel, from freezing. Such systems are considered not gravity, but semi-pressure. The deepening is also reduced when the pipes used are made of durable material and have thick walls. It is also possible to lower the depth level by insulating the track; for this, a plot of land is covered with a special bedding, and decorative mounds or flower beds are placed on top.

Materials and tools

Since the main part of the internal system is considered to be a common riser, which is used to drain all drains into a septic tank, then its choice must be taken responsibly. You cannot save on material by purchasing a cheap and low-quality product.

In addition to the riser, the following elements will also be required to equip the sewage system:

• sewer pipe with a diameter of 30, 50, 75 and 100 mm;
• bends corresponding to the size of the pipes;
• tees;
• adapters and reducers;
• stubs;
• fastening parts;
• synthetic sealant.

When purchasing pipes, it is necessary to take into account that for the riser they must be chosen with the most large diameter, this also applies to drainage from the toilet.

As for the tools, before starting the installation work, it is necessary to prepare their minimum set, consisting of:

• level;
• puncher;
• hacksaws;
• grinders;
• hammer;
• screwdrivers;
• sealant gun.

Stages of work

In a private house, the installation of a sewage system should begin with the preparation of graphic diagrams of internal and external systems. If you plan to do the work yourself, then first of all you need to determine the length of the pipeline and the angle of its slope, then calculate the right amount adapters, connectors and seals. At this stage, it is important to know how the sewage system will function, and whether it will be required additional installation pumping equipment or laying of auxiliary channels.

Internal plumbing work are carried out as follows:

• first, the risers are installed, and their ends are brought out to the basement or to the roof;
• the next step is to bring the toilet to the risers;
• then horizontal wiring is prepared and connected to the system;
• upon completion, siphons are attached to the plumbing.

In individual construction, sewerage is a complex complex engineering equipment designed for efficient and safe disposal of waste water.

Its main purpose is to collect wastewater into a single line and transport it for disposal.

But it is precisely the high-quality preparation and arrangement of the sewage system that largely determines the comfort in the house.

All pipes used in sewer systems are classified according to the material of manufacture, the length of the unit and the diameter. The most widespread are pipes made of the following materials.

Cast iron

Although cast iron pipes almost left the building materials market, if necessary, they can be ordered today. Their main advantage is high mechanical strength., allowing you to lay shallow sewer lines even under the road.

At the same time, a large the strength of cast iron is very unsuccessfully combined with high brittleness... At the same time, cast iron drains silt up very quickly, require regular cleaning and have a considerable cost.

PVC (polyvinyl chloride)

Differs in cheapness and acceptable performance. Main lack of PVC- great hardness. As a result, pipelines made of this material resonate very strongly and make noise when sewage passes through them.

The strength of the material also leaves much to be desired. It is possible to lay PVC sewers only in highly compacted soil or inside a protective box.

Polyethylene

Pipes made of this material are distinguished by such qualities as:

• elasticity, due to which the polyethylene sewage system, even after complete freezing, returns to its original geometry and can be operated further;
• insensitivity to chemical reagents;
• the possibility of laying in moving soils.

Main disadvantages:

• softens at 80 degrees, what can lead to deformation of the pipes;
• great wear when passing abrasive particles.

Therefore, for sewage systems, the option of pipes made of cross-linked polyethylene is more suitable. This material is more durable and able to withstand high temperatures without deformation and destruction.

Polypropylene

For sewerage in a private house, polypropylene is of greatest interest. It has a lot of advantages:

• acceptable cost;
• excellent wear resistance allowing you not to worry if solid abrasive particles enter the sewer;
• softens only at 140 degrees x, allowing even boiling water to be drained into the sewer for as long as you like;
• resistant to chemicals. Only large volumes of concentrated acid can damage polypropylene pipes.

At the same time, when laying the external polypropylene sewage system, it should be well insulated. At temperatures below -5 degrees, the pipe will lose its elasticity and may crack.

The diameter of the pipe in a private house depends on the purpose of the main section:

• 40 or 50 mm for washbasins, kitchen sinks, bathtubs and other plumbing fixtures;
• 110 mm for toilet, risers and mains.

The increased diameter of the pipe for connecting the toilet is necessary not only to simplify the descent of fecal matter. When the tank is completely drained through a narrow pipe, a vacuum effect may appear, which is fraught with disruption of the operation of all siphons in the system.

Sewerage scheme

A sewage scheme should be drawn up taking into account such factors, how:

• the expected volume of wastewater;
• soil characteristics;
• climatic features of the area (seasonal temperature drops, rainfall).

The system should consist of three main elements:

• internal sewerage network;
• external highway;
• septic tank (cesspool).

Several rules apply to the calculation of sewer systems.

1. When laying sewer pipes, it is necessary to minimize the number of junctions, joints and connections.
2. If the house has several floors, then rooms with plumbing fixtures should be placed one above the other... This will allow the use of common risers.
3. The kitchen and bathroom are optimally located in adjacent rooms as close to the sewer as possible.

The diagram must reflect the exact location and characteristics of the following elements:

• sewer pipes with indication of material, length and diameter;
• places of the device of turns, branches and inspection hatches;
• plumbing appliances;
• risers and manifolds;
• branch line b;
• septic tank.

The scheme of the sewer system, as a result, should include the full amount of information necessary for its installation.

Device

To install a septic tank on the site, you will need to prepare a pit. Its dimensions will be determined by the dimensions of the selected septic tank model and the characteristics of the soil. If the soil is very mobile, then the size of the pit should be increased by 25-40 cm for each dimension.

This stock will allow you to fill in a concrete box for mechanical protection septic tank... The depth of the pit should be calculated so that the neck installed septic tank turned out to be level with the ground.

The depth of the trench for the sewer main should be less than 70-80 cm. This will protect it from freezing. In this case, one should take into account the terrain. If the house is located much higher than the septic tank, then the trench near the foundation should be deeper. The minimum distance to the building foundation is 5 m.

The main pipe should be laid at a slight angle towards the septic tank... For this, the optimal increase in the depth of the trench should be about 3 mm per 1 m. Such an inclination will ensure the smooth passage of drains. On a smaller slope, there are congestions.

Exceeding the specified slope can lead to the fact that the water will drain too quickly into the septic tank, not having time to carry away the fecal matter. This is also fraught with congestion.

To make it easier to control the depth of the trench, it is worth preparing in advance wooden beam with divisions. Graduations are drawn for certain distances from the foundation. For example, at two meters from the house, the depth should be 800, at four - 806, etc.

As you move away from home, the depth should always increase.... Its reduction in any area is unacceptable. Even a small "hump" will lead not only to the difficulty of flow, but also to the appearance airlock, which will further worsen the situation.

Turns in the highway can also complicate the flow. They should be avoided whenever possible. If you cannot do without bending, you should organize a rotation of the maximum possible radius. At the turning point, it is desirable to arrange a revision well.

Particular attention should be paid to the depth of the sewer if it runs under a car park or road. In this case, it should be increased by several tens of centimeters.

To prevent the pipe from sagging in the ground, the bottom of the trench must be compacted sand pillow... The thickness of the pillow is 10-15 cm.

For medium to cold climatic zones the sewer main must be insulated. As a heater, canvases made of polyurethane foam or expanded polystyrene with a shielding foil layer can be used.

Hatches in inspection wells and collectors require especially careful insulation. In a rather mild climate, insulation should be performed only for the upper part of the pipe.

The elements of the internal sewer network must be reduced to a common riser that serves as a collector. Optimal location laying horizontal pipe sections - in the floor screed. In this case, it is desirable to give the pipe a slight slope.

It is not recommended to use 90 degree elbows in sewer systems. It is better to arrange pipe bends using several bends at 30 or 45 degrees.

Ventilation

Effective ventilation for a sewage system in a private house is necessary for several reasons.

1. This will allow the septic tank to function normally. During the decomposition of effluents, gases are released, an excess of which can stop this process. Ventilation will facilitate gas removal.
2. If atmospheric pressure is maintained in the system, then this will improve her work... Without ventilation, water hammer and the appearance of vacuum zones are possible.
3. The ventilated sewage system can last longer e than her sealed version.

The easiest way to organize ventilation is by installing a fan pipe, which is a vertical continuation of the riser. The upper cut of the funnel pipe is brought out above the level of the roof at a distance of at least 70 cm. It is impossible to combine general ventilation in the house with a funnel pipe.

Prices for materials and installation

Prices for materials for sewage systems depend on their material of manufacture and linear dimensions... Roughly they will be as follows:

• PPR-pipe for internal sewerage with a diameter of 110 mm, length 1 m - 830 rubles;
• the same with a diameter of 50 mm - 720 rubles;
• revision 50 mm - 150 rubles;
• plug 50 mm - 10 rubles;
• toilet connection unit 110 × 87 - 200 rubles;
• PVC pipe for external sewerage 5 m long - 1200 rubles;
• septic tank for 300 liters (Ecoprom Rostok Mini) - 37,000 rubles.

The total cost of the system will depend on the number and distance of plumbing fixtures, as well as the distance to the septic tank.

If it is planned to attract third-party workers for the sewage device, then the prices will be approximately as follows:

• installation of internal sewerage - 175-620 rubles. for 1 r.m .;
• plumbing connection - from 200 rubles;
• installation of an external line 100 mm - 200-350 rubles. for 1 lm

When performing work on your own, the cost of installation will only be the time spent.