Before applying warm plaster, the surfaces must be cleaned, the weak layers of the previous finish must be removed, a primer must be applied. The mixture is applied to the wetted walls and ceiling so that they do not draw moisture from the solution.

Warm plaster for the facade and interior decoration is applied with a minimum layer of 25-30 mm, a reinforcing frame is required. If a thicker layer is required, then the solution is applied in 2 doses. Full formation of the layer is 4 weeks.

If the walls are not porous, smooth, for example, monolithic concrete or silicate brick, a reinforcing mesh is required. A layer of up to 30 cm is enough synthetic cloth, more - it is better to use a chain-link.

To comply with the geometry, work should be carried out along the beacons

For porous materials, warm plaster for aerated concrete, brick, foam concrete is applied in 2 stages. The first layer of a more liquid solution is required - spraying (1 hour cement: 1 hour sandstone: plasticizer according to the instructions: water to medium sour cream), this will help improve adhesion.

Insulating plaster for interior work under the tiles is prepared in a special way. A polypropylene mesh is mounted on a quick-drying solution (glue), then it is nailed with long dowels to load-bearing walls through the entire thickness of the leveling layer. And only after the glue is completely dry, you can make the tiling.

Warm facade plaster is easy enough to grind, you can treat the surface with an abrasive, primer and paint with paint for outdoor use, based on silicone or silicate. All types of ventilated facade systems can also be used with this type of finish. And here decorative plaster and tiles for outdoor use on warm plaster are not recommended.

Methods for grouting mortar

High price utilities and energy resources can push the owners of apartments and suburban real estate to conduct additional work over the insulation of the walls. One of the options for increasing the thermal properties of such bases is the use of special warm plaster. What it is and what kind of coverage is - read about all this in our article.

Thermal insulation plaster: types and features

In the formulations of warm plasters, some of the components of conventional leveling compounds are replaced by materials that can be used to enhance the thermal insulation properties of the hardened mortar. For example, quartz sand or part of it is exchanged for perlite, vermiculite, expanded polystyrene, etc. additives in free-flowing... Cement or gypsum can be used as the binder. In the first case, the finished composition is suitable for external and internal decoration, in the second - only for internal work due to the high hygroscopicity of gypsum.

The main part of dry mixes on the domestic market is perlite plaster. Expanded perlite is used as a filler, which externally may resemble coarse sand or fine gravel of a grayish-white color. The material is quite light - bulk density in the region of 200-400 kg per cubic meter m. depending on the grain size. It is somewhat lower for expanded vermiculite. The density of this additive in plaster is approximately 100 kg per cubic meter. m. (bulk). Another property to consider when using thermal insulation solutions- high hygroscopicity of hardened coatings. The hygroscopicity of the material is up to 5 volumes of water per 1 volume of the expanded component.

Despite the high coefficients of water absorption, vermiculite and perlite plasters may well be used for external insulation of a building. The main thing is that they are not under the direct influence of precipitation, and the steam passing through the walls of the house does not linger in the coating.

The low density of the components of the solution ensures a decrease in the mass of the finished coating, which can be taken into account when designing a house. It becomes possible to reduce the load on the foundation and rely on a cheaper base for construction.

A small video about styrofoam-based plaster.

Two videos on how to prepare warm plaster with vermiculite.

Plaster Teplon (Unis Group)

You have probably heard about such a finishing material as Teplon plaster. It is a ready-to-mix dry mix based on a gypsum binder. A feature of the composition is the addition of perlite - a porous rock of volcanic origin. It is this additive that gives the manufacturer the right to call their plaster warm. Teplon mixtures can be used for interior decoration. The coating turns out to be relatively light, allows you to level the base and give it additional sound and thermal insulation properties.

Types and technical characteristics

At the time of writing the review, the company produced four types of plasters under the Teplon brand. At the same time, three of them are intended for finishing dry rooms and indeed have some thermal insulation properties, and the fourth, moisture-resistant modification is not positioned as "warm" (the coefficient of thermal conductivity is not indicated for it).

Remember that such coatings are highly hygroscopic, therefore, it is possible to speak about the expediency of their use only under the condition of normal humidity in the room. We are talking about "warm" compositions. And do not forget that you need to insulate the walls outside, not inside. Accordingly, using completely different materials.

For the sake of fairness, we note that the thermal conductivity coefficient of Teplon plaster is 0.23 W / (m × ° C), and such thermal insulation materials as extruded polystyrene foam, ordinary foam and mineral wool - 0.029 ÷ 0.032, 0.038 ÷ 0.047, 0.036 ÷ 0.055 W / ( m × ° C), respectively. And we remember that the lower this value, the better heat-shielding properties are characteristic for the same material thickness. What does it mean? And the fact that it is more difficult to achieve the same thermal protection of walls when using warm Teplon plaster is more difficult than when installing a special heat-insulating material.

Work technology

1. Requirements for temperature and humidity conditions of work are standard: from +5 to +30 ° С at relative humidity up to 75%. Because All brands of Teplon plaster are made on gypsum binder, then the condition of the base must be appropriate: clean, dry, without damaged, poorly adhered parts of the wall material. The working surface is primed with a composition of concrete active (for smooth concrete foundations) or soil deep penetration(for cellular concrete and other hygroscopic materials). Subsequent operations are started after the soil has dried.
2. Installation of plaster beacons is carried out according to standard scheme, only for fixing the beacons use the corresponding brand of Teplon solution.
3. To obtain a solution of the desired consistency, a kilogram of powder is added for every 450-550 ml of water. When using a moisture-resistant brand of water, take less - 160-220 ml. Mix using a special mixer or perforator with a stirrer. After that, the mass is left alone for 5 minutes. and mix again. The further fate of the plaster is determined by the value of its viability.
4. The resulting composition is applied to the walls manually or mechanically (for MN composition) with a layer 5-50 mm thick. The thickness of the ceiling covering is less - 5-30 mm.
5. An hour after mixing the solution, the plaster layer is trimmed along the beacons using a rule. At this stage, all coating defects are corrected: depressions, bumps, waves, etc.
6. If it is necessary to apply a layer with a thickness of more than 50 mm, then this is done in several stages: layer by layer, after the previous coating has hardened, treated with a primer and along the plaster grid.
7. On final stage surface glossing is possible. They proceed to it 2 hours after cutting the set solution. The coating is wetted clean water, rub with a special spongy grater, and smoothen the emerging milk with a wide spatula.

Umka

Some plaster mixes Umka are also positioned as warm: UB-21, UF-2, UB-212. In addition to heat and sound insulation properties, the manufacturer is distinguished by the environmental friendliness of the compositions, their hydrophobic properties, incombustibility and frost resistance.

All work is carried out in almost the same order as for Unis products. Because in fact it is a similar product.

Below is a short video about Umka plaster.

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Warm plaster Mishka is suitable for finishing walls made of any materials, both for external and internal work. The thermal conductivity declared by the manufacturer is 0.065 W / (m × ° С) - like that of Umka UB-21 products, which prompts some thought on this matter. 7 kg of dry mix is ​​mixed with approximately 3-3.3 liters of water, the consumption of the solution is approximately 3.5-4 kg / m2 at a 10 mm layer. The cost of a bag (7 kg) is approximately 650 rubles.

Knauf Grunband

Another option for a ready-made mixture from renowned manufacturer... You can read more about it.

Do-it-yourself warm perlite plaster

You probably already noticed that all compounds for warm plaster contain components that determine their thermal insulation properties. Most often it is perlite or vermiculite, there are mixtures with expanded polystyrene. It is their low thermal conductivity coefficients that make it possible, on average, to obtain quite good values ​​for finished coatings... By using these additives together or in place of certain fillers such as sand, as well as binders such as gypsum or cement, you can be sure of mixing the mixture with the desired properties.

Unfortunately, the prices for ready-made mixtures are not inspirational. But what if you prepare the solution yourself ?! Moreover, individual components such as cement, perlite, lime are relatively inexpensive. For example, a ton of M500 cement can be bought for 3000-4000 rubles, 20 kg bags of slaked lime - 170 rubles each, perlite (grades M75 or M100) - about 1500-2000 rubles. per cubic meter If the volume of work is large, and the budget for carrying out is limited, then it's time to "chemistry". We offer you several recipes for cooking warm perlite plaster do it yourself.

• 1 part of cement to 1 part of sand and 4 parts of perlite (calculated by volume) is mixed with water until the required consistency is obtained (thick sour cream);
• the proportion of cement and perlite by volume is 1 to 4. So, for 375 kg of cement, approximately 1 cubic meter of perlite sand is required. The mixture is mixed with 300 liters of water; PVA glue in a volume of 4-5 liters can be used as a plasticizing additive. The glue is mixed in water, where a dry mixture of perlite and cement is subsequently added;
• the volumetric ratio of cement and perlite is 1 to 5. For 290 liters of water, 4-4.5 liters of PVA, 300 kg of cement and a cube of perlite are used;
  - by volume: 1 portion of cement, 2 portions of sand and 3 portions of perlite. As an additive, you can use liquid soap or PVA in an amount of not more than 1% by weight of cement;
• 270 liters of water will require a cube of perlite and 190 kg of cement;
• 1 volume of cement, 4 volumes of perlite, approximately 0.1% of the mass of cement PVA glue;
• volumetric ratio of cement to pearlite in the range 1: 4 ÷ 1: 8. The additive can be liquid soap, detergent for dishes, PVA - up to 1% by weight of cement;
• a solution is preliminarily prepared for mixing (hereinafter RZ): sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is dissolved in a measured volume of water in a volume of 0.5% of the estimated volume of warm plaster, as well as plasticizers - 0.5% by weight of cement added subsequently. All components are thoroughly mixed and the solution is allowed to settle until the viscosity of the CMC increases. Further, variations are possible depending on what density the plaster needs to be obtained (bucket - 10 l). For example, 12 liters of cement, 2 buckets of perlite, 2.5 buckets of sand are added to 12 liters of RH (the density of the resulting solution is about 1500 kg per cubic meter). 1.5 buckets of sand, 3 buckets of perlite, 1 bucket of cement are poured onto the same volume of RZ - a mixture with a density of 1200 kg in a cube is obtained. For 20 liters, you can mix about 5 buckets of perlite, 1 bucket of sand, 12 liters of cement - we get a solution with a density of about 800-900 kg per cubic meter

All these PVA and liquid soap can be replaced with superplasticizers, for example, from Polyplast. This component is very important, because it determines the behavior of the solution and the need for the mixture in the volume of mixing water.

You should understand that any recipes are given for guidance only. To succeed, you will have to experiment with the ratio of the components, check the resulting solutions in operation. And only after the mixture is ideally suited for your finishing conditions, you can knead large volumes. Special attention pay attention to the water absorption capacity of the thermal insulation components. They actively retain moisture, which, with a lack of mixing water, can result in a violation of the cement mixture hardening technology.

Finally

If you do not perceive warm plaster as the only solution for the insulation of a residential building, but only as an opportunity to bring the thermal performance of the building to desired values, then the result will not be long in coming. Using such a solution, you can simultaneously level the base and give it new properties. And do not be afraid to experiment with making plaster with your own hands - it will cost less than buying ready-made mixes!

A material with such a "warm" name is nothing more than a clay-cement mixture, which is based on cement mortar... And besides him, several types of fillers are added there. Instead of the usual sand, they use perlite (produced material based on volcanic glass), vermiculite (intumescent mica), and you can also find pumice powder, expanded clay crumbs, sawdust, paper, clay and some other components in the composition.

Many people also call warm plaster "drying" due to its high porosity. This plaster demonstrates excellent performance, for which they value good thermal protection.

The most popular brands of warm plaster

1. Haunkliffe;
2. Thermoum;
3. Knauf Grunband;
4. Izolteko.

Varieties:

Depending on the kind of warm plaster, the scope of its application varies slightly. But we can definitely say that in winter time this heat insulator will save on electricity bills, and in summer, in hot weather, it will function as air conditioning.

Main technical characteristics

1. Thermal conductivity coefficient 0.063 W / m С;
2. Density 200-300 kg / m3;
3. Water absorption by weight 70%

In principle, analyzing even these characteristics and comparing them with mineral wool, polystyrene and expanded polystyrene, it can be concluded that warm plaster is heavier. And to obtain the same thermal insulation effect that the above materials give, warm plaster must be applied with a layer much thicker. But the thickness of the applied layer should not exceed the maximum permissible value, otherwise it will simply fall off.

The only way out is to apply two layers, respectively, on each side - external and internal. But, nevertheless, we can confidently already talk about both the advantages and disadvantages.

Main advantages

In some publications you can find information that warm plaster is an excellent sound insulation layer. It can be authoritatively stated that this is exaggerated.

The plaster does not have the necessary elasticity to absorb the noise from falling objects - the so-called "impact noise". Also, warm plaster does not have a fibrous structure and an indicator of "blowing capacity", which are necessary for the material to be called a good sound insulator. And the layer in this case should be very impressive - from 50 mm. In the case of warm plaster, it is not correct to talk about this.

disadvantages

1. if warm plaster is not made on the basis of expanded polystyrene, then it cannot be used as a topcoat. Both a layer of primer and a layer of plaster are required;
2. the consumer is not yet accustomed to its somewhat high cost in comparison, for example, with mineral wool. Although those who have already taken a chance and tried, are more than satisfied with the result, stating that such a house does not need large batteries even in a cold winter;
3. requires a thicker layer to provide the necessary insulation than traditionally used thermal insulation materials;
4. due to the higher density compared to other materials, insulation with warm plaster requires a strong foundation, since the load increases. Of course, it is difficult to say unequivocally that this is a drawback, but nevertheless.

Where is it used?

The main task of warm plaster is to provide good thermal insulation and create favorable conditions for indoor living. Its scope is mainly construction:

1. depending on the variety, warm plaster can serve as both a finishing layer for facade walls and for internal insulation. Warm plaster containing expanded polystyrene granules is often used to restore the facades of old buildings;
2. with its help it is very convenient and simple to insulate door and window slopes exactly in those places where they adjoin the walls;
3. insulation layer for floor and ceiling;
4. insulation of seams in panel houses that will save them from freezing due to leaked water;
5. insulation of water supply systems, both hot and cold.

Rules for working with warm plaster

To obtain good result it is necessary to correctly apply warm plaster, it is necessary to prepare the walls - remove dust, possible residues of other solutions, and if necessary, treat it with deeply absorbent impregnations. In some cases, you can strengthen reinforcing mesh... Before proceeding, the walls where the plaster will be applied must be thoroughly moistened with water.

Immediately it is necessary to make a reservation that the plaster prepared for work cannot be stored. It must be used all at once and preferably within 2 hours. It is quite simple to prepare it - it is poured out of the bag and diluted with the specified amount of water or plasticizer (or both together). The composition is mixed with a mixer, and the readiness is also checked simply - turn over the trowel with the mixture. When finished, the plaster will not fall off. Apply it with a spatula, float, trowel, etc.

The thickness of each applied layer should not exceed 20 mm, otherwise the mortar will creep. The breaks between application of layers should be at least 4 hours. But if indoors high humidity or low temperature, then the time should be increased. And take final work should be done not earlier than after 3-4 weeks. Then you can visually inspect if there is peeling or cracking.

It is also imperative to check the quality of work in terms of compliance correct geometry using a plumb line bubble level and a two-meter rail-rule. The rule is applied to the surface and checked to see if there are gaps. The minimum acceptable tolerance for deviation from the vertical or horizontal surface of the surface with good work cannot exceed 3 mm per 1 meter.

Many people consider warm plaster as additional thermal insulation, so in order to get from it maximum effect, use it in combination with the usual insulation. This is especially important if warm plaster is not suitable for external works... Although there are cases when it was used as the main thermal insulation layer.

Until recently, the concept of "warm plaster" caused bewilderment on the faces of people who were picking up finishing materials to renovate their apartment or the exterior walls of the house.

Today, using warm plaster mix successfully carry out external and interior decoration residential and office buildings.

Warm plaster for interior work is produced in two main directions: to create a preparatory and finishing layer.

In both cases, the finishing material has high strength and thermal insulation properties.

Warm plaster components

It includes:

• fillers - substances that provide vapor permeability to the plaster layer;
• plasticizers - they endow the finishing material with high elastic properties;
• water repellents - these components provide resistance to moisture.

White Portland cement or ordinary lime with the addition of gypsum is used as a binder.

Warm plaster is distinguished by fillers, which give the material thermal insulation characteristics.

At the moment, two types of warm finishes have become widespread: with organic and mineral components.

Expanded polystyrene can act as an organic additive. It is used in the form of granules foamed during production.

Because given type Since organic filler is notable for its low strength, then the plasters, which include it, are covered with a protective finish.

Mineral components are divided into types. Substances of one group are natural materials with a porous structure of volcanic origin (expanded perlite, vermiculite).

Other elements are fractional hollow grains of the foam glass type. They give the plastered surface high level mechanical strength.

Advantage of using warm plaster

Warm plaster, due to the universal properties obtained during the production, can be used for interior and exterior walls of buildings.

In addition to high thermal insulation performance, the finishing material is endowed with:

• Light weight - unlike standard plaster, after the screed has set it specific gravity can be from 240 to 360 kg / m3;
• The solidity of the layer - it excludes the appearance of temperature bridges, flaking and shedding of the finishing surface;
• Good adhesion - due to the high level of adhesion, the warm plaster is suitable for almost all substrates. If it is necessary to apply a layer with a thickness of about 5 cm, it becomes necessary to use a primer and reinforcing fiberglass;
• The possibility of restoration - plaster layer easily restored as a result of any mechanical damage;
• Ease of use - there is no need to use specialized equipment. When performing work, it is enough standard set tools: spatula, floats and trowels;
• Safety - warm plaster is environmentally friendly finishing materials, due to which it is used not only for plastering facade surfaces (warm facade plaster), but also interior walls living quarters. This fact applies to certified mixtures;
• Finishing layer - plaster perfectly acts as a decorative topcoat for both outdoor and internal surfaces building. Due to the additional use of a coloring vapor-permeable substance, the mixtures acquire the necessary color.

How to make warm plaster with your own hands

Do-it-yourself warm plaster is easy to make, since everything necessary materials is in the construction market.

As mentioned above, the components of the warm plaster mix are porous materials, a plasticizer and ordinary cement.

Due to the porous components, warm plaster performs insulation functions and is endowed with vapor-permeable properties, which means the ability to breathe.

Mold and fungus do not settle on vapor-permeable materials, since there is no source of their occurrence - dampness.

Thanks to the use of plasticizers, the cement binder-based composition obtains good plasticity and adhesion characteristics with the carrier base.

That is why heat-insulating plasters have characteristics that allow them to be applied to wood, concrete, brick and even ceramic surfaces.

Warm plaster is made using the following technology:

• one part of M500 cement;
• four parts of perlite or vermiculite grains;
• water (add until the consistency of thick sour cream is obtained);
• plasticizer (replace PVA with glue, take with the calculation of 50 grams per bucket of cement).

Step-by-step instructions for making a solution:

• plasticizer or PVA glue is diluted in water;
• mix the cement with granules thoroughly;
• water is poured into the dry mixture, kneaded until plasticity is obtained.

After 15 minutes, when the composition has settled, it is the turn of work to apply warm plaster to the prepared surface.

Home-made plaster is much cheaper. This is especially noticeable when comparing it with mixtures of well-known companies, for example, Knauf.

It is also worth noting here that insulating plaster cannot be used as the main insulation material, but nevertheless, it will be able to retain some of the heat in the room.

Knauf plaster for building facades

Using warm plaster "Grünband" by "Knauf" for finishing the facades of buildings, you can save on insulation materials, but you will have to spend money on a surface decorative finish.

As a decoration, various finishing putties, polyurethane panels or vapor-permeable paints are used.

Preparation of the mortar does not take much time, but it requires the use of a construction mixer.

This is a necessity, because it is quite difficult to manually thoroughly mix 30 kg of dry mixture with water until the desired consistency is obtained.

The set includes:

• building level and rule;
• trowel, metal spatula and float.

Facade plaster "Knauf" is applied only to the prepared surface, due to which it is laid in an even layer.

During preparatory work, old peeling finish, dirt and dust are removed from the base.

The detected small chips and cracks can be left without putty, since all defects will be hidden by the finishing material.

Then, the outer walls are primed, which will act as additional protection facade decoration from moisture penetration. The primer is applied to a dry surface.

If, in the plans, another type of insulation is laid under the plaster layer, for example, polyurethane foam, then you should not worry about how the plaster will lie and whether the plaster will firmly adhere to it.

Due to special fiberglass reinforced mesh, which is arranged with an overlap on the insulated external walls of the building, the plaster mixture can be applied in the same way as on a concrete or brick base.

It is also worth mentioning here some of the features of the work carried out using the Knauf plaster mixture:

• The thickness of the applied layer of heat-insulating facade plaster can be about 20 mm, but no more, since the mixture will begin to creep from the working surface. It is distributed according to the rule along the plane of the wall. If it is necessary to plaster the walls with a thicker layer, for example, 30 mm, the process of the work carried out is divided into several stages. At the first stage, one layer of Knauf solution is applied; on the second - on the first layer, mesh is reinforced; at the final stage - a second layer of plaster is laid, but only after the first has dried;
• After the plaster mixture has begun to set, its surface is slightly moistened with water and trowelled.

The facade, treated with warm plaster, is faced with any decorative material you like to create an outwardly attractive appearance.

The main thing is that it meets the requirements that allow the facade to retain its unchanged appearance.

Knauf gypsum plaster for interior decoration

Dry warm mixes made on the basis of gypsum by Knauf are successfully used for leveling the interior walls of a room.

Today you can find gypsum compositions intended for both machine and manual use.

The former can also be used for manual work, but vice versa is not recommended. Otherwise, the breakdown of expensive equipment is not excluded.

Is applied gypsum plaster"Knauf" on a previously cleaned and primed base.

If you have to plaster walls made of brickwork or aerated concrete, then the composition "Grund", the firm "Knauf", or "Grundirmittel" is used as a primer.

These compounds are endowed with the ability to penetrate base layer and, subsequently, become a barrier to moisture contained in the plaster. Dry both types of primer on the surface within six hours.

When applying plaster on smooth concrete or surfaces insulated with extruded polystyrene foam, use the "Betonokontakt" primer.

This composition forms a roughness on the bearing smooth wall, which further allows the base and plaster layer to provide a high level of adhesion.

It takes at least a day to dry the primer.

The application of warm plaster is carried out according to beacons, which are pre-installed using a level and perforated profiles.

Correct angles can be achieved by mounting corner profiles into the plane marked by beacons.

When making a warm plaster mixture, observe the dosage indicated by the manufacturer in the instructions. During plastering works use a metal spatula.

With this tool, the solution is thrown onto the surface of the wall from the bottom up. The thickness of the layer to be laid should be no more than 2.5 cm, in otherwise the mixture will begin to slide down gradually.

Then, using a rule or a metal trowel with a rubber work surface, evenly distribute plaster mortar on the wall.

In order to achieve ideal smoothness and evenness of the surface, upon completion of the work, the slightly seized screed is additionally smoothed with a float, previously moistened in water.

It takes about three days to completely dry warm plaster, after which you can proceed to fine finish interior walls.

It is also worth clarifying here: the plaster layer will reach the level of high strength only after 28 days, and the maximum thermal insulation indicator - after two months.

A good owner, when planning the construction or renovation of his house, must think through everything to the smallest detail. In a series of issues to be resolved, one of the paramounts is always insulation - comfortable conditions for people should be created in the house, and finishing - everyone wants to live in an aesthetic environment. Practice shows that very often these problems intersect, and whole line technological operations is aimed at the simultaneous solution of both sides of the issue.

Warm plaster for interior work is one of the materials that meet such a complex concept of "insulation + finishing". Applying it to the walls, the master aligns them and, with the correct thermal engineering calculation, at the same time gives them the required degree of thermal insulation.

This publication will be structured as follows:

• Anyone who has experience in construction and finishing works can immediately calculate required thickness applying warm plaster to provide effective thermal insulation, and then the amount of material that is required for this purpose. To do this, at the beginning of the article there are two handy calculators.
• For beginners, it is recommended to get acquainted with the theory first: the purpose and composition of warm plasters different types, with the principles of carrying out the necessary calculations, with brief overview popular brands. After that, it will be easy to return to calculators, and already competently make calculations.

Warm plaster calculators

Calculator for calculating the required thickness of the warm plaster layer

The meaning of the calculation is that the enclosing structure (including, in fact, the main wall itself and layers of insulation) must have a total resistance to heat transfer not lower than that established regulatory documents(SNiP) for a given region in accordance with its climatic characteristics.

warm plaster

• The value of the normalized value of the heat transfer resistance (R) can be taken from the diagram below:

• Solid wall parameters. Warm plaster to be finished include material of manufacture and thickness in millimeters.
• Warm plaster is rarely used as the main insulation, and more often it becomes an addition to the main layer. It is necessary to enter the parameters of this layer: the thickness and type of insulation material.