History of heating systems

What do you think when it comes to a home focus? Of course, about relatives and loved ones, about how you are comfortable in their surroundings, about the love they show to you, about those feelings that you feel about them ... as well as a big bright house in which purely , cozy and warm. Heat spiritual and warm physical, is so little and at the same time so much so that your home becomes a real oasis of comfort and well-being. So that I wanted to come here yourself and invite friends to feel that your home is your fortress. Estimation of centuries people sought to make their home warm. The first "heating devices" appeared in the Stone Age and represented open foci of fire on which they were preparing food, around which he was buried on which spells uttered. Including spells so that the fire in the focus is not extinguished, otherwise the inhabitants of the cave threatened a long and painful death. Since then, human ideas about the comfort have undergone significant changes. Today it is not enough that in the house it was just warm. It is necessary that the temperature above the floor is comfortable, fuel was inexpensive and affordable, the heating devices did not collect dust ... Our needs have become more sophisticated, therefore modern heating devices are not at all similar to primitive foci. Even the "heir in a straight line" - a fireplace - and he acquired heat-resistant doors and air supply regulators. There is constantly upgrading existing heating equipment and the invention is completely new. Recent developments of scientists make it possible to use the energy of the Sun for heating the dwellings. Tell me, fantastic? And here is not. In more than 70 countries of the world, heliumenergy programs are operating, providing for the use of the energy of the Sun in different areas of human livelihoods. But while the best minds of humanity break their heads over "sunny houses", heated energy of the Sun and Wind, people continue to heat their homes with furnaces and fireplaces, water radiators and electrical heaters.

In urban conditions, choose the type of heating does not have. Centralized water heating - and no alternatives. Well, really, not to build a Russian oven on the twentieth floor of the urban new building. And they will not be allowed! As a last resort, you can buy an electric heater or pave "warm floors" in the kitchen, and then as an additional source of heat.

Types of heating

Heating is an artificial heating of rooms in order to reimburse them heat loss and maintain a specified temperature level. They are heated both residential and non-residential premises. For the first it is important to create a thermal comfort required for the lives of people. For the second, the correspondence of the air temperature in the place of its intended purpose is. For example, in warehouses Such conditions should be created that would provide the best contention of things in them. The temperature of the air in the manufacturing workshop must meet the requirements of the technological process.

With regard to country houses, it is primarily about the heating of those rooms, where the tenants are going to spend most of the time throughout the year or some part of it. That is, the main goal of home heating is the creation of comfortable living conditions, which depend on, on the air temperature and, secondly, on the nature of the distribution of this temperature indoors. For maintenance of temperature at the proper level, the local heating system is "replied. However, it is not necessary to forget that in the creation of the microclimate of the premises, heat is involved, not only supplied by "cores" (pipes or cables) of the heating system, but also allocated by the human body.

The first heating devices, contrary to the difficult conditions of life and thanks to the ingenuity of the person appeared in the Stone Age, almost simultaneously with the emergence of the first dwellings in the caves. The most ancient type of artificial heating was heating by burning fuel in the focus, erected directly inside the cave. The focus simultaneously served for heating, and for cooking, and for heating water, and even to ritual purposes. Since then, many designs of foci and furnaces used in everyday life have been developed. Many species were also tested solid fuel For the heating of the dwelling, to which natural gas and oil refining products have joined in the 19th century. The most common B. currently The type of water-based heating appeared in a slave-owned strict. It is known that water heating was successfully used in ancient Egypt and served as a prototype to create famous heating systems in the Roman Empire and in the territory of modern Turkey. The source of heating in ancient Egypt was urban baths: in the floor of the bathrooms there were strokes for heated water, leaving for the general drainage of the city and providing the Egyptian warmth. The heating system of ancient Egypt is an example of one of the first central heating systems. In the 10th century BC e. In the city of Ephesus, located on the territory of modern Turkey, Wet Nikla is a system of autonomous water heating, in which the living rooms were heated through simple pipelines and boilers located in the sub-shafts of each individual house.

At the end of the 1st century BC. e. The Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius described in detail the air heating system, which was distributed in an ancient Rome. It was the first system of artificial heating of urban premises with hot gases. To heat the Roman term and residential premises, a hypokaust was used - the heating device consisting of a furnace located outside the heated room, and pipe systems conductive heated air. The outer air entering the hypokaust was heated with hot gases and on the system of pipes and channels under the floor of the building received a heated room. According to the same principle, medieval castles of Europe were heated. Moreover, quite a long time, such heating remained the main type of heating of medieval cities, while in the 15th century there was no furnace heating in the form in which we know it, and did not determine the nature of the heating of residential premises for a few centuries ahead. In case of furnace heating, the air indoors was heated with a contact with the surfaces of a hot furnace located inside the heated room, and the combustion products of the fuel were allocated through specially made flue pipes.

Heating centralized and autonomous

Currently distinguish between centralized and autonomous (local) heating systems. In central heating systems, heat is produced outside of heated buildings and then comes along long and branched pipelines to the target premises. This type of heating is characteristic of cities, especially the heating of multi-storey buildings and non-residential premises.

In low-rise buildings and rural areas, centralized heating is not applicable due to the considerable remoteness of consumers from the source of thermal energy. Therefore, systems are most often used here. autonomous heatingFor which the location of the heat generator is characterized in a heated building. Under local heating, the heat generator is used to heat a single building and is often a multifunctional device designed not only for heating the room, but also for water heating. IN last yearsWhen with the onset of cold, we all become witnesses, and go and participants, numerous human tragedies, the cause of which is the inability of a centralized heating system to provide people with necessary warmth, the question of autonomous heating becomes unexpectedly relevant (even in urban conditions). Budget funds allocated for heating, to put it mildly, are insufficient. The heat-network is in a deplorable state. The loss of useful heat reaches about 30% (for comparison: at the prosperous West, this figure is only 2%!). All this indicates a serious crisis of centralized heating, out of which - in creating numerous heating systems from each other. Moreover, this contributes to the developing raw construction.

Water heating

On the territory of Russia, water heating is the most common type of centralized and autonomous heating. Actually, calling this type of heating "Water" is not entirely correct, since not only water can be used as a coolant, but also any other heatwise liquid that meets the necessary physicochemical requirements. It is more correct to call such heating "traditional", especially since this term exists, and it is due to the breadth of the spread of water heating systems.

IN traditional system Heating heated to necessary temperature Liquid coolant, which most often is aerated water, passing through the system of pipelines and heating devices, gives its heat air in heated room. The reason for the popularity of traditional heating is explained by a set of a number of advantages: - low cost and economical consumption of materials - for water heat pipes are required pipes of smaller diameter than for air; - high heat capacity of the coolant - the water volume unit contains a larger amount of heat compared to other types of coolants (for example, water heat capacity of 4000 times the heat capacity of air heated to the same temperature); - Creating a comfortable temperature regime.

However, unlike other types of artificial housing heating, traditional heating is laborious in the installation and subsequent operation. Firstly, the creation of a water pipeline is possible only during the construction or major repairs of the building, as it requires a large number of construction work. Secondly, uninterrupted work The heating system ensures the continuous heating of the coolant, which means that it is necessary to constantly monitor the operation of the heat generator. Thirdly, additional inconveniences expect those who leave their country houses for a long time, especially during the cold season. Before long-term departure, all the water from the heating system must be merged. IN otherwise for negative temperatures Water will freeze, which will lead to a pipeline break. On the other hand, the lack of water in the traditional millenification system is also not good, since in the pipe filled with air, corrosion processes go more intense.

Direct electric heating

In the conditions of direct electrical heating, the premises are heated without the participation of the coolant: electric Energy converted to thermal without any intermediaries. Direct electric heating is the most promising in Russia, and the most popular type of heating in Europe. At the moment, direct electric heating on the territory of Russia is noticeably inferior to the traditional and air (mainly furnace) heating. And there is significant reasons: the comparative high cost of electricity and permanent interruptions with its feeding that makes the use of electricity, as the only source of heat, ineffective.

Indeed, at first glance it seems that the use of electrical heating systems requires large financial costs. However, with a more careful count, a slightly different picture is evapved,

which will be discussed in more detail below. In addition, direct electric heating has many significant advantages, including: - the ease and ease of operation of the system - the effective way to regulate the heat supply - small dimensions Heating devices that also do not require special care - high hygiene and environmental dignity electrical heaters- sacchability of the heating system, as the circulation pumps are not needed for her work.

You should draw special attention on the ecological side of the use of direct electric heating. All types of fuel, with the exception of electricity, to a greater or lesser extent pollute the environment: During the burning of natural gas, liquid condensate is formed, during the combustion of the diesel fuel - a whole bouquet of volatile poisonous substances, and entire treatises are written about the dangers of using solid fuels. The special problem is the leakage of gas and liquid fuel in faulty heating systems that not only contaminate the environment, but also become a serious threat to the life of the inhabitants of the house. All this is unfamiliar for those whose houses are equipped with straight electrical systems Heating. In extreme cases, their outdated electrical heaters will "burn" oxygen.

Furnace (Air) Heating

As a coolant in the furnace (air) heating system, heated air protrudes, which flows into heated rooms by pipes. This species Heating involves the installation of heat exchanger caloriefer or the construction of furnaces in which heating surrounding air occurs. Heated from the inside the surface of the heat generator, giving heat air, cooled outside. Therefore, the heat transfer of the device directly depends on the area of \u200b\u200bits heating surface. Heating devices can operate from the mains or fuel and do not imply a heat transfer device.

The modern domestic and foreign industry produces heat generators with both natural and with forced air. In conjunction and furnaces with natural heated air, there is a danger of overheating of the separating wall of the heat exchanger. In order to avoid it, it is better to acquire heat generators with a forced airproof air, which are equipped with a fan that stimulates the movement of air flow. Only here there are two problems at once. Firstly, it is difficult to buy heat exchangers with forced airproof, as they are released in limited quantities. Secondly, the fan has a lot of sizes, and noise will be abound from it.

Compared to domestic, imported calorifers have economical operation and usually turn on in the absence of tenants. This dignity is not so unconditionally, as it may seem at first glance, and, in fact, is a stick about two ends. At a cost mode household dust It settles on the horizontal surfaces, and when translating the carrier to the standard mode of operation, the air flows raise dust, with which even wet cleaning is not able to cope.

Heated air (or gas) itself has several advantages over other types of coolants, as the speed of heating and a large penetrating ability. Nevertheless, once popular in rural areas, air heating is less and less and less often used for heating residential premises, gradually pushing out direct electrical and traditional heating.

This is due to a number of shortcomings, inevitable satellites of the air heating system: - bulky sizes of the heat generator (furnace, fireplace, etc.); - low air heat transfer coefficient - the heating capacity of air in tens of times less than that of water, and this means that for heating the room, it will be required thousands of times more heated air than water; - difficulties in the distribution of heated air on heated premises due to the insignificant value of the emerging air pressure; - low environmental qualities; - The high-cost system - before, the furnaces were erected with their own hands, and now it is practically not able to do this, and there is no need for this, since if there is money, the heat generator can be bought.

Mixed Types of Heating System

In this article, we will look at what is the heating systems, but in order to do this, they need to be divided, at least three species - is air, water and electric. Each of these methods is divided into several types of type of heaters, an energy source and a method for supplying a coolant. And each of the ways deserves a separate detailed description, therefore, for co-review, we will consider only the overall features of each of them.

Air heating

Air Types of heating include electric I. gas convectors as well as furnace heating of different types. In fact, there are no heat carrier in such systems, and the air heats up directly from the heater.

Convectors

• Such types of heating systems heat the room with air convection, that is, cold streams, passing through the hot plates and blinds of the device, are heated and fall into the room. The device can be equipped with a fan for coercive air injection, which contributes to the rapid heating of the room.

• Similar features possess and gas convectorsbut for their functioning need gas pipe and chimney to remove burning residues. Such devices of the new generation not only heaten the room, but also warm water for DHW, which is not yet designed for electric analogs. Of course, the price of such an aggregate will be higher than that of ordinary convectors, but material costs pay off with increased comfort.

Stove

• We will not mention the usual, widely known for most residents of the private sector, but only consider the buleryan. This Canadian invention, although patented for some reason in Germany, has an efficiency of up to 95% and, depending on the modification, can heat the room from 100m 2 to 1000m 2.

• Such furnaces work exclusively on firewood, and the instruction provides one load by 7-10 hours (depending on the modification). Considering the fact that the furnace housing is enveloped by pipes, which, in turn, are trimmed with a casing, the surface of the heater is not heated, but the temperature of the air emerging from the pipes reaches 160⁰c.

Council. Bulery furnaces are very convenient for country housesWhere occasionally come, and on arrival you need to quickly warm the room. Especially since the unit is independent of any third-party sources of energy except for firewood.

Water heating

For water heating wiring applied pipes made of steel, copper, polypropylene And less often - from metalplast. Sometimes different types of materials are combined for the convenience of mounting or in the interests of increasing the efficiency.

Boilers

• Water type of heating system functions due to heatingin the role of which can act ordinary furnaces, electrical heaters (bean and electrode), as well as gas, liquid and solid fuel Different modifications. In addition, boilers can be multi-fuel or universal, aligning several types of fuel, for example, gas-diesel or gas-diesel-electricity-solid fuel.

• I would like to pay attention to what the heating with electrocotors is, or rather, on a relatively new type of heaters - electrode. Here, in essence, there is no heat exchanger, and the liquid is heated due to the movement of electrons with a frequency of 50 Hz (50 cycles per second). Away can work without forced circulation and, if necessary, easily combine them with the boilers of another type, or install parallel to each other in one system.

Systems and radiators

• Water circuit can be one-tube or two-pipehow it can be seen in the photo at the top. To begin with, we consider two-pipe systemwhere the coolant feed to the heating devices is on one pipe, and returns - on the other. Thus, the water temperature does not depend on the amount of radiators and only slightly cools when the pipe is passed through itself, which is at all imperceptibly. Such a system can be with forced and with natural feed.

• But it already depends on the number of radiatorsbecause the coolant, passing through this device, returns to the same pipe and to next battery Water arrives slightly cooled, and so on. With an arbitrary supply of water in a single-tube circuit optimally installed with their own more than three radiators, and if you install circulation pump, then no more than five batteries per pipe.

• Radiators in appearance and assembly can be divided into: columns, sectional and panel, but by material - on cast iron, steel, aluminum and bimetallic. For autonomous heating cast iron batteries It is inappropriate, because a large amount of coolant is spent on the bottom and, as a result, energy consumed. In heating devices of this type there is a side and lower connection.

Warm floor

• The warm floor system is placed either by a polyethylene or metal-plastic pipe, a spiral or snake. If we talk about the material, the metalplastic is much more economical and more convenient in work, although the efficiency of them is almost the same. Most often, such floors are covered with ceramic tiles, although there are exceptions, but in any case, the pipe is poured by a screed.
• There are combined contours - radiators with "Warm Paul" And since they work from one boiler, it has to distinguish between the temperature of the coolant. For this use three-way valves with a servo.
The advantage of film heating is that it can be mounted in any plane of the room - on the floor, on the wall and on the ceiling. This type of heating can be both the main and auxiliary.

Conclusion

Choosing a type of heating for your home, you first should be guided technical capabilities building. It should also be considered that which energy is most available in the area.

Our country occupies a huge territory. At a significant part of it, the heating season lasts half the year, and sometimes more time. Such a feature makes it very seriously to the issue of ensuring the warmth of various buildings. There is also a constant increase in the cost of fuel used in boilers to heat the coolant. It is intended, in turn, for the heating system, the types of which are different today.

General

For any person, a comfortable room in the room is needed, where it lives. Usually it is from 18 to 22 degrees. Heating systems directly allow you to solve this issue. They heat the ambient air, which transmits heat to all objects as well as walls. Bears give it out. As a result of such a continuous process, it is necessary to constantly add heat indoors.

In modern buildings of the heating system, the species of which are different, mainly consist of the following parts:

1. Boiler or any other heat generator. They can work on different types of fuel.
2. Pipelines designed to deliver heat to the consumer. At the same time, various heat carriers are used, which can be water and antifreeze.
3. They are radiators or convectors having a different device.
4. Additional equipment and materials.

Main types of water movement schemes

Currently, natural and natural and forced circuit For the device heating system. Views differ in each other by the process of circulating the coolant. So, with a natural scheme, it moves through pipelines due to the difference in the density of hot and cold water. Heated coolant has a smaller weight than cold. Hot water passing through the boiler, as if squeezed out by the already cooled liquid. During the device of such a scheme, it is necessary to comply with the required slopes for pipelines with an increased diameter, because it helps reduce hydraulic resistance.

In the forced system there is always a circulation pump. This is its main difference. Its use allows you to create heating in homes when using pipes that have a smaller diameter. The pump increases the efficiency of heat recovery, but at the same time it does not contribute to raising the coolant at any height. Due to it, the hydraulic resistance generated in the pipelines occurs.

One-pipe heating scheme

In such systems, there is only one pipeline. It connects the boilers for heating and radiators in rooms that are placed sequentially relative to it. At the same time, this pipeline is feed and reverse. The coolant, passing each radiator consistently, gives part of heat, while its temperature on the last device will be significantly lower in the original one. To reduce such a feature, a bypass tube (bypass) is used in systems. It allows parts of the coolant without entering the radiator. If the building has been designed by illiterate experts, the inhabitants on the first floors feel the lack of heat. At the same time, people at the top levels of the house have an effect of elevated temperatures. When applying single-tube systems, material is significantly saved. This is the main plus.

Two-pipe heating scheme

The main characteristic of such a system is the presence of a feed and reverse pipeline. If a two-pipe heating circuit is created on the object, then the heating radiators, the prices of which today depend mainly on the material of the manufacture, are connected in parallel. The coolant heats up in the boiler and goes to each instrument by the feed pipe so that it returned back to the heat generator, another pipe is used. During the application of such a heating circuit, a uniform warming of all connected radiators occurs, but it is necessary to spend more material to create a system.

Collective heating scheme

In such a system, a separate feed and return pipeline is supplied to each radiator. Before the boiler, they are grouped using collectors. Due to this, it is possible to lay entire pipes in which there will be no compounds. Such a scheme is relevant during hidden wiring Engineering communications. Thanks to the creation of such a heating system, the types of which differ in the method of connecting radiators, its appearance It turns out more attractive. There is also the ability to control heating devices from one distribution cabinet. With this execution scheme, high pipe flow is required, and there is also no ability to create a system that will have natural circulation water. In addition, it must be equipped with additional safety devices.

Popular views of the system of heating a private house

Owners of suburban real estate are given the opportunity to create autonomous Scheme To supply the warmth of its building. At the expense of it in the house there will be a comfortable temperature for each room separately. A person may not wait for or the official heating season will begin or end, since individual boilers for heating are installed in private buildings. Their choice depends primarily from the area of \u200b\u200bthe house and the type of fuel. Its definite type may not be available everywhere. Today, the most common types of heating systems, depending on the fuel used, are:

1. Gas.
2. Electric.
3. Diesel.
4. Solid fuel.

Calculation of the required boiler power

Today, various heat generators are presented on the market. Some situations are superbly suitable wall boilers Heating, in other cases it will be necessary to install outdoor aggregates. To properly select a heat generator for installation in a private house, you need to know its power. Typically, such information becomes available after performing accurate calculations by specialists, but it is believed that 1 kilowatt energy of the boiler is required for heating area of \u200b\u200b10 squares. About 25% should be added to this value, which will be required for the final figure, it turns out after the addition of another 20% necessary for the power supply of the heat generator. Material for the manufacture of boilers may be cast iron or steel. They differ among themselves at a price and weight. The most accessible for cottages and other private houses are wall-mounted heating boilers that work both from electricity and gas.

Autonomous gas heating

Of course, this type of heating is today the most reliable and convenient option. In addition, gas is an economical energy resource, and such a factor is very important for the majority of the country's population. Its advantage over other types of fuel is that it is environmentally friendly and always has high quality. Gas heating has a high efficiency, especially during use in country houses. Equipment for such systems can function for a long time without failures, as well as it is easy to operate. Gas can be used not only in summer period years, but also in winter. Therefore, this type of fuel is very convenient for people.

Gas to boilers can be delivered by pipelines and in cylinders. In the last version, special cars are used, which have good permeability and are maneuverable. Currently, there are no problems for its delivery. Storage of liquefied hydrocarbons occurs in Gazgolders. To lower the pressure to the worker, is used in such gearbox systems. Natural gasFor which it is necessary to build special pipelines, today not all residents of the country are available.

Electricity as a type of fuel for boiler

If there is no gas supply in a specific area or even on a particular street, then in this situation, many owners of private houses have to solve, establish heat generators on solid fuel or electric goods for heating. Sometimes it is possible to engage in the first version of the first option, whereas in the second case the cost will be low. In addition, such boilers do not have an open flame source. Also for them are not required to be performed as there are no burning products. Thanks to this, the installation is consumed less finance, and labor costs are reduced. The heat generators of this type during operation are almost silent and are very easily controlled. Many modern efficiency aggregates reaches 98%. In the heat exchanger, they host the main working element to which the TEN is. Also, electrocurceptors for heating are equipped with modern power regulators and temperature sensors. Such elements will significantly simplify their operation.

One of the modern ways of heating the premises

During the heat-insulated floor, the pipes are located in concrete screedBut they can also be placed in the wall under the top layer of the finishing material. In such a situation, it turns out wall heatingwhich is a separate view of the heating of the premises. In this embodiment, the heat energy is about 85% is transmitted by the method of radiation, which provides comfort for people, as the air temperature will be smaller values. There is also no movement of dust. Pipelines of this type of heating are located in loops, in which there is a significant drop of temperatures formed at the input and output. This value reaches 15 degrees. As a result, the best heat transfer is ensured. In such a system, a circulation pump can be used that has fewer performance. Pipes in the wall are stacked almost with any step. This becomes permissible due to the lack of limiting conditions for the perception of comfort from the heating surface. Most often, heating in the walls are arranged together with a warm floor or when the latter is not enough to compensate for all losses in the room.

Modern room radiators

Batteries for any heating system are an integral part of it. Not so long ago, almost all buildings were used cast iron radiators. Today everything has changed, the lineup The devices expand significantly. Most manufacturers produce batteries that are adapted to climate features where they will be applied. Currently, aluminum, copper, cast iron, steel, bimetallic radiators Heating, which prices are formed depending on the material used for their manufacture, as well as from the size. In order to correctly choose a battery for any room, you need to know the area for the supply of heat. Especially popular now are aluminum radiators. They have very good heat transfer and affordable cost for most consumers. In addition, the batteries of this type are perfectly opposed to corrosive processes.

Arteries of heating systems

Currently, there is a wide range of pipelines. They are made of the most different materials. Before all heating systems used steel or cast iron pipes. Polypropylene products are currently popular. Such material has low thermal conductivity, resistant to different chemicals, environmental safety, good flexibility, ease during the installation work. Thanks to the qualities created polypropylene heating Last time will serve in any objects. For him, it will not be necessary to make repairs.

Installation

In many respects, the cost of heating is affected by the complexity of the installation of systems. Regardless of this, the installation should be performed only by professionals, because it is primarily associated with the safety of people. Electric, gas or diesel equipment must always be correctly installed. If this requirement is not executed, then irreversible consequences may occur during operation. Even during the installation of ordinary radiators, it should be responsibly approaching such processes, especially when work is carried out in multi-storey houses. In the event of a leakage of the coolant, it often has to pay damage to the victim, which is located in the floor below.

Right choice, competent design and quality mounting Heating systems - a pledge of heat and comfort in the house throughout heating season. Heating should be high-quality, reliable, safe, economical. To properly choose the heating system, you need to get acquainted with their views, features of installation and operation of heating devices. It is also important to take into account the availability and cost of fuel.

Types of modern heating systems

The heating system is called a complex of elements used for heating of the room: a heat source, pipelines, heating appliances. Heat is transferred using a coolant - liquid or gaseous medium: water, air, steam, fuel combustion products, antifreeze.

Building heating systems need to be selected to achieve the highest possible heating while maintaining a comfortable humidity of air. Depending on the type of heat carrier, such systems distinguish:

• air;
• water;
• steam;
• electrical;
• combined (mixed).

Heating heating systems are:

• convective;
• radiant;
• combined (convective radiant).

Scheme of a two-pipe heating system with forced circulation

As a source of heat can be used:

• coal;
• firewood;
• electricity;
• briquettes - peat or wood;
• sun energy or other alternative sources.

Air heats up directly from heat source without using an intermediate liquid or gaseous coolant. Systems are used to heat private houses of a small area (up to 100 m.kv.). The installation of heating of this type is possible both when building a building and during the reconstruction of an existing one. The heat source is the boiler, TEN or gas-burner. The peculiarity of the system is that it is not only heating, but also ventilation, because the inner air is heated in the room and the fresh, incoming outside. Air flows come through a special intricate lattice, filtered, heated in the heat exchanger, after which they pass through the air ducts and are distributed indoors.

Adjusting the temperature and degree of ventilation is carried out using thermostats. Modern thermostats allow you to predetermine the temperature change program depending on the time of day. Systems function in conditioning mode. In this case, air flows are sent through coolers. If there is no need for heating or cooling the room, the system works as ventilation.

Scheme of air heating device in a private house

The installation of air heating is relatively expensive, but its advantage is that there is no need to warm up the intermediate coolant and radiators, due to which fuel economy is at least 15%.

The system does not freeze, quickly responds to changes in temperature and heats the room. Thanks to the air filters, the room is already purified, which reduces the number of pathogenic bacteria and contributes to the creation optimal conditions To maintain the health of people living in the house.

Lack of air heating - air cutting, burning oxygen. The problem is easily solved if you install a special moisturizer. The system can be improved in order to save and create a more comfortable microclimate. Thus, the recuperator warms the incoming air, due to the outward outlook. This reduces energy consumption for its heating.

Additional cleaning and disinfection of air are possible. For this, in addition to the mechanical filter included in the package, electrostatic filters of fine cleaning and ultraviolet lamps.

Air heating with additional devices

Water heating

This is a closed heating system, water or antifreeze is used as a coolant. Water is supplied by pipes from heat source to heating radiators. IN centralized systems Temperature is regulated by thermal paragraph.And in individual - automatically (using thermostats) or manually (cranes).

Types of water systems

Depending on the type of joining the heating devices, the system is divided into:

• one-tube,
• two-pipe
• bifilar (two-way).

By the method of wiring distinguish:

• top;
• lower;
• vertical;
• horizontal system Heating.

IN single-tube systems Connecting heating devices sequential. To compensate for the heat loss, which occurs during the consistent passage of water from one radiator to another, use heating devices with various surface heat transfer. For example, cast iron batteries can be used. large quantity Sections. In two-pipe apply the scheme parallel connectionwhat allows you to install same radiators.

Hydraulic mode can be permanent and variable. In bifilar systems, the heating devices are connected in series, as in one-tube, but the conditions of heat transfer radiators are the same as in two-pipe. Convectors, steel or cast iron radiators are used as heating devices.

Scheme of two-pipe water heating of a country house

Advantages and disadvantages

Water heating is widespread due to the availability of the coolant. Another advantage is the ability to equip the heating system with your own hands, which is important for our compatriots who are accustomed to rely only on their own strength. However, if the budget does not save, design and install heating is better to entrust specialists.

It will save from many problems in the future - leaks, breakthroughs, etc. Disadvantages - freezing of the system when disconnected, long time to warm out the premises. Special requirements are presented to the coolant. Water in systems should be without extraneous impurities, with minimal content of salts.

To warm up the coolant can be used a boiler of any type: on solid, liquid fuel, Gas or electricity. Most often used gas boilersthat involves connecting to the highway. If there is no such possibility, then usually install solid fuel boilers. They are more economical than designs operating on electricity or liquid fuel.

Note! Experts recommend picking a boiler at a capacity of 1 kW per 10 m.KV. These indicators are indicative. If the height of the ceilings is more than 3 m, in the house large windows, there are additional consumers or rooms are not well insulated enough, all these nuances must be taken into account in the calculations.

Closed home heating system

In accordance with SNiP 2.04.05-91 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning", use steam systems It is prohibited in residential and public buildings. The reason is the unsafe of this type of heating of the premises. Heating devices are warm up to almost 100 ° C, which can cause burns.

Installation is complex, requires skills and special knowledge, in operation arise difficulties with heat transfer regulation, when filling the steam system, noise is possible. Today, steam heating is used limited: in production and non-residential premises, in pedestrian crossings, thermal points. Its advantages are relative low cost, low inertia, compactness of heating elements, high heat transfer, lack of heat loss. All this led to the popularity of steam heating until the middle of the twentieth century, later it turned out to be water. However, in enterprises where steam are used for production needs, it is still widely used for heating rooms.

Steam heating boiler

Electric heating

This is a reliable and easiest of use of the type of heating. If the house area is not more than 100 m, electricity is a good option, however, heating is not economically profitable.

Electric heating can be used as an additional in case of disconnection or repair of the main system. Also that's good decision For country houses in which the owners live only periodically. As additional heat sources, electrical fan heaters, infrared and oil heaters are used.

As heating devices, convectors, electrocamers, electrocurceptors, warm floor cables are used. Each type has its own limitations. So, convectors uneven warming up the premises. Electrograms are more suitable as decorative elementAnd the work of electrocotes requires significant energy consumption. The warm floor is mounted with advanced accounting plan for furniture arrangement, because it is possible to damage the power cable.

Scheme of traditional and electric heating of buildings

Innovative heating systems

Separately, mention of innovative heating systems that are becoming increasingly popular. Most common:

• infrared floors;
• thermal pumps;
• solar collectors.

Infrared floors

These heating systems have only recently appeared on the market, but have already become quite popular due to efficiency and greater efficiency than the usual electric heating. Warm floors work from the mains, they are installed in the screed or tile glue. Heating elements (carbon, graphite) emit infrared spectrum waves that pass through flooring, heated the bodies of people and objects, air from them, in turn heats up air.

Self-regulating carbon mats and film can be mounted under the feet of furniture, without fear of damage. "Smart" floors adjust the temperature due to the special property of heating elements: when overheated, the distance between the particles increases, the resistance increases - and the temperature is reduced. Energy costs are relatively small. When infrared floors are turned on, the power consumption is about 116 watts per meter running, after the warming up to 87 watts decreases. The temperature control is ensured by the thermogulators, which reduces energy costs by 15-30%.

Infrared carbon mats are convenient, reliable, economical, easy to install

Heat pumps

These are devices for transferring thermal energy from the source to the coolant. By itself, the idea of \u200b\u200ba heat-pump system is not Nova, she was suggested by Lord Kelvin in 1852

Principle of operation: Geothermal heat pump takes heat from ambient And transfers it to the heating system. Systems can also work for cooling buildings.

Principle of operation of the heat pump

The pumps with an open and closed cycle are distinguished. In the first case, the installation takes water from an underground stream, transmitted to the heating system, select thermal energy And return to the place of the fence. In the second - according to special pipes in the water branch, the coolant, which transmits / takes heat in water. The pump can use the thermal energy of water, land, air.

The advantage of systems - can be installed in houses that are not connected to gas supply. Heat pumps Complex and roads in the installation, but allow you to save on energy consumption during operation.

The heat pump is designed to use environmental heat in heating systems

Solar collectors

Solar installations are systems for collecting the thermal energy of the Sun and transfer to its heat carrier.

Water, oil or antifreeze can be used as a coolant. The design provides additional electric heaterswhich are included if efficiency solar Installation Reduced. There are two main types of collectors - flat and vacuum. In flat installed absorber with a transparent coating and thermal insulation. In vacuum, this coating is multilayer, a vacuum is created in hermetically closed collectors. This allows you to heat the coolant to 250-300 degrees, while flat installations are able to heat it only up to 200 degrees. The benefits of installation should include ease of installation, a small mass, potentially high efficiency.

However, there is one "but": the efficiency of the solar collector is too dependent on the temperature difference.

solar collector In the system of hot water supply and heating at home, a comparison of heating systems shows that there is no perfect method of heating

Our compatriots are still most often preferred to water heating. Usually doubts arise only in what specifically the heat source to choose how it is better to connect the boiler to the heating system, etc. And yet the finished recipes suitable absolutely to all do not exist. It is necessary to carefully weigh the pros and cons, take into account the features of the building for which the system is selected. If there are doubts, you should consult with a specialist.

Video: types of heating systems

In order to in the cold winter Provide in the residential room the necessary conditions for living, you need a system that would help maintain the necessary temperature regime. The heating system is the most successful engineering solution to this problem. Heating system will help maintain in the house comfortable conditions Throughout the cold period, but should be aware of what is the heating systems in modern times.

Heating systems may vary depending on different criteria. There are such main types of heating systems like: air heating, electric heating, water heating, water warm floors, and others. Undoubtedly, an important issue is the choice of the type of heating system for its home. The classification of heating systems includes many types. Consider the main ones, and also compare the types of fuel for heating.

Water heating

Among the entire classification of heating systems, water heating is most popular. The technical advantages of such heating were revealed as a result of many years of practice.

Undoubtedly, the question of which types of heating are, it is water heating that comes to mind first. Water heating It has such advantages as:

• Not really big temperature surfaces of various devices and pipes;
• Provides the same temperature in all rooms;
• Fuel economies;
• Increased operational timing;
• Silent work;
• Easy to maintain and repair.

The main component of the water heating system is the boiler. Such a device is needed to heat the water. Water is in this form of heating with a coolant. It circulates on closed-type pipes, and then heat is transferred to various heating components, and the entire room is already heated.

The easiest option is the circulation natural type. Such circulation is achieved due to the fact that different pressure is observed in the circuit. However, such circulation may be compulsory. For such circulation, water vessels should be equipped with one or more pumps.

After the coolant passes through the entire contour of heating, it is completely cooled and returns back to the boiler. Here it is heated again and, thus, again allows heating devices to highlight heat.

Classification of water heating systems

Water type of heating may vary on such criteria as:

• water circulation method;
• the location of the build-up highways;
• the design features of the risers and the diagram on which all heating devices are connected.

The highest popularity gains a heating system where water circulation occurs through the pump. Heating with water circulation of a natural plan has recently been used extremely rarely.

In the pumping heating system, the heating of the coolant may occur due to the water-heating boiler room, or thermo water that comes from the CHP. In the heating system, water can be heated even by steam.

The direct-flow connection is used when the water supply is permissible in the system with very high temperatures. Such a system will cost not so expensive, the metal consumption will be slightly less.

The dismissal of the direct flow connection is considered the dependence of the thermal regime from the "impersonal" coolant temperature in the suppressive heat water of the outer type.

Air heating

Such types of heating of various premises are considered one of the oldest. For the first time, such a system was used before our era. To date, such a heating system has been widespread - both in public premises and production.

Heated air also uses popularity to heat the buildings. When recycling, such air can be supplied to the room where the mixing process with the inner air occurs and, thus, the air is cooled to the room temperature and is heated again.

Air heating can be local, if there is no central air ventilation in the building, or if the incoming amount of air is less than necessary.

In air heating systems, air heating occurs due to calorificates. The primary heater for such components is hot steam or water. In order to warm up air indoors, other heating devices or any heat sources can be used.

Local air heating

With the question of which heating is, local heating is often equated only for industrial premises. Local heating devices are used for such premises, which are used only at certain periods, in auxiliary premises, indoors, which are communicated with external air flows.

The main devices of the local heating system are the fan and heating device. For air heating, devices and appliances can be used as: air-heating devices, heat fans or heat guns. Such devices operate on the principle of air recirculation.

Central air heating is placed in the premises of any plan if the building has central system Ventilation. Such types of heating systems can be organized in three different schemes: with direct-flow recirculation, with partial or complete recycling. Full air recirculation can be used mainly in a non-working watch for duty types of heating, or in order to heat the room before the start of the working day.

However, heating on such a scheme may occur if it does not contradict any fire safety regulations or the basic requirements of hygiene. For such a heating circuit, the system of supply ventilation should be used, but the air will not be closed from the street, but from the premises that are heated. In the central air heating system, such design types of heating devices are used as: radiators, fan, filters, ducts and other devices.

Air curtains

Cold air can come in large quantities from the street if the entrance doors open in the house. If you do not take anything to limit the amount of cold air that penetrates the room, or not heating it, then he can negatively affect temperature modewhich must match the norm. To prevent this problem, you can open doorway Create a air curtain.

In the entrances of residential or office plan buildings, you can install a lowered air-thermal curtain.

Limit the amount of incoming cold air outside the building occurs due to a constructive change in the entrance to the room.

Recently, air-thermal curtains of a compact type have become increasingly popular. The most effective curtains are the curtains of the "powering" species. Such curtains create a jet air barrier that will protect the open doorway from the penetration of cold air flows. As the comparison of the types of heating shows, such a curtain reduces heat loss almost twice.

Electric heating

The heating of the room occurs due to the distribution of air passing through the dashboard without heating it front side. It will completely protect from various burns and prevent any fire.

Through electrical convectors, you can heat any type of room, even if you have only one source of energy, such as electricity.

Such types of building heating systems do not require high costs for installation or repair, besides, can ensure maximum comfort. The electrical convector can be simply put in a certain place and connect it to the power supply of the network. Making the selection of the heating system, you can pay attention to this type - Pretty efficient.

Operating principle

Cold air, which is located at the bottom of the building, passes through the heating component of the convector. Then its volume increases and it goes up through the outlet grilles. The heating effect takes place and due to the additional heat radiation from the front side of the electric convector panel.

The level of comfort and economy is heating system It is achieved due to the fact that the electrical convectors use an electronic system that helps maintain a certain temperature. You need to install the necessary temperature indicator and the sensor, which is installed in the bottom area of \u200b\u200bthe panel will begin through a specified period of time to determine the temperature of the air that penetrates the room. The sensor will give a signal to the thermostat, which in turn connects or on the contrary turns off the heating element. Through such a system to maintain a certain temperature, which will allow you to connect electrical convectors in different roomsIn order to warm the whole building.

What system is better

Of course, the question of which heating system is better is inappropriate, since the system is effective in certain conditions. Comparison of heating systems should be made, given all their pros and cons, focusing on the conditions of installation and their own capabilities.

Considering which heating systems exist, certain conclusions can be made. But in general, the best option It will be advised with professionals.