Due to its ergonomics and economy, the construction of sloping roofs and the ability to correctly use the attic space is very well known. The organization of insulated and non-insulated attic spaces is used in this technology. This technology differs from the traditional one in that the roof structure here comes with a variable angle of inclination of the slopes, and in the usual one - a gable system. And therefore, those who wish who want to make such a roof with attic floor you need to understand how the sloping roof system is arranged and how the dimensions of the materials for its construction are determined.

One of the most famous representatives of the category of sloping roofs is a 5-sided structure with a visible difference in the angles of inclination of the slopes. Even if you do not know all the intricacies of its construction, it is possible to figure out that the structure is made up of two tiers installed on top of each other. The attic is located in the lower fundamental tier, which gave another name to the sloping roofs. Reinforcing the lower part of the roof, a less extensive crown tier gives shape to the structure in the area of ​​the apex. But the use of "broken" technology cannot always be recognized by the appearance of the roof. The roof may look like a simple gable structure, but the angle of inclination of the slopes of the upper and lower levels can be equal. There are countless variations of sloping roofs, only now they are all built according to the same principle - by erecting two or more tiers.

Creation of a rafter frame for two departments attic roof be made according to the rules emanating from the usual technology for the construction of pitched roofs. The bottom of the base of a sloping roof is constructed using layered rafter “legs”. In the upper part, it is possible to use both layered and hanging rafters. The bottom of the layered rafters has the right to be based on the Mauerlat “Mauerlat is an element of the building's roofing system. Represents a bar or log, laid on top along the perimeter outer wall. " or on the overlap beams.

The basis for the top is in most cases used wooden frame, along with this, which plays the role of a frame of one of the walls of the attic. The organization of the top of the roof is usually aimed at a livable work for the actor.

The angle of inclination of the slopes of the lower tier of the roof, as usual, is much more steep than the upper one. They are a clear example of the use of "broken" technology in the construction of a roof, in the form of a fracture. Nevertheless, the verticality of the lower and upper tiers of the slopes may be the same, which is why the broken structure may seem like an ordinary gable roof. Due to the need for the frame of the lower tier to provide the possibility of organizing the used area, the roof is erected in a manner typical for sloped roofs. That is, the rafter structure must have the necessary parts with an installed transmitting capacity for the construction of walls and a ceiling of a non-insulated or insulated attic.

Details of the lower and upper tiers are calculated separately, since the loads affect the rafter legs unevenly. Also, in a pentagonal sloping roof, it is definitely determined by the presence of two parts, slopes having a different angle of inclination and, most often, different lengths.

It makes no sense to consider the difficult calculations that the designers of construction companies give, since each calculation is individual. Specialists will do it for you. There are enough programs in the network that can solve complex mathematical operations for calculating the cross-section of rafters, beams and supports in a few seconds. Let us analyze what types of loads on the rafters of the upper and lower tiers and the overlap you should know.

The calculations of the lower rafters are made for compression with bending, and more often only for compression, since the roofs of such schemes are made, according to the standard, for more steep slopes on which the snow does not hold and the main load is the wind and the weight of the upper triangle. And the wind, even of a hurricane force, is unlikely to break the rafters, rather to tear off the cover or throw off the entire roof. Anti-wind measures are already taking place here: the installation of wire twists and the weaving of the roof to a single wall band with threaded anchors.

The literal power from the weight of the snow cover, which is required to calculate the directing capacity of the roof structures at a specific place of construction, must be determined by the regional construction companies or established according to the SP 20.13330.2011 “Loads and Impacts” maps. The number of the snow region is formed according to the zoning map, which was compiled according to the calculated data of the snow cover on the territory of the country. Then, from the table below, we select the appropriate snow load for this region.

Wind load is required to calculate strength rafter system... To describe it, we again use a zoning map, but already drawn up according to the magnitude of the wind pressure.

This coefficient is needed for the rafter legs of both tiers of the roof, since the gusty wind can disrupt and carry out the steep part.

In regions with a high wind load, the frequency of strengthening the rafter legs to the walls increases, that is, they are fastened with wires more often than just through one. For survivability, the number of wind ties is added - slopes, emphasis, boards or rails, which are nailed to four or more rafters. Their weight must be taken into account when calculating the total weight of the roof slab.

Roof weight is a complex characteristic with individual characteristics... In essence, this is the weight of a roof shuttle of a certain insulated or non-insulated device with a distinct type of coating and specially arranged under the cover with a solid or sparse frame. It is calculated per 1 meter of the roofing area.

Average coating weights can be found in the table on the Internet. Also on the network you can find many photos and drawings of a broken line. It should be taken into account that when using protruding roofing materials, the snow mass should be increased by 10 percent. For example, if it is installed with a large wave, then you need to keep in mind that the snow cover in the channels can accumulate and lie for days.

The mass of the lathing is the most significant component of the roofing structure. The weight of the frame is related to the type of coverage. Structure soft roof needs continuous flooring of boards, layers of moisture-resistant plywood or OSB sheets. Tin profiles, slate, clay tiles installed on the beams mounted with the required pitch. The mass of the "base" frame will be added by installing diagonal wind connections in places with the highest wind load. The weight of the insulation is also calculated in a separate order.

Every roof piece can be under different kind loads. The entire set of loads should not be subject to deformation and malfunction, which can lead to mandatory repair. The calculation of bearing structures according to the standard is done taking into account two limit values, this

• Maximum strength is a condition, if exceeded, it leads to a breakdown of the building structure, to a loss of stability.
• Maximum deformation is a condition that, if exceeded, leads to an unacceptable sag, as a result of which the geometry of the structure changes and the nodal connection breaks.

Among the loads that act on the roof are: winter precipitation, wind, its own weight, the weight of people, furniture that use the attic. The influence of loads can be simultaneous, alternate and in combination, such as furniture + person + wind; snow + person and so on.

The calculations allow for the maximum likelihood of the influence of the load limit value.

Before you start building a rafter system for a sloping roof, you need to calculate the details of the system and create a project. Let's imagine that this stage is done.

Let's see one of standard examples attic buildings with two tiers of layered rafters, fastened over a brick box. We will fix the rafter structure to the Mauerlat, that is, to a wooden frame made of a 150x200mm beam, placing it on the same level with the inner perimeter of the walls. A row of bricks is placed along the outer edge of the box, which mask the maerlat and remove part of the spacer load. The upper part of the Mauerlat must be 2-3 centimeters higher than the brick reinforcement.

The construction of the structure begins with the installation of the most extreme beams, the extension of which determines the width of the eaves. Further along the tightening between the extreme beams, we place intermediate elements with a step equal to the length between the rafter legs. For insulated rafter systems, it is recommended to erect a step equal to the width of the heat insulator plate so that the heat insulator fits snugly in the inter-rafter place it needs. For non-insulated buildings, the step is proportioned so that a whole number of roof trusses fit with a uniform gap between them.

The size of the bar for the construction of the floor is 100x200mm. When fitting the beams, we adjust their upper plane, if it is impossible to put them strictly horizontally. Fitting is done through the maerlat or chip lining under the beam. After strengthening the beams to the maerlat, we install a short beam to their end, so that they create a plane for the front cornice overhangs. The distance between the short bars is not important, even if it is 1m or something like that.

We make marks on the constructed overlap of the line for placing a row of supports for the rafter legs of the lower tier. Simultaneously with the supporting function, they act as a frame for the walls of the attic.

We do this:

• We use a beam of 100x150mm, which is 10 cm longer than the final height of the attic ceiling; with its help we mount corner supports. We coordinate the verticality of the supports using a plumb line, we will strengthen it after we make sure that the installation is perfect. For full stability, we strengthen their position with temporary supports.

Similarly, we install stops in the middle of the end walls.

• We connect the corner stops with a cord to determine the installation location for the intermediate supports. To create intermediate supports, material 50x150mm with a height equal to the corner supports will come down.
• Beams made of 50x150mm boards are folded over two levels of supports. There is no longer a need for intermediate stops, the built walls of the future attic are strong even without them.
• To form the ceiling, it is necessary to install the board with an edge on the beams.
• We erect a board 25x150mm above the attic under construction. There is no need to mount it along the axis of the structure. The best solution will lay parallel, retreating from the axis of 20-30 centimeters.

The rafters of the lower level of the roof of the "broken" technology are produced and installed in the usual layered way:

To the end of the structure to be erected, we install a board 25x150mm of the required length and draw the lines of the upper and lower cut with a technical pencil. Provided that in geometry roof structure no flaws, this sample can be used to produce all the bottom row rafters.

If there are deviations in the work, we install only the extreme legs and stretch a lace between them. According to the model, on the other rafters, we leave only the upper cut. Combining the upper part of the workpiece with lacing, the bottom line must be marked in fact.

We put the rafter legs. We strengthen them to the overlapping beams with brackets or iron corners, and on top to the beams with nails, several pieces.

It sometimes happens that only one board is not enough to cover the lower sloping surface along the entire length. In these cases, the rafter is installed from two short boards, reinforced with a piece of material of a similar section 1 meter or more long. But, it is most desirable to order the boards of the required length in order to weaken the structure with fastened sections.

To make and install the upper rafters, you first need to mark the central axis. In order to do this, you need to attach a trim of the inch to the outermost ceiling board of the attic, be sure to vertically. The trimming edge should exactly coincide with the main axis of the rafter structure of the sloping roof marked on the diagram, after:

We measure to the edge of the inch to create a sample and make a mark on it for the cut line, the upper part of which we draw directly along the marked piece of the axis.

We make according to the sample several rafter legs for the upper slopes. If there is no doubt about the correctness of the constructed frame, we make a couple of foraging forages at once. Otherwise, we proceed in the same way as with the lower pairs.

We mount the first pair of rafters, calling someone for help. One cannot overpower with the installation, since they do not have upper support. So that only the created reinforced rafter system does not fall apart, support it with a slope.

We attach the rest of the trusses of the upper part of the structure. It is necessary to substitute them with struts every 3-4 pieces. The slope of the slopes must be more than 45 degrees.

It is necessary to alternately follow the path of their slope.

The designed type and step of installation of the frame does not matter at all, all the same, along the line of the "ridge" and the line of fracture of the slopes, the crate is made continuous. Contrary to the direction of the rafter legs, two boards are "targeted" with a gap of 2-3mm between them. Precisely the most solid structure is arranged in the valleys, if any, around the attic windows and holes for the chimney. If a soft roofing option is used, the frame is installed solid over the entire slope site. If the thickness of the insulation is equal to or greater than the width of the rafters, a counterframe is installed in front of the frame, built in by installing a remote timber. It is needed to form a gap between the waterproofing and the material to be coated. There is no need for a spacer bar if the thickness of the insulation boards makes it possible to leave the ventilation gap without any tweaks removed. Also, there is no need for it if you build an insulated roof.

The sloping roof is, in fact, a kind of pitched roof... She is chosen when they want to get additional free space on the attic floor, or someone likes such structures more than the usual gable, three-slope, four-slope. Arrangement of a sloping roof is not an easy process, but it is more than pays for itself with a beautiful appearance, increased functionality and cozy room livable. Let's consider in detail the structure of a sloping roof and how to make it yourself.

What is a sloping roof

The sloping roof got its name due to its shape. It has a large number of lines with kinks and a pentagonal (rather than triangular, as in classic pitched) projection of the building's pediment. Many developers deliberately choose it for the sake of its shape, since a house with a sloping roof looks solid, solid, and with the help of additional elements, and even contrasting with the tone of the main finish of the roof and facade, you can get a real masterpiece.

A cottage with a sloping roof looks unusual and original

But for the most part, it is ideal when the desired size of the attic does not fit into a regular pitched roof, which does not provide sufficient attic height for a comfortable stay there. The broken structure, due to the fracture of the slope, significantly reduces the "dead zones" - an unsuitable space for living.

By the way, it is not always that a roof with a break is chosen for arranging a living room. It can also be "cold" rooms - a wine cellar for winemakers, a gym for sports fans.

Any room in the house is suitable for a wine storage - basement, attic, storage room - the main thing is to provide the necessary climatic conditions for storing wine

In the attic, you can arrange a dressing room or just a closet for household needs, equipped with various cabinets and shelves.

A small dressing room in the attic is a vivid example of how you can practically use all the square meters of your own home

There are many options for sloping roofs:

1. Single-slope - the simplest design that you can easily make yourself.

   A single slope roof with a slight slope break - stylish and simple design

2. Gable - make it possible to equip a large attic space.

   Streamlined shape makes the gable sloping roof resistant to wind gusts and snow drifts

3. Three-slope - have long been known in Russia and popular today.

   The aesthetics of the gable sloping roof is unobtrusive on the one hand, and on the other, it has undoubted attractiveness.

4. Four-slope - difficult to build, but beautiful in appearance and light, thanks to the design features. This allows you to equip a large attic space without unnecessarily loading the foundation. Therefore, hipped roof slopes are in great demand in private housing construction.

   Four-slope broken structures are in demand in private construction

5. Hip, hip broken, gable, combined, etc.

   The hip sloping roof has a complex structure and increased cost, but ensures the rational use of free space on the attic

That is, a break in the roof, which allows you to increase the attic space, is used almost everywhere. According to the builders, if something can be drawn, then it can be built. That is how it is, but it is important to calculate the estimate in advance so that later it does not work out "I blinded him from what was."

The specifics of the structure of a sloping roof

The presence of a special rafter system of rather impressive elements distinguishes the construction of a sloping roof from the construction of a typical pitched roof. However, you should not be afraid of this. Sloped roofs are not as difficult to install as they might initially seem. It is quite possible to make them yourself.

The main advantage of sloping roofs is that, despite the impressive size of the supports, most rafter systems are mounted in a modular manner. Many components are collected on the ground and ready-made they are raised up. Therefore, heavy construction machinery will not need. Racks and rafters at the fracture sites are cut at a certain slope. The entire rafter system is secured with special connections.

Sloping roof rafters are mounted according to the scheme

The best width of the structure for arranging a sloping roof is 6 m. With a wider span, it is advisable to use other technologies, since the ability of the sloped roof rafters to withstand the increased load is significantly reduced. If the width of the house is less, then the rafter beams and reinforcing ceiling beams will rest on the Mauerlat from a bar with a section of 90x140 mm.

The basis of a sloping roof is either load-bearing walls or a rafter system of hanging and layered rafters, which is better made of wood so as not to make the structure heavier. Use of metal and reinforced concrete products undesirable. The board should be thick, at least 50 mm in cross section, up to 18% moisture, treated with linseed oil. Most often used to create supporting structure sloping roof conifers as inexpensive.

A characteristic feature of roofs with a bend is the division of the slope into two parts, each of which (upper or lower) is mounted at its own angle - the upper parts are usually 15–30 °, the lower ones 60–70 °. A broken structure is assembled using brackets. Their number and installation location depend on the type and area of ​​the roof. The structural elements also depend on this, nevertheless, in the main types, they are necessarily inherent:

The finished roof structure, created correctly with a break, consists of:

• finishing material, drywall, steam, heat and waterproofing layer;
• battens, counter battens and roof decking.

Sloped roof calculation

The calculation is carried out taking into account the type of the main roof covering, as well as the slope angles of the rafters. Calculate required volume covering material on a sloping roof is simple:

• measure the length and width of the slopes, multiply, get the area of ​​each slope;
• the calculated areas are summed up and the result obtained is divided by the area of ​​the roofing (metal sheets, ondulin, etc.) + 10-15% for overlap and stock.

Insulating materials are calculated in a similar way.

Before calculating the rafter system, you need to draw up a plan of the house and look at the maps snow loads and wind loads by regions. Anyone who is familiar with ArchiCad or SolidWorks and knows the basics of construction can create a roof project for his house in these programs, where all elements have weight and size. On the basis of which, you can immediately draw up an estimate and find out what the costs of arranging the selected roof will be.

Video: Roof Truss System Design in ArchiCad and SolidWorks

We draw a sketch of a house on a checkered piece of paper, where we display the features of the rafter system of a sloping roof - the shape, width of the wall, angles of inclination of the slopes, etc. Let's take a sketch from a photograph as an example.

When drawing up a diagram of a house, it is necessary to observe the proportions

Initial data: the width of the wall on which the end of the roof is formed (V d) 6.4 m, is being built, for example, in Tyumen, the height of the box according to the sketch is 2.3 m, the distance from the ceiling to the ridge of the roof is 3.5 m, the angles of the slopes are the angle a 60 ° between the overlap and the slope and the angle b at the bend of the slopes is 30 °, the desired height of the room (N m) is 2.5 m, there is no extension of the floor beams outside the wall (B c), the pitch of the rafters is assumed to be 0.6 m ...

We find the location of the construction on the map and find out the amount of snow loads for a given area. Moreover, if construction is carried out on the border of the regions, then they prefer a greater value. In our example, the snow load (Tyumen) is 180 kg / m².

The amount of snow loads is determined depending on the terrain

We determine the value of the wind power according to the wind load map and multiply it by the correction factor (k) from the table below, since here the type of terrain and the height of the future structure matter. In our example, the wind load for Tyumen is 24 kg / m², k 0.65 (column "B"). In total, we get 24 x 0.65 = 15.6 kg / m².

The wind power map is used to determine the wind power for all regions.

Table: coefficient (k) for terrain types

If the house is being built within the city limits, but near the sea, then the value of column "A" is taken.

In our example, the value of column "B" is taken - the height of the house is over 5 m and it is being built in the city (Tyumen) in a cottage village where there are no high-rise buildings.

Video: sloping roof with an attic, part 1 - design diagram, loads, DCS

We carry out calculations.

1. We calculate the dependence of the width of the attic on the steepness of the attic slope (angle a) according to the laws of geometry - B m = B d - (2 x (N m: tq a)) = 6.4 - (2 x (2.5: tq 60 °) ) = 3.51 m With the removal of the floor beams outward, say, by 0.5 m, the width of the attic room will increase to 4.01 m. Hence the conclusion - the greater the removal of the floor beams, the wider the attic room can be made.
2. We calculate the total height of the roof: H m + H k (the height of the ridge triangle), where H k = 0.5 x B m x tq b = 2.5 m + (0.5 x 3.51 x tq 30 °) = 2 .5 m + 1.01 m = 3.51 m.
3. We calculate the length of the rafter legs: for calculating the lower rafter legs H m: sin of the angle a = 2.5: sin 60 ° = 2.89 m the length of the rafter leg; for calculating the ridge rafter H c: sin of angle b = 1.01: sin 30 ° = 2.02 m.If the structure is formed with the removal of the floor beams, that is, the overhang of the roof is formed due to the extension, then the calculations of the rafter legs are completed ... If there is no removal of the beams, then the lengthening of the rafters will be required, which means that an additional calculation must be carried out.
4. We calculate the elongation of the rafters - the working length of the filly - by the planned amount of the eaves overhang according to the formula - the desired length of the eaves overhang (k): cos angle a = 0.5 m, for example: cos 60 ° = 1 m.
5. Find out the slope of the slopes and the amount of load on the rafters, guided by the table "Recommended slopes of pitched roofs" below.
6. We calculate the load on the rafters. For this, we will use the initial and calculated data. Load due to the slope of the slope (for example, metal roofing) + snow load, according to the snow load map + wind load (determined from the map, adjusted for the coefficient). Total: 5 kg / m² + 180 kg / m² + 15.6 kg / m² = 200.6 kg / m² x the given pitch of installation of rafters (we have 0.6 m) ≈ 110 kg / running meter.

Knowing the magnitude of the load, you can correctly choose the cross-section of the rafter lumber.

Table: relationship between load and beam thickness for a rafter system

Note: when choosing a load, we round up.

Video: sloping roof with attic, part 2 - calculation in Scad, selection of sections of roofing elements

When purchasing lumber, it is necessary to take into account the insulation, as well as the ventilation gap and the vapor barrier of the roofing "pie" (which is 20-30 mm).

The calculation of a sloped roof is voluminous, but uncomplicated. You can do it yourself manually or using the Scad calculation program. You can also use the online calculator for calculating the rafter system on construction sites, where you need to enter the requested data and get a ready-made calculation.

Video: sloping roof with an attic, part 3 - construction and layout

Projects of houses with different types of sloping roofs

Due to the design features, sloping roofs differ in appearance:

• with the support of the lower rafters on the Mauerlat;
• with the removal of the lower part of the layered rafters outside the wall;
• using only layered rafters.

Depending on the features of the rafter system, sloping roofs have a different look

In the first version, the floor beams are installed so that they do not slightly reach the walls of the lower floor. The lower part of the slopes consists of layered rafters and is attached to the walls of the building with a Mauerlat. The frame of the attic space is made of vertical elements (racks). It turns out constituent elements roofs in the form of triangles along the walls, connected by fights. And already to them are attached the upper parts of the slopes from the hanging rafters resting on the tightening.

In the second version, the lower edges of the rafters are brought out outside the house, which makes it possible to increase the size of the attic. And the larger the takeaway, as mentioned above, the wider you can make the room under the roof. In this case, the support for the rafters is not the Mauerlat, but the floor beams that are held by the Mauerlat. The rafters are supported by struts. The posts are recessed into the ceilings, but no more than 1/3 of the thickness.

In the third version, there are no hanging rafters. The upper slopes also consist of layered ones, which are supported by tightenings.

Roof structure without vertical elements

There are also other versions of the sloped roof, one of which is quite interesting - in this configuration there are no vertical posts, and the rafters are all the same length. Outwardly, the roof resembles an octahedron. The ceiling of the under-roof room will be in the form of a four-sided vault.

The key feature of such a device is to increase the bearing capacity of the rafters, for which, on each of them, at the fracture point, 2 metal plates (metal thickness 3 mm) are fixed on both sides. In addition, crossbars are installed in the upper part of the structure, due to which the load is additionally removed from the flatter part of the broken roof. This solution makes it possible to strengthen the rafters, redistribute the load of the bearing elements, remove the racks and thereby significantly expand the room.

Sloping roof with attic

There are a great many houses with an attic, because they are:

• an attractive silhouette of the roof, and with it the whole house;
• increase useful area through the rational use of the existing one;
• fast erection and low costs.

The design with a hip-type sloping roof attic allows maximum use of the internal space of the attic

Attic houses with a sloping roof look especially unusual, where one slope is with a break and the other is straight. Such an architectural technique is used when the asymmetry of the pediment is conceived according to the project and it is necessary to move the attic room to one or the other wall. Outwardly, such a house looks stylish. It is easy to install solar panels, climatic or heating systems and other technological equipment on an asymmetric roof.

The sloping roof is wonderfully combined with various futuristic shapes, including asymmetry

DIY broken roof: step by step instructions

Before installing the roof, all wooden elements are treated with antiseptics, fire retardants and impregnations from decay. Stocked up with basic roofing material, insulating and metal fasteners for fixing the rafters to the Mauerlat.

1. A crate is made of a thick profiled beam, which will form the basis of the rafter system. For this, the Mauerlat is rigidly coupled to the overlap. For soft roofs you need a solid crate. For solid ones, like metal or slate, the crate is assembled with a step of 0.2–0.5 m.

   For solid roofs, a sheathing is installed from a thick profiled beam

2. The planned attic is separated by racks, the racks are connected with fractional girders, and beams are laid on top, which will be puffs (connecting parts) for hanging rafters.

   The proposed room is allocated with vertical uprights, which are fastened with longitudinal girders and beams

3. Layer rafters are installed, checking the planes of steep slopes, and then hanging ones. Attention should be paid to the correct arrangement of nodes at the bend points.

   The frequency of fastening rafters and battens depends on the materials of the roof

4. Support, if required, the layered rafters with struts, and the upper tightening, so as not to sag, is suspended with the help of a headstock.

   To increase the strength in the layered rafters, struts are installed

5. They adjust the facade components of the structure (window and doorways if windows and a balcony are planned).

Of course, this is not the only technology for arranging a sloping roof. There are a number of others, and the choice depends on many factors - the material used, layout, type of roof, conditions for installation work, etc.

Video: broken roof truss system

Installing the rafter system yourself

Installation of a sloping roof is convenient because it allows, as already mentioned above, to collect many structural elements on the ground.

Only an experienced roofer can align all the elements of the rafter system along the tensioned cord. Even the smallest deviation (0.5–1 cm, for example) will lead to the roof “walking”. And this is unacceptable, especially when it comes to arranging living quarters under the roof.

Video: simple advice - how to install the rafter legs exactly and in the same plane

Sloping roof design

The design of the roof means the arrangement of cornices (overhangs), insulation of the attic, sheathing of the pediment. These works can be classified as secondary, however very important. Arrangement of cornices - strengthening the protection of the house from moisture penetration, debris and dust entering the under-roof space. To make the cornices, the lower rafters are taken out of the building by 50-60 cm. This minimum size overhangs, which can be increased if desired.

Roof overhangs are hemmed and not hemmed, box-shaped and shortened. The best option is hemmed overhangs, which significantly increases functionality roofing and gives the house a complete look. Any material is suitable for filing - lining, board, metal, plastic, soffits. It's all about the taste of the owners and the design of the house.

Different materials are used for filing the eaves of a sloping roof

In addition to the eaves, it is advisable to protect the frontal part of the roof, since in broken structures the pediment performs serious functions - it preserves and maintains the thermal regime in the attics. Therefore, it must not only be durable, but also well insulated and attractive. If the project does not provide for full glazing of the pediment, then it is usually sheathed with the same material as the whole house is faced with. Often, wood is used if the house is brick or frame, along which carvings are applied. The skillful design of the pediment makes it possible to beautifully beat the most common structure of a sloping roof.

Spectacular element of architecture country house with a sloping mansard roof is a continuous glazing of the pediment and arrangement of the balcony

Insulation of a sloping roof

Due to the peculiarities of its design, a sloping roof must have good thermal insulation. If the attic space remains "cold", then it will be enough to insulate only the ceiling that separates it from the house itself. As for the premises planned for housing (attics), everything is already insulated here - slopes, pediment, ceilings and walls.

The most popular heat insulator for attics is mineral basalt wool, laid in layers. It features almost zero moisture absorption, excellent vapor permeability, good fire resistance and low cost.

Mineral wool is a common material for attic insulation

If the insulation scheme has a polymer structure, then it is better to use foam, which is not inferior to basalt wool. Although the vapor permeability coefficient of mineral wool is higher, vapor practically does not accumulate in the foam, but is discharged through the irregularities and joints of the insulation. It is worth noting extruded polystyrene foam, which can last for many years without losing its properties. And, of course, sawdust, the main advantage of which is low cost, environmental friendliness and excellent thermal insulation properties.

Insulating materials are placed between the rafters as tightly as possible; leaving voids is unacceptable.

Video: how to insulate the roof of the attic with sawdust

Polyline structure mansard roof implies a single system of waterproofing, insulation and vapor barrier. All layers are laid in a certain order with mandatory ventilation gaps, which will allow moisture to be removed from the insulation. Consequently, water vapor will not accumulate in the under-roof space, which means the roof will be able to "breathe" freely.

The room under the roof, intended for housing, is insulated in accordance with all the rules for thermal insulation of buildings

From the inside, the entire structure is sheathed with plasterboard for further finishing attic room.

Video: warming a broken roof attic

Roof shelter is one of final stages roofing work, which is carried out according to the following scheme:

At this stage, it is important to choose the right covering material. Here again, we return to the maps of snow and wind loads and see in which zone the site is located, and what the loads will be on the roof.

If in a given area strong winds and heavy snowfalls, it is not recommended to use light roofing materials, otherwise there is a risk of their failure. And also don't use roll materials v climatic zones with hot summer.

The most common roofing materials are slate and metal tiles.

Do-it-yourself cladding of the gable of a sloping roof

Pediment - the front of the wall between the roof slopes. Its shape depends on the configuration of the rafter system and the preferences of the home owners. Most often, houses with broken roofs and multi-gable ones are equipped with a pediment. Less often - with pitched roofs and log houses, where the pediment is already inscribed in the structure.

You can sew up the pediment yourself. This does not require special knowledge and skills. Sheathed gables vinyl siding, PVC panels, wood, corrugated board.

You can sheathe the pediment yourself

When dealing with siding as more popular facing material, use different technologies sheathing - on the rafter system, lathing or a pre-equipped aluminum frame. The easiest option is to attach the siding to the crate.

Video: do-it-yourself roof gable cladding with siding

As you can see, there is nothing complicated if you adhere to the rules and installation features inherent in any covering material.

Video: how to build an attic with your own hands

Construction of a sloping mansard roof - the best way for a private house, as it allows you to get additional living space, which sometimes is not enough. Having studied the technology of installation and adhering to simple rules for installation, cladding and roof insulation, you can make a sloping roof with your own hands and easily make your dreams come true. And also enjoy the work done by yourself.

Its peculiarity is in dividing the slope into several planes, which makes it possible to use the space under the roof for the attic device. Having a room under the roof will reduce the overall heat loss of the house. A broken roof with your own hands can be built correctly only if there are competent calculations and adherence to all standards during construction.

How to choose a tilt angle

When choosing the angle at which the roof slopes are installed, it is necessary to consider:

• type of roofing;
• rainfall and wind strength;
• the purpose of the room - for a living space, the height of the ridge should not be placed below 2.5 meters.

The optimal value for the upper slopes is considered to be 30–45 degrees, for the lower ones - 60 degrees.

Drafting a project

Any construction begins with a drawing, and such complex construction like a sloping roof, will require drafting detailed diagram with all sizes and calculations. You can get started by viewing photos and diagrams that will help you understand how to build a sloping roof structure. Knowing the size of the building, the type of roofing and insulation material, you can use special calculators to calculate the dimensions of the components for the rafter system.

The consumption of material for roofing, as well as waterproofing is calculated by the size of the roof area, which is calculated by adding the value of all the slopes. The insulation layer for the attic roof must be at least 20 cm.

Material

Before making a sloping roof, select high-quality material for its construction. For this, a dry glued laminated timber is purchased, the moisture content of which is 18-22%. Before starting installation, it undergoes mandatory treatment with an antiseptic and an anti-combustion agent. Treatment with compositions is carried out in an open space, the funds are applied in two layers.

• bar for Mauerlat 200 × 200 mm, for struts 50 × 100 mm;
• board 50 × 150 mm;
• unedged board;
• metal staples, corners, bolts, nails, screws;
• battens for battens 25 × 50 mm;
• vapor barrier membrane, insulation, waterproofing;
• roofing material.

Construction stages

Mauerlat. The installation of the truss structure is assumed at the stage of wall construction. In the top row, special studs are laid for the subsequent fastening of the Mauerlat, which is the basis of the roof. This timber is laid along the entire perimeter of the walls, prepared pins are inserted into the drilled holes and tightened with nuts. The stud pitch is two meters, the best option if they are located between the rafters. Roofing material is laid under the Mauerlat, which provides protection from moisture. To securely hold the structure, wire strapping is used.

Beams. Thick timber with a section of 200 × 200 mm is placed directly on the Mauerlat or in special pockets left in the masonry of the walls. The edges of the beams located on the masonry are coated with mastic. The beam will serve as a support for the uprights. They are attached to the Mauerlat with metal corners. Strict adherence to the horizontal level is required in order to obtain a high-quality base for the roof. You can change the position of the beam by placing boards.

Installation of rafters. The first to be exposed are vertical stacks on the pediments. Their level is controlled using plumb lines. The uprights are temporarily fixed with spacers. A cord is pulled between the exposed rafters and all the remaining racks are installed with a step equal to the arrangement of the beams. Girders from the board are laid on the racks, they are fastened with corners and self-tapping screws. On top of the girders, longitudinal ties are attached, connecting the parallel posts and the final top harness... Before the final installation of the remaining rafters, the puffs are propped up with struts.

The lower rafters are installed with support on the purlin and the Mauerlat. To facilitate the work of preparing the blocks, a template is pre-executed. A thin board is applied to the purlin and sawing off at the desired angle. All lower rafters are trimmed and installed. The lower part, which rests on the Mauerlat, is cut out in place. For fastening, plates or corners are used, twisting them with self-tapping screws or hammering in nails.

Before installing the top hanging rafters, it is necessary to outline the center of the roof. For this, a temporary stand is used, fixed in the center of the Mauerlat and the gable tightening. The top edge of the board will mark the center of the roof. A base for a template is applied to this board, along which the cuts of the upper rafters will be performed, the second edge of the workpiece rests on the girder.

All top rafters are the same size, so they are cut using the same template. The upper ends of the rafters are connected with board scraps, plates or bots. The lower part is inserted with a saw cut into the purlin and fastened with corners. Each rafter leg is supported by a 25x150mm hanging post, which is attached to the rafter joint and to the brace.

The lower rafters are reinforced with permanent struts. For this, a board of 50 × 150 mm is used, the lower end is cut off at an angle and installed on a beam, the upper end is attached to the rafter with a bolt or hairpin. Having installed all the struts, remove the temporary supports.

After finishing the installation of the truss structure, it is necessary to correctly lay all the layers of the roofing cake. Initially, the rafters are sheathed vapor barrier membrane starting from the bottom of the roof. The joints of the material are glued with tape. Then the insulation is laid. Between the insulation layer of the roof, it is necessary to install air vents to ventilate the space. Poor ventilation will lead to condensation and dampness. Roof covering should be selected taking into account its thermal insulation qualities, so the use of metal is not desirable. For insulation, choose safe, non-flammable materials that are not exposed to moisture. These materials include expanded polystyrene and foam glass. After insulation, waterproofing is installed.

The lathing is made directly under the selected type of roofing.

Using the attic instead of a full-fledged second floor makes it possible to rationally use the available space and significantly expand the living area. There are many options for attics; the most popular of these is the sloping roof, which is not only aesthetically pleasing but also financially beneficial. If you wish, you can build such an attic with your own hands.

Users often search:

What parts does a broken attic consist of?

The first stage of roof construction is design and calculation; regardless of whether the project is ordered from a special organization or it is planned to make a design drawing on your own, first of all it is necessary to figure out which main parts the broken attic consists of.

In essence, a sloping roof is a residential attic, well insulated and protected from moisture and noise to make it comfortable to live in. Therefore, in design, it differs slightly from an ordinary gable roof.

The following basic elements of a sloping roof are distinguished:

• vertical posts;
• tightening - horizontal beams;
• rafters - stiffeners, which are the skeleton of the entire structure;
• struts - diagonal beams supporting the rafters;
• mauerlat - wooden beams with special fasteners, connecting the structure to the walls of the house;
• ridge run- a set of upper elements of the rafter system;
• headstock - fastenings that ensure the rigidity of the hanging rafters;
• contractions - horizontal struts that remove part of the load from the rafters;
• lathing - a frame for fastening roofing material and insulation;
• roof - can be made of ceramic tiles, different types slate, profiled sheet and many other materials;
• heat, hydro and sound insulation.

Thus, the entire structure consists of a set of right-angled triangles. They are connected to each other by wooden beams. All the elements described are easy to find on the drawing of a broken attic.

Sloping roof specifications

The following requirements are imposed on sloped roofs:

• the height of the attic walls must exceed 2.2 m;
• good ventilation must be provided so that moisture does not condense under the roof;
• roofing material should be lightweight;
• the design must provide for measures against the effect of additional load on the rafter system - that is, the roof elements must withstand not only their own weight, but also, for example, snow;
• the attic loses heat faster than the lower floors, so special attention must be paid to thermal insulation;
• to provide fire safety all wooden beams and lathing elements should be treated with fire retardants.

Varieties of rafter systems

The device of a sloping roof is very simple - its slope breaks down into the lower and upper parts, each of which is set at its own angle. Most often they are mounted at an angle of 60–70 °, and 15–30 °, respectively.

Based design features mansards, such types of mansard sloping roofs can be distinguished.

1. Two types of rafters are used: hanging and layered. The attic floor beams are installed slightly short of the edges of the walls of the lower floor. The lower slope is made of layered rafters, which are attached to the walls of the house with a Mauerlat. The frame of the attic walls is made from the racks. These triangles are set along the walls and tied by contractions. From above, they are joined by triangles of hanging rafters, resting on a puff.
2. To increase the area of ​​the room, the lower edges of the rafters can be taken out of the house. In this case, they will not be attached to the Mauerlat, but to the overlap, which, in turn, is held on outer walls ah at home with a Mauerlat. The rafters are necessarily supported by struts. The racks go deep into the floor beams by no more than a third of their thickness.
3. This rafter system of a sloping roof differs in that the upper triangles are made of layered, not hanging rafters. In this case, the tightenings are supports for the upper triangle struts.

Sloped roof calculation

Before starting work, there are two calculations to be done:

• determining the amount of required building materials;
• calculation of the bearing capacity of the structure.

Determining how much material is needed is very simple due to the simple geometry of the sloping roof. It is not so easy to deal with the bearing capacity. To calculate it, you must take into account:

1. roof weight;
2. the approximate mass of snow;
3. the mass of the crate;
4. a lot of steam, hydro and thermal insulation materials;
5. roof dimensions;
6. installation angles of the slopes;
7. installation step of the elements of the rafter system and roof sheathing;
8. additional load: the mass of people and equipment, windows, ventilation, etc.

Based on these data and with the help of special programs, a calculation of the bearing capacity is made. Depending on what bearing capacity is required, the cross-sectional area of ​​the timber used in construction is selected. If something does not suit you, the project can be corrected by changing the rafter system, choosing a different roofing material, placing the rafters less frequently.

In most programs, the structure of a sloping roof can be visualized - the 3D model will immediately see how the changes will affect appearance attic.

What materials do you need to prepare?

After the development of the project, it will be clear which timber with what section should be used, which roofing material is better to choose, what kind of roof lathing should be. You will have to purchase a wide variety of lumber: timber for the formation of the Mauerlat, edged boards for the rafter system, boards for the sheathing. They need to be chosen correctly in order for the design to be durable and reliable.

Tips for choosing lumber:

• conifers are best suited for the construction of an attic - pine, spruce - they are strong and tough enough to withstand the entire load;
• the wood must be well dried - its moisture content should not exceed 20%;
• the material must be free of knots, cracks, traces of biological damage and other defects.

Before installation, all wood is treated with fire retardants and antiseptic agents, as well as impregnations from decay. This treatment should be repeated periodically so that you do not have to replace load-bearing elements constructions.

In addition to the main material, you need to stock up on metal fasteners to connect the rafters to the Mauerlat and to each other, insulating and roofing materials.

Roof installation

Mauerlat installation

The construction of a sloping roof begins with the installation of a Mauerlat, to which the ends of the rafters will be attached. The nuances of this stage differ depending on the material from which the lower floor is built - if its walls are stone, you need to punch holes for anchors in them in advance and install fasteners. The distance between the anchors should not exceed 2 m.

A waterproofing material is laid on the surface of the wall. Then the timber is marked out, holes are drilled at the points of installation of the fasteners. The Mauerlat is put on the anchor and is tightly attracted by the nuts.

Installation of floor beams

Installation sequence:

• first, the extreme beams are placed from the ends of the building;
• strings are pulled between them to indicate the plane;
• intermediate beams are installed.

Installation of racks

The racks must be placed strictly vertically. The principle of operation is the same as in the case of floor beams - first, the extreme posts are mounted, then the intermediate ones in the same plane. The step between the structural elements should not exceed 2 m. The racks are fixed with temporary struts. The height of the beams is 10 cm higher than the planned height of the ceilings.

Girders are installed between the posts from edged boards... As a result, you should get a ready-made frame for interior walls attic.

Installation of puffs

The crossbeams are not connected to the uprights, but to the girders using metal roof corners. If the width of the room is large, it is worth installing temporary spacers under each tightening so that when walking on them during the construction of the upper slopes, the beams do not break and do not bend.

Installation of rafters

The lower rafters are mounted first. They are put in the following order:

• mounting points on the Mauerlat are outlined - the step between them should be 1–1.2 m;
• on the rafter legs, attachment points are cut out according to a template;
• first, the extreme rafters are attached, then, as before, along the twine - intermediate;
• struts are installed in accordance with the drawing.

The upper rafters are placed in the same way - according to the template. They are attached to the puffs and interconnected; a longitudinal connection with a ridge beam is required only if the length of the attic exceeds 10 m. Otherwise, braces can be dispensed with, with which the structure of the broken attic roof will be quite rigid.

The last stages of work are the sheathing of the gables and the fastening of the sheathing for the roof. Window openings should be left in the gables (at least 1/8 of the total area of ​​the outer walls of the attic).

Insulation of the structure

It remains only to lay on the finished frame roofing cake... Its first layer is a vapor barrier, which prevents moisture from penetrating into the insulation. Heat-insulating material is laid on the vapor barrier membrane - it is recommended to use stone basalt slabs. They are laid in several layers with a shift of the joints, which will protect against the occurrence of cold bridges. The size of the slabs should be several cm larger than the pitch between the counter-lattice beams. So that the insulation does not sag and does not lose its performance characteristics, its density must be at least 35 kg / m 3.

From above, the insulation is covered with a waterproof membrane that allows steam to pass through, but does not allow liquid moisture to penetrate into the room. A roof is laid on top of the waterproofing layer - the features of its installation depend on the selected material.

After installing the roof, only the finishing touches will remain - installation of drainage, decorative trim... Inside finishing material also attaches to the battens above the thermal insulation. The sloping roof is built. As you can see, it is quite possible to do this with your own hands - only the design and calculation will probably have to be entrusted to professionals.

At the initial stage of construction, when it is far from even the approval of the project, a potential householder is considering many options of different size, number of storeys, planning in search of the most rational option. It has been proven by time, as well as by the experience of thousands of people, that the space in houses with an attic is most fully and effectively used. Thanks to the residential attic in houses with sloping roofs, the cost of one square meter in them is one and a half to two times lower than in two-storey dwellings of similar usable area.

However, the traditional triangle shape is completely unsuitable for attic equipment. Since its rather steep slopes conceal the available space, leaving only a narrow strip with a ceiling height suitable for comfortable life.

Therefore, most often the construction of an attic means that the house needs a sloping roof. This design is technically more complicated than that of a conventional gable, so it is very important to understand the structure of its rafter system, installation features, if you plan to do it yourself.

Basic structural elements

The sloping roof, resembling a pentagon in shape with an upper point on the ridge, is visually divided into an upper and a lower part. In the upper part, the slope of the slopes is more gentle, it is no more than 20-300, and in the lower part it is steeper, within 50-60 degrees. For its assembly, a mixed rafter system is used, consisting of hanging and layered rafter legs.

To form the necessary geometry of the slopes, to give the structure rigidity, a large number of elements are used, in view of which the sloping roof has an impressive weight. The main constituent parts roofs are rafters, mauerlat, floor beams, and additional - racks, headstock, struts, puffs. They are all made of solid wood. conifers, pretreated with a fire retardant, antiseptic.

• Mauerlat is a square beam laid at the base of the roof to distribute its weight evenly over load-bearing walls, as well as protecting the rafters from overturning.
• Rafters. The rafter legs, made from smooth, reliable boards, form a slope, converging in the ridge. In a sloping roof, the upper rafters are layered, since they have additional support on the racks. And the lower ones are hanging, because they seem to sag between the floor beams and the tightening. The distance between the rafters is chosen in the range of 60-120 cm, depending on the weight of the roofing material or the width of the insulation.
• Tightening. Also called a transom, a horizontal beam that ties the top rafters to reduce expansion. It also serves as a frame for creating an attic ceiling.
• Racks. Vertical supports, made of timber, transmitting the load from the layered rafters to the load-bearing walls through the tightening. Once covered with plywood, they become the walls of the attic, so the length of the uprights is determined by the desired ceiling height. Although 1.5-1.7 m is enough for arranging a living space, a ceiling of 2-2.5 m is considered the most comfortable, which may well be provided by a broken attic roof.
• Grandma. Vertical suspension that binds the skate to the tightness, compensating for its deflection.
• Braces. Also known as rafter legs, corner supports to prevent sagging of hanging rafters.

Mauerlat installation rules

Before making a sloping roof, you need to lay a Mauerlat according to building codes. The larger the roof area, the greater its weight, the thicker the timber should be. If for small buildings there is enough material with a section of 100x100 mm, then for houses with a large footage, a bar of 200x200 mm is used.

Before installation, the place of attachment is waterproofed; for this, a roofing material folded in half or several layers of film is laid. The method of mounting the Mauerlat depends on the material from which the house is being built. Most often it is installed on a block concrete screed using metal studs.

So that the strength of the Mauerlat of the sloping roof is not lost, as few holes as possible should be made in it. And the location of the pins should be calculated in such a way that they are not between the rafter legs, and not under them. V otherwise, the holes of the tie-in will be located too close to each other, which can lead to cracks, as well as the complete destruction of the Mauerlat.

The sequence of assembling the rafter system

Many instructions on how to make a sloping roof do not describe in too much detail the process of assembling a rafter system, the construction of which is as follows:

Additional thermal insulation

Since the attic room under a sloping roof is used for residential purposes, it is imperative to insulate it. Experts recommend using mineral wool on a basalt base in the form of rolls or slabs.

For middle lane In Russia, a layer of insulation equal to 150 mm is enough. You will also need a vapor barrier film, a moisture-proof membrane and a frame on which all this will be attached.

On inside stingrays, a counter-crate is being established. For this, a board is used, the width of which is a couple of centimeters wider than the thickness of the insulation, since the insulation in no case should be tamped.

That is, for a layer of mineral wool of 150 mm, a board of 50x200 mm is suitable. This gap is also required for air circulation for natural ventilation. The insulation is laid between the beams of the counter-sheathing, and inside it is sewn up with the selected material.

Construction of gables

Pediment - a part of the wall bounded by the roof slopes, and from below by the cornice. At a sloping roof, it has a pentagonal shape. For the construction of the pediment, it is necessary to strengthen the first truss, supplement the structure with racks, so that a frame is obtained.

• If windows are located on the pediment, openings are left for them. The rest of the space is sheathed with "inch".
• The gable of a sloping roof can be installed before or after roofing. The first method is good because the slopes will not interfere with the work, and the second because the geometry of the slopes has already been set.
• The gable space also needs insulation, which is most often carried out inside.
• Professional roofers advise using basalt mineral wool or polystyrene-based insulation for thermal insulation of a sloping roof.

The next step will be the installation of cornice boards around the perimeter of the building. The size of the lumber can be 25x150 mm. Then the time comes for the installation of the drainage system, which the sloping roof needs.

It is not difficult to install the structure with your own hands, however, after laying the roofing material, it will be more difficult to do this. If metal gutter clips are used, then they need to be fixed directly to the rafters under the waterproofing, and if plastic - to the frontal board.

Construction of the lathing

The lathing of the sloping roof is a kind of base on which the roof is subsequently laid. It can be solid or lattice depending on the type of material.

1. Solid. They are made from sheets of moisture-resistant plywood, which are laid in solid blocks on the rafters. Used for fixing ondulin, shinglas, slate.
2. Lattice. It is made of unedged boards, which are laid perpendicular to the rafters. It is used when laying metal tiles, corrugated board.

It is more convenient to do a lathing on a sloping roof, if scaffolding has already been established around the perimeter of the house, they are in any case necessary for the construction of the roof. First, a waterproofing film is fixed on the rafter legs, for this it will come in handy construction stapler... The film is laid with an overlap of 10-15 cm. Then the counter battens and the battens are attached. The length of the planks must exceed the length of the roof to form the gable overhang and gable ebb.

Roof decking

The sequence of roofing work on a sloping roof is determined primarily by the material selected. Let's talk about the installation of metal tiles, as they are the most popular in private construction. For laying, you need a powerful screwdriver, a tool suitable for cutting metal, a hammer, a tape measure, a marker, galvanized self-tapping screws with a rubber head. First, the sheets of metal tiles are cut, and then installation, starting with the ridge.

Important! Self-tapping screws should be screwed in at the bottom of the pattern wave. Otherwise, the sheet is deformed, the fastening comes out fragile, which is why the roof will "buzz" in windy weather.

• In addition to the roofing material, the sloping roof must be equipped with other important elements: ridge board, snow guard.
• The ridge is installed with an overlap of 10 centimeters on the metal roofing on both slopes.

Snow holders are used to prevent snow from melting, it is a small cornice. They are fixed at a short distance from the end of the slopes on self-tapping screws, taking into account that the snow holders must withstand a heavy load, especially in snowfalls.

A do-it-yourself broken roof will not only save on wages for the brigade of workers, but will give confidence that the processes were carried out correctly, since the construction was carried out in compliance with the technology.

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