In an effort to make the most efficient use of any available space in your country house the owners sooner or later come to the arrangement of the attic. Moreover, many dream of coping with this on their own.

But do they only know that a mansard roof erected by their own hands will actually be reliable and durable only if they follow certain rules and requirements. It would not be entirely correct to say that the construction of a mansard roof by technology is very different from the construction of other roofs, however, there is still a certain difference. So what makes a mansard roof different?

Varieties of attic roofs

Roof roof do it yourself - this is a great opportunity to expand the usable space in a private house. What the dimensions of the space enclosed between the gables of the building and the roof slopes will be depends on the shape and construction of the roof.

Mansard roof: photo of a roof with broken slopes

Roof attic type there are several types:

Shed. This is the simplest option, however, in practice, it is rarely used, for the most part, to make attics on small country houses.

Double Slope Skylight Projects

The following types of gable roofs are distinguished: gable and broken. The gable gable, perhaps, has no rivals in popularity yet. Neither its design, nor construction with your own hands, as a rule, do not cause any particular difficulties.

Gable roof attic

The scheme of a mansard roof with a symmetrical gable system is quite simple. The gables of such houses, more often wooden ones, have a triangular shape. The supporting structure of the gable roof attic includes inclined or hanging rafters.

On a note: for buildings up to 6 m wide, the option of a classic roof with a slope of 45 degrees is considered optimal. For wider ones, pointed ones are suitable - with an angle of inclination of 60 degrees.

Gable roof structure

A sloping mansard roof differs from a gable roof by the presence on each of the slopes of two sloping planes, gently sloping and steep. The slope of the upper one is approximately 20-30 degrees, the lower one is 60-80 degrees. This is an economical option for a private house, the width of which is no more than 6 m.It is a little more difficult to make a broken attic roof with your own hands, but it pays off with a full-fledged attic floor area, which allows you to equip a bedroom, nursery, kitchen, etc. type consists of trusses in which the rafters are reinforced with uprights, and the lower belt becomes the basis of the attic floor. Fracture points are reinforced with stretch marks.

Construction of the attic floor of a sloping and plucked roof

Another type of gable is the half-hip. It can be designed as a whole, like an ordinary symmetric rafter structure supported by a Mauerlat, with the only difference that there are small slopes above its gables.

Four-pitched mansard roof

The design of the four-pitched roof allows you to equip an additional floor under it - spacious and comfortable. Installing a four-slope mansard roof is certainly more difficult than making a gable system. Its rafter system is considered the most complex. The placement of roof windows requires a special approach. In a hip roof, they are usually installed in the plane of the roof pie. Beautiful ones provide effective lighting.

Important: there is, however, a certain disadvantage in such a solution. If the windows are not tightly closed during bad weather, the room will flood rainwater.

Vertical roof windows on a Danish hip roof

More practical in this sense is the Danish variant. Unlike the classic hip, in their upper part there are gables that allow you to organize the lighting of the attic using ordinary vertical windows.

Hip roof skeleton with attic

In an ordinary hip roof, the rafters are straight, without fractures. The upper end of the corner ribs rests on a ridge, the length of which depends, in particular, on the planned rafter system. Gable roofs are also broken. The implementation of such a structure is rather complicated, but it allows you to obtain, in accordance with the plan, a significant increase in the usable space of the attic floor.

The hip attic is almost hip. Almost, because all of its slopes, which have the shape of an isosceles triangle, are conjugated at one point, that is hipped roof does not have a ridge.

Domed roof

The variety of mansard roofs does not end there.

• Multi-plucked, which are a combination of several gable ones, have a complex geometry with many kinks.
• Conical, vaulted, domed with exquisite design etc.

All of these options are considered very difficult to execute and initially require a professional approach. This is a whole complex of tasks, starting from the drawing and calculation and ending with the coating material, for which you need to find the right solution. The unusual and special aesthetics of these roofs, as a rule, increase the number of sloping kinks, which form many inner corners(endova). Each of them carries a potential danger to the integrity of the roof. These areas tend to retain rainwater and form snow bags that cause leaks.

Roofs of houses with an attic: a photo of the main overlap options

Calculation of the attic roof in this case is almost impossible without special skills, so if your dream is to have an attic roof with your own hands, then choose a project with fewer complex elements so as not to face the need for constant repairs.

How to calculate a mansard roof

The construction of a mansard roof, in comparison with the usual one, is distinguished by the presence of many additional elements eg roof exits or skylights. Quite often, attic projects also include balconies or terraces. All this, of course, somewhat complicates the rafter system of the structure, along with this, its calculation.

An attic roof is erected not only during the construction of a house, it can also be the reconstruction of a non-residential attic into a residential heated room, and then its size and area can be severely limited. All this is taken into account when choosing and calculating the rafter system. In addition to rafters, the supporting system, as a rule, includes racks, crossbars, struts, suspensions, and for each of them it is necessary to correctly calculate the cross-section.

Attic roof: attic frame drawings

Calculation of the roof area

The next step is to calculate the area of ​​the roof itself. The simplest options are single and gable roofs. To calculate the area, elementary formulas from the school geometry course are used: the length and width of the ramp are multiplied. For a single-slope, this will be the desired value, and for a dual-slope, the obtained values ​​are added.

Let's take a more complex polygonal surface as an example. To calculate the area, all of it is conventionally divided into separate elementary geometric figures, calculate the area of ​​each of them and add the results.

The plan of the attic roof will help to isolate the figures required for the calculation.

How to calculate the roof slope without errors

How to build an attic roof so that it is comfortable and warm, but at the same time safe, resistant to various influences, and within the budget that suits your capabilities? When constructing an attic, it is necessary to take into account all the requirements as a whole, since they, to one degree or another, are interconnected. For example,

• at a large angle of inclination, the load on the rafter system is much reduced. This is on the one hand, and on the other, it is shrinking effective area attic, and material costs increase significantly;
• an excessively small slope increases the climatic loads experienced by the roof, therefore the calculation is carried out taking into account the increased strength. At the same time, the weight of the structure increases, due to which the load on the foundation increases significantly.

The relationship between the angle of inclination and the rafter system

When calculating the angle of inclination, the following factors are taken into account:

• climatic conditions, in particular, the level of precipitation in a given area, maximum wind and snow loads;
• architectural solution;
• design features houses and attics;
• roofing material.

On a note: for a gable roof, a slope of 45 degrees is considered optimal, and for a broken one - 60 for the lower and 30 for upper slopes, respectively. With such parameters, with a well-thought-out interior, you can get a room that is convenient for living.

Formulas for calculating the angle of inclination of a hip roof

For an individual calculation of the slope, knowledge of the basics of geometry is enough. In the section from the side of the gables, the roof most often has a triangular shape. Having the values ​​of the height and base, you can easily calculate the length of the side and the value of the adjacent angle. In the calculations, the Bradis tables are used, which allow the angle itself to be found by the value of the tangent.

How to build a mansard roof correctly

So, how to make an attic roof so that the space under it becomes as convenient and useful as possible? We will not focus your attention on the description and calculation of the rafter system and start step-by-step description assembly of the roof attic with the installation of the Mauerlat.

Mauerlata is a square beam (100x100 or 150x150 mm), on which the entire roof structure is supported. Moreover, it evenly distributes the load on the foundation and building construction... It must be carefully secured. For example, in brick houses pouring a beam from monolithic concrete, into which the fastening pins are mounted, on which the Mauerlat is mounted.

Mauerlat fixed to the wall

To build a sloping roof for the attic, you first need to get a frame for the walls. This is a structure of vertically installed support legs with horizontal trusses. Their height, taking into account the requirements for the attic room, should be at least 2 m. The rafter system will be further assembled on the frame, therefore, the support posts are installed in accordance with the previously calculated rafter pitch.

Erection of the frame of a sloping attic roof

The installation procedure is as follows:

• U-shaped racks are mounted on the fronts of the building;
• the cord is pulled strictly horizontally between them, if necessary, the racks are adjusted in height;
• with a reference point on the cord, install the remaining arches;
• connect them with horizontal jumpers.

Installation of rafters

Installation of rafters begins with a maximum angle of inclination.

Installation of side rafters

A groove is cut out at the base of the timber, and the upper part is cut off at a certain angle. Then each rafter is fastened with a groove to the Mauerlat, and with the upper end of the main structure.

Fastening the rafters to the Mauerlat

The next step is to install the upper rafters. It is very important here not to disturb the alignment of the structure. To do this, you can make a template from long boards according to the optimal angle of inclination of these rafters.

Top rafter template

Then, according to the template, for convenience, first on the ground, L-shaped structures are made, raised to the roof and firmly fixed on the frame.

Important: for a heavy rafter structure in long mansards (more than 7 m), it is better to install a ridge beam through which the loads are evenly distributed.

Depending on the chosen coating, a solid or sparse crate is stuffed onto the rafters.

Attic Roofing Pie

The technology for building a roof of the attic type, as you can see, is not very complicated, nevertheless it will be useful to see how, in practice, how to build an attic roof with your own hands. Video materials also present how to correctly perform fasteners.

Mansard structure attic space allows not only to increase the living area of ​​the house, but also to make the building unusual and beautiful. Moreover, a building with this type of roof can be made in almost any style. A mansard-type roof, the design options of which can be very different, is found both in urban areas and in rural areas. Let's consider how to create such a structure on our own, and find out what its features are.

Mansard roof - options

Such a roof has a special slope design, usually consisting of an upper sloping part and a steeper lower one. Thanks to this shape, a fairly spacious room appears inside, which can be used as an attic or even turn into a very cozy living room.

The history of attics began in the 17th century, such a roof structure was invented by the architect François Mansart - such a roof was named after his name. But this Frenchman was far from the first to implement the idea. economical use attic floor Houses. The first mansard roof was built by Pierre Lescaut, also a Frenchman, who worked on the construction of such famous buildings as the Louvre and Notre Dame de Paris.

On a note! In the nineteenth century, poor people usually lived on the attic floors, but now this floor can appear in housing and quite wealthy.

Nowadays attics are often built during construction. country houses or small two-story cottages, but the idea may well be implemented when creating other types of buildings. The attic has a number of advantages:

• building a house with an attic is cheaper than with two full floors and a roof;
• foundation costs for the construction of such a structure are also reduced;
• the attic is able to significantly increase the living area of ​​any building;
• it gives the house an unusual and beautiful look;
• it is not difficult to build a structure, the work can be completed quite quickly;
• the attic is always associated with comfort;
• a house with an attic is warmer by reducing heat loss through the roof.

But attics also have several disadvantages. This type of attic has sloped ceilings, which makes the height of the walls small, which makes it difficult to choose furniture. Also, the roof should be well mounted so as not to leak and release heat from the house - you will have to spend money on good hydro and thermal insulation materials. Yes, and building attics is still more difficult than, for example, an ordinary one. gable roof.

Design features

The attic is a universal element. It was used both for ordinary houses and for the construction of country houses; often this type of attic space was chosen even for the construction of palaces. Of course, she could decorate workshops, commercial buildings, etc. And despite the fact that for her construction different materials, got out different styles, the attic was still an attic - it has certain design features.

So, this building can have different geometric shape- triangular, broken, have symmetrical or, conversely, geometrically complex and non-standard slopes. It can be located both along the entire width of the structure, and only on one side of it relative to the longitudinal axis.

Timber prices

On a note! If the roof is broken, then the lower part will have very steep slopes with an angle of inclination of about 60-70 degrees, and on the top the slopes, on the contrary, will be gentle (about 15-30 degrees).

But whatever the attic, it will be within the walls of the main building. Relative to the outer walls, the attic may be somewhat wider, but then it relies on the offsets of the ceilings. If the takeaway is large, then you will have to install additional supports(e.g. columns, walls, etc.).

Height mansard roof cannot be less than 2.5 m, otherwise it will not work to make a spacious room under it. Windows, which must also be provided here, will be manufactured using special technologies using tempered durable glass and a reliable frame. They will cost several times more than usual. A bearing structures can be made of reinforced concrete, metal or wood. But in the case of the latter, it is important to carefully consider fire safety measures.

The mansard roof is a multilayer structure, which complicates installation. It can be insulated completely or only in the area of ​​the living room - where there is heating. But in any case, the construction of the attic implies the presence of rafters, a ridge, directly roofing material, heat and waterproofing, a vapor barrier layer. The interfloor overlap will act as a base under the roof.

The roof rafters must have good load-bearing capacity. The cross-section of the materials used will depend on the angle of the roof slope and cannot be less than 5x15 cm with a step of 100 cm.If the slope angle is 45 degrees, then a step of 140 cm is maintained.

Attention! In areas where snowfall is frequent and the amount of precipitation is high, it is recommended to install rafters in increments of no more than 80 cm.

If the attic will be used as a living space, then it is important to consider that in this case there is a risk of formation a large number condensation water under the roof. Because of this, foci of mold may appear inside the structure, fungus may develop, etc. The presence of a large amount of moisture will negatively affect the insulating properties of the material. That is why it is important to follow all the rules for installing the attic roof, and thermal insulation material must be reliably protected from moisture penetration not only from the outside, but also from the inside, that is, a layer of vapor barrier material is also located on this side.

Important! Do not forget about creating roof vents that will allow air to circulate calmly inside the roof structure and help remove condensation.

Types of mansard roofs

There are 4 main types of attic roofs, which differ from each other in design features. They can be divided into single-level and two-level. The first ones are the simplest in execution, usually combined with a sloping or gable roof with a slope angle of 35-45 degrees. The second ones involve the arrangement of two rooms at different levels. A mixed support system is used here.

On a note! When building an attic under a gable roof, the height of the walls can be no more than 1.5 m, followed by sloped ceilings. With a broken roof, the ceiling height around the perimeter of the walls is up to 2.5 m.

When building a house, you can stop at one of the types of attics - a single-level attic when arranging a gable roof, single-level with a broken roof, with outboard consoles, or a two-level with a special mixed type of supports.

Table. The main types of attics.

A type	Description
	In this case, the attic has one level and is set up under a conventional gable roof. The simplest option, in the design of which you can not use complex calculations. Precipitation from a simple gable roof disappears by itself, there is no need to equip any additional elements.
	In this case, the attic also has one level, but rafter system performed differently. Four roof slopes are formed, as it were. A much more spacious room can fit under it, but creating such a roof is more difficult.
	Of the single-level attics, this is the most difficult option... Here the room under the roof is even more spacious. Usually, in this case, the attic room turns out to be shifted to one of the edges of the house. This design allows you to make large vertical windows from one side. The main disadvantages are - complex form, the complexity of construction. But on the other hand, under the edge of such an attic, you can make a functional shed, where a terrace, garage or other extension can be located.
	The most difficult version of the attic, since at least two rooms under the roof, located at different levels, are set up here. When designing a house, such a design immediately enters into its structure.

The mansard roof can also have a balcony. It is created on the principle of building a window. The main thing that load bearing capacity walls allowed to equip it. By the way, columns can also support the balcony, but in this case it is built above the entrance.

Types of rafters for attics

Roof trusses can be of two types - and layered. You will have to choose between them depending on the method of attachment to the walls of the house. Hangers are simpler and are usually used for houses that do not have an average load-bearing wall. The rafters rest only on the main walls of the house, without intermediate supports. The width of the span between the walls cannot be large - usually it does not exceed 6 m. If the span is larger (over 9 m), then you will need to arrange struts, attendants.

Slab rafters are usually used when creating houses with two spans, that is, those that have a load-bearing wall in the middle. In this case, the rafters have three points of support - this wall itself, as well as the main ones along the perimeter of the house.

Material for the manufacture of rafter system

The rafters can be made of metal, reinforced concrete or wood. Each material has its own advantages and disadvantages. Rafters made of wood are environmentally friendly, they are easy to use, they can be easily adjusted to the desired size. But wooden structures are afraid of excess moisture and are susceptible to the formation of mold and mildew on them.

On a note! Before construction wood materials it is recommended to process protective compounds that will extend their service life.

Metallic and reinforced concrete structures you can not cover with such compounds - fungus and mold do not appear on them. Due to this, they are considered more reliable and durable. But the main disadvantage is that, if necessary, adjust them on the spot to the right size it will be difficult, and the slightest mistake in the calculations can lead to the roof being skewed. Also, a master working with reinforced concrete or metal rafters may face other difficulties - this is a large mass of products, which forces the use of special equipment even for lifting elements.

Difficulties and features of the arrangement of the attic roof

When designing and building a mansard roof, a number of design features should be taken into account, based on which a number of operating rules are formed. For example, the Mauerlat must be anchored very securely with anchor bolts. It is he who will experience the maximum load, which means that he will hold the entire roof on him. Anchors are additionally recommended to be bricked up cement mixture, if the main walls of the house are made of stone, brick and other similar materials.

It is also important to remember about correct design and roof layers. For example, mansard roofs must not be covered with metal roofing materials. They get very hot and it will be too hot on the top floor in summer, there can be no question of any comfort of living. As waterproofing material it is not advised to use roofing material - when heated, it begins to smell specifically. It is best to cover the attic roof with slate or soft tiles... For thermal insulation, it is usually recommended to purchase mineral wool, which is laid with a waterproofing film on both sides.

To use the entire possible area, give the house originality and significantly reduce heat loss through the roof - these are the tasks that the attic solves. If there is a certain margin of safety at the foundation in this way, you can turn cottage in a two-level. It is also attractive that a mansard roof was built with your own hands, even without the presence of special construction skills. It is important not to be mistaken with the choice of materials and do everything according to the rules.

The windows on the regular floor are located in the walls. There are no or almost no walls in the attic. They are replaced by a roof. Therefore, the windows are made special: they must not only transmit light in sufficient quantities, but also withstand wind and snow loads, which are much greater on the roof than on the walls.

Roof windows

When planning an attic, it is worth considering the recommendations of SNiP. They recommend making the area of ​​windows not less than 10% of the floor area. So if the attic will be divided into several rooms, there should be a window in each.

Of all the methods shown in the photo for arranging roof windows with an attic, an inclined installation is the easiest to implement. In this case, it is necessary to ensure the proper degree of waterproofing of the junction, as well as to use special models with a reinforced frame and reinforced glass - the load on the surface can be significant.

Advantages of a tilted roof window:

• more light, less sharp boundaries of light and shadow;
• the surface of the roof remains flat, its relief is not complicated;
• relatively easy installation.

When planning such a window, it must be remembered that its area increases with an increase in the angle of inclination. At what height it is more convenient to install such a window and how its height increases in centimeters depending on the tilt, look at the photo.

The steeper the slope relative to the floor, the lower the window height should be.

The width of the window frame should be 4-6 cm less than the step between the rafters. Then it can be easily installed without disturbing the structure of the frame. If the window is wider, it is necessary to make a reinforced beam above it, calculate the load.

If you need to have a larger window, it is easier to put two narrow ones side by side. They look no worse than one big one, and there will be fewer problems.

When installing a dormer window, the geometry of the roof becomes more complicated: a valley appears on top and on the sides. Because of this, the rafter system becomes more complex both in planning and in assembly. The complexity of the installation of the roof covering also increases. All valleys are where leaks are most likely to occur. Therefore, everything must be done very carefully here. In regions with large quantity it is advisable to install snow holders above such windows: so that during a sharp descent they are not blown away.

Arrangement of a vertical window-dormer in the attic roof

The advantage of such a window: you can stand near it in full growth. But they let in less light, the relief becomes more difficult and the roof becomes more problematic.

A recessed window is usually used if you make an exit to the balcony through it. In other cases, this device method is not the best way: little light enters, the shadows turn out to be very deep, which is tiring for the eye, the geometry also becomes more complicated, although not to the same extent as in the previous version.

The easiest way is to make a window at the end of the attic. In this case, you do not need a reinforced frame or reinforced glass. It is quite enough just high-quality glasses. It is this option that can most often be seen in country attics: this is the most inexpensive option, which is easily done by hand.

Rafter system

When self-building private houses with an attic, usually a broken roof is chosen. It allows you to get a room of a large area, larger than under the gable.

With an equal width of the base (house), an attic room under a broken roof turns out to be larger than under a conventional gable. The rafter system becomes more complex, but the gable roof with an attic under a sloping roof is still more popular.

The design of the sloping mansard roof is such that the overhangs can be lowered quite low, giving the house interesting view... But the long overhang of the roof serves not only a decorative role. They also cover the upper part of the wall from precipitation and divert the bulk of the water away from the foundation. Although when planning you need to keep in mind that in strong winds they increase windage. Because of this, it is necessary to use more powerful boards and beams. Therefore, the size of the roof overhang is chosen based on several considerations, the main of which is weather conditions.

Tilt angle

Depends on the roofing material, but most of all - on the region and weather conditions. The classic version is shown in the figure: the lower slopes in relation to the attic floor plane are inclined by 60 °, the upper ones - by 30 °. Based on these data and the parameters of your building, all lengths can be calculated. It is only worth considering that according to SNiP, the ceiling height in the attic cannot be less than 2 m. Then, by definition, it is an attic. A person will feel comfortable if the ceiling is raised to a height of at least 2.2-2.3 m. Based on this, according to the rules of geometry, calculate the required lengths.

In the classic version, the load from precipitation on the side surfaces may not be taken into account. Precipitation will be able to stay only on the upper part, the angle of inclination of which is less than 45 °.

In general, the inclination of the side surfaces usually ranges between 45 ° and 80 °. The steeper the slope, the more windage it has, this must be taken into account: in regions with strong winds it is better to make flatter roofs. Then wind loads will be perceived much better.

Types of rafter systems of sloping roofs

The construction of a sloping mansard roof is one of the options for the rafter system (the most common)

To make a broken roof frame with their own hands, they most often use pine lumber, grade - not less than 2. The choice of the section of the timber and boards depends on the size of the roof, the selected roofing (its weight), wind and snow load in the region, the step of installing the rafters. All these parameters are taken into account in the calculation. The technique is prescribed in SNiP 2.08.01-89 and TKP 45-5.05-146-2009.

One of the options for constructing a frame with hanging rafters

Above in the figure will lead a drawing of a frame with hanging rafters. It can only be realized if the base of the upper triangle is no more than 4.5 meters (in this case, it is the width attic room). If more, you will have to make layered rafters, which should rest on the load-bearing wall in the middle (the attic will turn out to be divided into two parts by a row of beams).

Another version of the upper part is shown in the photo below (the picture is clickable). In this case, the side rafters are reinforced with struts. They significantly increase the rigidity of the system.

There is a second way to achieve a similar effect - to establish contractions - in the figure, they are only outlined with barely visible lines. The length of the lateral rafter leg is divided by three, and contractions are set in these places. They will be needed if the roofing will have a solid weight.

A variant of the device for the rafter system of a broken roof - with struts that increase the rigidity of the system

For a small building in terms of dimensions, the roof frame can be generally simple: at the top there are two hanging rafter legs, a tightening, floor beams, racks and side rafters (pictured below).

The device of the rafter system of a broken mansard roof for small house

How to calculate a sloping roof

The broken roof attic of a small house (no more than 6-7 meters wide) has been built so many times that, based on experience, we can say which materials are worth using. Many parameters are dependent on other materials. For example, the step of installing the rafters is tied to the parameters of the insulation. In order to have as little waste as possible during insulation, installation was easier, it is necessary that the distance from one rack to another be slightly less than the width of the insulation (by 20-30 mm). So, if you are going to use mineral wool, its width is 60 cm. Then the racks must be installed so that the gap between two adjacent ones is 57-58 cm and no more.

The width of the board for the rafter leg is again determined based on the insulation. For the middle zone of Russia required thickness basalt wool is 200-250 mm. That's not all. In order for the insulation to dry out, a ventilation gap of 20-30 mm is required (without it, condensation will gradually rot the wood and render the mineral wool unusable). In total, it turns out that, at a minimum, the width of the rafter leg should be 230 mm. Board thickness - at least 50 mm. This is in regions with light winds and not very heavy snowfalls. To summarize, for all rafters - ridge and side - a board of 230 * 50 mm is required.

If lumber with such characteristics turns out to be too expensive, it will be possible to make insulation in two directions: part along the rafters, partly, filling the crate, across. It is possible to lay at least 100 mm of basalt wool, therefore, you can take a standard board of 50 * 150 mm and leave 50 mm for the ventilation gap, or order a non-standard 130 * 50 mm. Look what is more profitable in terms of money.

For racks and beams, it is better to take a bar of at least 80 * 80 mm, better - 100 * 100 mm. Especially in areas with difficult weather conditions - with heavy snowfalls or strong winds.

Order a more accurate calculation from specialists. This is a long-term process, which consists of collecting loads from the roofing material, the structural elements themselves, wind and snow loads. After that, according to a certain formula, there is a selection of elements. More detailed information, how the calculation is carried out, see the next video.

Do-it-yourself mansard roof: installation procedure

The Mauerlat device on mansard roofs is no different from the standard version. If or logs, the upper crown can be used as a Mauerlat. It is only pretreated with an impregnation with high protective properties.

If the wall is made of foam blocks, a reinforced monolithic belt... On the brick wall or folded from shell rock, other similar materials, the device of such a belt is optional. Waterproofing is laid on the wall in two layers, and on top - a timber treated with an antiseptic - 150 * 150 mm or a log. It is secured with embedded pins.

When assembling all elements, long nails are used - at least 150 mm in length. In the most critical places, it is better to connect three or more elements with bolts or studs with double-sided threads. It is advisable to reinforce all joints with steel plates or corners.

The first way

The installation of the attic roof rafters is done in two ways. First: they collect the parts on the ground, then they are raised up in finished form. There, the first to expose the extreme structures, which will become gables. They are placed vertically, secured. It is often more convenient to secure them with long bars nailed to the wall (temporary). The following assembled structures are inserted into the prepared recesses in the Mauerlat (they are made with the required pitch). They are exposed strictly vertically, carefully fixed. If necessary, install additional temporary spacers that fix them in the desired position. Side beams are installed.

How to build a sloping roof in this way, to collect nodes, see the video below.

Second way

The second method - the construction of a sloping roof is carried out sequentially collecting elements right on the spot. This method is more convenient if the structure is large and when assembled it can only be lifted using special equipment (crane).

First, the floor beams are laid. Racks and puffs are attached to them, temporary spacers are placed to hold them in the vertical direction. Next, the rafter upper and side legs are assembled, puffs and jibs are installed.

During installation, the following sequence of actions is observed: first, the extreme elements are installed and set in the desired position, securely fixed. Use temporary spacers if necessary. A fishing line, rope, lace is pulled between them, which will serve as a guide for the installation of all subsequent elements. This simple move allows you to get perfect geometry (do not forget to check the slope angle, verticality or horizontalness).

On top of the racks, puffs are attached - bars, to which the side rafters are then fixed and on which the tightening of the upper triangle is installed. Puffs are fastened with metal corners. Since the beams are long, they sag. This is further eliminated - after the installation of the upper rafter legs - using vertical beams of fixed or adjustable height. And temporarily they can be propped up with racks (so as not to pull the entire system).

To make it easier to maintain the desired angle when installing the side rafter legs, templates are made according to which the cuts are made. But since the geometry of DIY buildings is rarely perfect, adjustments may be needed. To check the resulting angle of inclination, another template is knocked down from several boards, which checks the correct installation.

If the standard length of lumber - 6 meters - is not enough, or they order the required length (expensive) or build up. When building up, two boards at least 0.6 meters in size are nailed to the junction (30 cm on each side of the junction). They are nailed on both sides or bolts are used.

A reliable way to build rafters. The length of the "patch" - not less than 60 cm

After installing the side rafters, it remains to install the upper ones. For them, a template is also made, it is first filed on the ground, and installed at the top.

The top can be made in different ways. Its structure depends on the width of the base. How to do it, see the photo below.

Since the device of a mansard broken roof does not provide for the presence of a ridge, a bar is packed for tightening in the middle, to which the slopes are attached, fixing the triangle in the required position.

Nodes and their drawings

When installing the rafter system, questions may arise about the assembly of nodes - the intersection and connection of several structural elements. In the photo you see drawings of key connections.

The second option is to connect the side layered rafters and the upper triangle. Bolts are used for more reliable fastening.

How to make a do-it-yourself fastening of the upper tegonal and rafter legs on the attic roof

The methods of attaching the rafter legs to the Mauerlat or, as in this case, to the side beam are shown in the figure below. To make it easier to mount a heavy element, a stubborn board (bar) is nailed to the rafters from below, which limits its movement: the board rests against the edge and does not allow it to fall below.

At first glance, the functions of the roof are obvious - it is protection from precipitation, wind, cold. However, it is also an opportunity to increase the usable living space with an attic space. Even in own home square meters are never superfluous, so you should not recklessly neglect the opportunity to equip a full-fledged room or an additional bedroom without endangering the family budget.

The mansard gable roof has been known for a very long time, at first the premises under it were used only for servants' living, storage of things. Of course, the living conditions provided by such a construction cannot be called comfortable - no heating, no windows, a low overhanging ceiling. However, architects began to look for ways to use this space rationally. And, it must be admitted, they were found, since now a gable roof with an attic is in no way inferior in terms of convenience to the rest of the living quarters, especially, because with a reasonable approach it is possible to provide standard height ceiling, windows normal size and a comfortable temperature.

Advantages and disadvantages

Obtained by joining two ramps, like any building solution has its pros and cons, which the builder should be aware of in advance. The pluses include:

1. Its design does not require foundation reinforcement, which simplifies construction work and optimizes costs. The attic can be equipped even completely finished house, simply rebuilding, insulating the roof.
2. Ease of installation. This design easy to assemble, even a few craftsmen or a team of two people can handle it.
3. Rationality. Effective use space under the roof, which can be equipped as a study, winter Garden... A gable roof with an unheated attic room is suitable for seasonal storage.
4. Availability. All materials used are inexpensive and available for purchase.
5. Low cost. A square meter of living space when installing an attic roof with your own hands will cost you much less than building an extension or a full-fledged second floor.

Below are, if I may say so, the disadvantages of a gable roof with an attic, which would be better called its features:

• To equip a spacious room with your own hands, you need a fairly high gable roof, the design of which is technically more complex.
• An increase in the slope of the roof slopes increases the consumption of materials, therefore, the cost of construction, even if you work with your own hands.
• The design assumes the possibility of heat loss during the heating season.
• Increased heating of the roof and under-roof space in hot weather.

Types of construction

Although the design gable roof with an attic is considered traditional, it has many different designs:

Gable blood device with attic

The most important in the construction of the attic is the rafter system, which, like a skeleton, like a frame, bears the weight of the roof, gives it the necessary shape and serves as the basis for floors. Therefore, it must be strong, capable of withstanding heavy loads. In order not to have doubts about its reliability, it is better to carry out an engineering calculation with your own hands or using a calculator to calculate the temporary and permanent loads to which it will be subjected. Each truss system consists of the following elements:

• Mauerlat. Roof base that is flush mounted around the top perimeter load-bearing walls... Usually, a beam is used as it, the section of which depends on the mass of the roof. Fasten it to metal studs or fittings, having previously waterproofed it with roofing material.
• Rafters. Boards measuring 50x150 mm or 100x150 mm, installed at an angle, with the upper part they converge into the ridge, and the lower rest against the Mauerlat. Rafter legs are the main supporting element of the system, it is they who give the roof a triangular shape, forming its slope. The distance between them is laid in the range from 60 to 120 cm.
• Skate. Top corner a triangle of a gable roof, formed at the meeting point of two rafter legs.
• Crossbars, stretch marks. Horizontal reinforcing elements installed between the rafters in order to absorb the bursting load. The higher this element is located, the thicker the timber is chosen for it.
• Racks, grandmas. The vertical supports, located under the center of the rafter or under the ridge, support the roof. They transfer the load from the ridge to the load-bearing internal walls.
• The brace. Rafter legs, corner support elements that transfer the load from the rafters to the load-bearing partition.
• Sill. In fact, the same Mauerlat, only located on top of the inner load-bearing floor, also made of square bar.
• Fight. A horizontal bar that absorbs the bursting load between the vertical supports of large roofs.
• Lathing. The base on which the roofing is subsequently covered. Most often used for it unedged board or moisture resistant plywood sheets. The gable roof is equipped with solid or lattice battens, depending on the roof material.

Installation steps

If you want to limit construction costs, the best option for you - a gable roof with a residential attic. You can build it with your own hands in a couple of weeks, and a small professional team will do it in a matter of days. The erection should begin with the installation of the lower beams, which can be dispensed with only if present wooden floor... The next step is to install the racks, they are fixed with brackets or spikes and propped up with temporary braces for greater stability, because they will become the "skeleton" of the attic. Next, the installation of the Mauerlat begins, on which the rafter legs are attached. Only straight boards, without knots, can be used as rafters.

First of all, the rafter legs are adjusted at the gables, and then along the entire length of the walls with a step of 60-120 cm, depending on the width of the insulation and the weight of the roofing material. The final part of the work should be the installation of waterproofing, vapor barrier, battens, counter battens. If a gable roof with an attic will be used as housing, it must be insulated with mineral wool basalt-based, ecowool or foam. At the end, the gables and overhangs are sheathed with any lumber, and the roof surface is covered with a metal tile, ondulin or euro slate. So, spending a minimum of funds, you can increase the living area of ​​your house by one and a half times with your own hands, making it comfortable and attractive!

Video instruction

In an effort to efficiently use all available space country house many owners equip the attic. In doing this, you must be prepared for the arrangement of the roof in a certain way. At its core, the attic is a converted attic and requires certain design solutions and some alterations in thermal insulation and roofing. In general, the construction of a mansard roof of a country house is not much different from the construction of other types of roofs. But due to the operational characteristics of the attic roof and the requirements imposed on it, it is necessary to have knowledge and understanding of the specifics of arranging this type of roof.

Types of mansard roofs

Like any construction works, the construction of the attic roof begins with the design stage and the selection of the most suitable attic roof for the structure, its type and type. For the attic, single-pitched or ordinary and broken gable roofs are used. On top of everything else, on appearance roofs are influenced by the materials used and the design features of the roof itself.

Depending on the structural features of the building itself, during the construction of the attic, several standard roof solutions are used. Mansard roofs: photo and description

• Gable roof for a single-level attic. This option is a conventional gable roof, under which the attic is set up. During the design and construction, there are no big difficulties due to the simplicity of calculations and the ease of work on the construction of the truss structure. The main disadvantage of this roof structure is the small attic interior with rather low ceilings.

• Sloped gable roof for a single-level attic. Unlike the usual gable roof for the attic, in broken structure 4 pitched planes are used, located under different angles... This type of roof structure is somewhat more difficult to design and build, but its indisputable advantage is its full-size interior.

• Single level mansard roof with outboard consoles. The construction of this type of roof is more complex in comparison with the previous ones. But a spacious room and full-fledged vertical windows compensate for the disadvantages in the complexity of design and construction. The design feature of an attic with such a roof is its displacement and extension beyond one of the sides of the house, and the roof looks more like a pitched roof.

• Two-level mansard roof with a mixed type of support. Roofs of this type are the most difficult to design and build. Such roofs are designed in conjunction with the house, as a whole, due to the multi-level placement of rooms.

Various projects of mansard roofs in their design are not much different from ordinary ones. pitched roofs... Of course, there are certain design features, but in general they are the same as gable or single-pitched, and consist of the following main elements:

. Roof... The outer part of the roof, which serves as a protection against various weather conditions.

. Lathing... Most often wooden planks to which the roof is attached, as well as insulation materials.

. Ridge run... The upper part of the entire rafter structure.

. Rafters... These are stiffeners of the entire roof structure; they can be layered and hanging. For the roof of the attic, layered rafters are used.

. Mauerlat... This structural element consists of beams laid along the perimeter of the outer walls and connected to the walls using special fasteners. The entire rafter structure is attached to the Mauerlat.

.Diagonal ties... To ensure the reliability and strength of the entire rafter structure, the rafters are connected to the longitudinal beams and vertical posts using diagonal ties or bevels.

. Internal supports... To stabilize the roof rafters and / or ridge run propped up with vertical beams.

. Insulating layer ... Due to the fact that the roof of the attic and the internal premises are practically one whole, in order to maintain the temperature and humidity conditions, a multilayer insulating cake is laid between the roof and the walls of the room. Insulation consists of hydro and vapor barrier, sound and noise insulation, as well as a thick layer of thermal insulation. In addition, proper insulation of the attic roof is also important for the preservation of the roof itself.

Mansard roof construction technology

When designing and erecting a mansard roof, many builders and designers either unknowingly or, doing their job somehow, admit serious mistakes in isolation, ventilation and truss structure. The result is a mansard roof, which literally after a couple of seasons becomes unusable, fungus, mold appears, and the roof begins to leak or completely collapses. This happens due to a violation of the technology for the construction of a mansard roof.

Due to the fact that the roof of the attic is maximally attracted to the walls indoor space, and it is quite difficult to obtain excellent heat transfer rates in this case, the entire structure of the mansard roof must have excellent thermal insulation, ventilation and a properly erected truss structure using wood treated with fire retardants.

In order for the roof of the attic to be reliable and durable, you need to know the following:

• the thickness of the rafters must be more than 250 mm. For such rafters, you can use glued beams;
• use materials as thermal insulation that will not lose their properties in the event of an increase in humidity. For example, extruded expanded polystyrene or expanded glass;
• between the roof and the layer of thermal insulation, we make full-fledged ventilation with air vents and hoods, through which air will circulate under the entire surface of the roof;
• With inside it is necessary to equip a layer of vapor barrier over the entire surface of the thermal insulation;
• With outside the rafters under the roof are laid with a layer of waterproofing and, if necessary, a layer of sound insulation.

Such requirements are due to certain natural and physical phenomena. But first things first:

A large thickness of the rafters is required to be able to lay a layer of thermal insulation with a thickness of 20 cm between them, and this, in turn, entails an increase in the mass of the entire roof structure, which the rafters hold on to themselves.

The wood for the whole structure is processed special means for protection from fire and microorganisms, which is a strict requirement of SNiP. This will keep it from damage by fungi and increase its service life.

If you use such popular materials as mineral and glass wool for thermal insulation, you can only win in the ease of installation and the lightening of the entire structure as a whole. But cotton wool, whatever it is, is cotton wool that, like a sponge, absorbs water, cakes and loses its insulating qualities. If you choose any other material besides polystyrene and foam glass, you should focus on complete resistance to moisture, low heat transfer coefficient and relatively low weight.

The thickness of the insulation of 20 cm is necessary because in our latitudes it is very cold in winter and very hot in summer. And a feature of the attic design is large heat loss in winter and rapid warming up of the room in summer. A large layer of thermal insulation will prevent heat loss and penetration into the interior. But this is only one of the reasons, the second is the safety of the roof. The fact is that the heat that leaves their premises in winter heats up the roof, on which a layer of snow lies and partially forces it to melt, and snow is a natural insulation. Melted snow at sub-zero temperature turns into ice that has no thermal insulation properties, it makes the roof heavier and finally destroys the roof itself. And since up to 100 thawing and freezing cycles can pass in one day, the roofing material will fail in just one season. In the summer, the room becomes incredibly hot and stuffy, and an air conditioner, or even two, is required. But these inconveniences can be avoided by equipping a thick layer of correct thermal insulation.

Full ventilation of the roof is no less important. It will help cool the roof, both in summer and winter, as well as remove excess moisture from under the roof. All this will provide comfortable accommodation in the attic room, it will protect from the appearance of mold, fungi and rot, in addition, it will save the roof from destruction in winter.

Regarding steam, hydro and sound insulation, everything is simple. Vapor barrier allows excess moisture to pass through from the side of the premises and prevents its penetration from the outside, waterproofing protects the thermal insulation materials and the room from accidental ingress of moisture. And sound insulation reduces the noise level from rain, hail and wind blows on the roof surface.

Phased construction of a mansard roof

Performing all the work on creating a roof for the attic requires some experience from the builders in this area. Unlike ordinary pitched roofs, erecting a mansard roof with your own hands is somewhat more difficult due to the arrangement of angled windows in the roof itself and the broken structure of the slopes. To carry out the construction of a mansard roof with your own hands, you must adhere to the following stages of work:

Design

The first thing to do is develop a roof project. To do this, you can turn to specialists or, if you have a good command of a computer, do everything yourself in an architectural program. Also, at this stage, all necessary calculations loads, the angle of inclination of the roof slopes, etc. To do everything correctly, you should refer to a document such as SNiP "Loads and Impacts" for the necessary information.

Erection of a rafter frame

This stage of work is the most laborious, and in order for the mansard roof to be made with high quality with your own hands, the combined efforts of 3-4 people will be required. We begin the construction of the attic roof with laying and securing the Mauerlats around the entire perimeter of the house, using a beam with a section of 100x100 mm.

Mansard roof construction photo:

After that, we install a frame for the attic room, the racks of which will also act as supports for the rafter structure. To do this, we use a bar with a section not less than the section of the longitudinal beams on which the racks will rest. The first step is to install vertical posts at the beginning and at the end of the building. We fix them to the longitudinal beams using special stamped metal corners and self-tapping screws. To facilitate all fastening work, we use a screwdriver. Now we put a jumper on top of the racks and fix it.

We pull the cord between the two resulting arches, and if everything was done correctly, it will be strictly along the horizon, if not, you will have to disassemble one of the arches, cut a little and reinstall it. Now, along the stretched cord, we install similar arches with a step that is provided for the rafters. We connect the resulting arches with jumpers, which we fix with stamped corners or nail plates.

Having assembled the frame of the future interior, we proceed to the installation of the rafters. We start with those that have the greatest angle of inclination and are on the same level with the frame of the attic room. There are no particular difficulties here. The rafter beam is cut to the desired calculated length, a groove is cut out at the base of the beam for installation on the Mauerlat, and the top is cut at a certain angle. After that, each rafter is installed in place and fixed to the main structure.

The next step is a little more difficult, as you will have to install the upper rafters. The difficulty lies in observing a certain angle and centering of the entire structure. To facilitate the task, you can first make a template from two long boards that will exactly repeat the future connected rafters. Using this template, cut the rafters on the ground and then set them in place. The installation algorithm of the rafters is the same as for the arches of the interior frame.

At the end of the installation of the rafter structure, we nail the crate. For the lathing, both ordinary boards and sheets of plywood can be used or chipboard plates... This will already depend on the type of roofing materials.

Making an insulating cake

Having installed the rafters and lathing, we proceed to create an insulating layer. To do this, first of all, we lay a vapor barrier on the inside of the rafters and fix it to the rafters with staples. Next, we lay the heat-insulating material and carefully make sure that it lies close to the rafters and does not leave gaps. On top of the thermal insulation, in 50 cm increments, we fill the crate, which will hold all the thermal insulation on itself.

On the outside of the rafters, we lay a layer of waterproofing, which will protect against accidental penetration of moisture. Finally, we lay the roof over the waterproofing.

Mansard roof construction: video tutorial

Diversity finished projects the roof of the attic is quite extensive. They can be with or without windows, rounded or strictly straight, with one slope or several. But no matter what the roof of the attic is, its construction will require the knowledge and skills of a master of construction.